查看更多>>摘要：Background Few studies have examined how access to mobile media is disrupting more traditional forms of media use. Aim To examine screen-time in 2009/10 and 2016/17 among children aged 3-6 years and assess potential socio-economic determinants of adherence to screen-time recommendations. Subjects and methods Two independent cross-sectional studies included 6874 Portuguese children. Screen-time (including television, computer, tablet, and smartphone) and proxy measures to calculate socioeconomic position (SEP) were parent-reported using a standardised questionnaire. Screen-time and adherence to screen-time recommendations were calculated for both periods. Determinants of excessive screen-time were identified using adjusted logistic regression models. Results In 2009/10 screen-time averaged 107 min/day for pre-school children and 149 min/day for school-aged children. In 2016/17 values were 142 min/day and 173 min/day, respectively. Screen-time allocated to television was the highest, independently of children's age. In 2016/17, mobile media use was common among pre-school (37 min/day) and school-aged children (43 min/day). Exceeding the recommended screen-time was more prevalent in boys than girls (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) between 1.02 and 1.59) and in children whose parents had lower education levels or were unemployed (aOR between 1.00 and 2.23). Conclusion Screen-time was high among pre-school children, emphasising the need for earlier interventions, particularly among those from lower-SEP who had higher risk of exceeding the screen-time recommendations.
查看更多>>摘要：Background: Children with achondroplasia (ACH) appear to lack a pubertal growth spurt in height. Aim To explore the growth spurt in height and its segments sitting height and leg length, in a large sample of ACH cases using growth curve modelling. Subjects and methods: Height and sitting height were measured longitudinally in ACH children, and the data were analysed using the SITAR (SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation) growth model, which estimates a mean growth curve and random effects for individuals defining differences in size, pubertal timing and intensity. Results: Out of 402 ACH children, 85 boys and 75 girls aged 7-20 years had respectively 529 and 454 measurements of height and sitting height, with leg length calculated by difference. SITAR analysis identified peaks in mean height velocity at 13.3 and 11.3 years in boys and girls, with peak velocities of 4.3 and 4.4 cm/year. Mean peak velocity for sitting height was 3.0 cm/year, but leg length showed no peak. The SITAR models explained 92% to 99% of the cross-sectional variance. Conclusion: ACH children do experience a growth spurt in puberty, but only half that of control children. The spurt is due entirely to sitting height, with no leg length spurt.
查看更多>>摘要：Background The relation between neighbourhood built environment and obesity has been described as both nuanced and complex. Aim The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the built environment, physical activity, and obesity in a rapidly urbanised area of China. Subjects and methods This is a cross-sectional study. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the socio-demographic variables, physical activity levels and BMI status. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between neighbourhood environment, the likelihood of engaging in different types of physical activity, and BMI. Results A total of 842 respondents completed the questionnaires and were included (84.1% response rate). Among them, 56.4% reported meeting high physical activity levels, while 40.7% were overweight or obese. Multivariable regression analysis showed that better road conditions (beta = 0.122, t = 2.999, p = 0.003) and access to physical activity facilities (beta = 0.121, t = 3.193, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with higher levels of physical activity. Physical activity levels were inversely associated with the likelihood of being overweight (OR = 0.565, 95%CI: 0.3 4 9-0.917) or obese (OR = 0.614, 95%CI: 0.3 9 0-0.966). Conclusion The built environment has an important impact on physical activity. However, the direct impact of leisure physical activity on BMI is not significant. This research provides a summary of recent evidence in Pingshan District on built environments that are most favourable for physical activity and obesity.
查看更多>>摘要：Background Consanguinity has been extensively studied in the context of its negative health outcomes for offspring and socio-demographic factors, but little evidence-based research has been done on its potential social benefits. Aim To examine the association between consanguineous marriage and the risk of divorce or separation, polygyny, and survival of marriage in Jordan. Subjects and methods Data were obtained from the 2018 Jordan Population and Family Health Survey, covering a nationally representative sample of ever-married women of reproductive age. Descriptive statistics, multiple logistic regression, and survival analysis techniques were used for data analysis. Results The prevalence of consanguineous marriage was found to be 27.5% in Jordan in 2018, while the prevalences of polygyny and divorced/separated rates were 4.4% and 4.7%, respectively. Both consanguineous and polygyny rates showed declining trends, but divorce/separation rate showed an increasing trend. Compared to non-consanguineous marriages, the risk of divorce/separation and polygyny were found to be lower among women with consanguineous marriage, while the survival of marriages was found to be higher for consanguineous marriages than for non-consanguineous marriages. Conclusions Findings revealed that consanguinity has some social benefits as it plays protective roles against divorce or separation, polygyny and enhances the survival of marriages.
查看更多>>摘要：Background Understanding the association between maternal metabolic conditions in pregnancy and the risk of childhood overweight, a growing concern in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), helps to identify opportunities for childhood obesity prevention. Aim To assess the association between hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy (HFDP) (gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM] and diabetes in pregnancy [DIP]) and child obesity and adiposity in pre-school-aged children in South Africa, independently of maternal BMI. Subjects and methods Measurement of anthropometry and fat mass index (FMI) by the deuterium dilution method was done for 102 3-6-year-old children born to mothers with HFDP and 102 HFDP-unexposed children. Hierarchical regression analysis and generalised structural equation modelling (GSEM) were performed. Results The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 10.5% and 11.1% in children exposed to GDM and DIP, respectively, and 3.9% in the HFDP-unexposed group. Log-transformed FMI was significantly higher in the DIP-exposed group (beta = 0.166, 95% CI = 0.014-0.217 p= .026), but not when adjusting for maternal pregnancy BMI (beta = 0.226, 95% CI = 0.003-0.015, p = .004). GSEM showed significant total effects of maternal BMI and birth weight on FMI/BMI. Conclusions Maternal pregnancy BMI seems to play a greater role in the development of childhood adiposity than maternal hyperglycaemia, requiring further research and identifying maternal BMI as a relevant prevention target in our setting.
Paola Cordoba-Rodriguez, DianaIglesia, IrisGomez-Bruton, AlejandroMiguel-Berges, Maria L....
8页
查看更多>>摘要：Background Skeletal muscle is one of the main components of lean soft tissue mass (LSTM). Low levels in children affect locomotion, posture, and increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Aim (1) To evaluate the association between muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) of the lower left leg measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and total LSTM; namely, total left leg and left lower leg LSTM assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a group of children, (2) to examine if MCSA is a predictor of LSTM, (3) to determine the ability of pQCT to identify children with low LSTM. Subjects and methods Lower left leg MCSA and LSTM were measured using pQCT and DXA, respectively, in 396 children. Results Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the lower leg MCSA - total LSTM (r(2) = 0.789), total leg LSTM (r(2) = 0.79), and lower leg LSTM (r(2) = 0.791) (p < .01). MCSA explained 64-68% of the variance in LSTM. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves determined the capacity of the lower left leg MCSA to identify low LSTM in girls (AUC 0.95) and boys (AUC 0.87). Conclusions Our results showed that lower left leg MCSA, measured using pQCT, could be a tool to predict low LSTM in children.
查看更多>>摘要：Background The assessment of biological maturity status plays an important role in talent identification and development programs. Aim To compare age at predicted adult height and BAUS skeletal age as indicators of biological maturity status in youth soccer players using a construct-validity approach. Subjects and methods Participants were 114 players from the U12 to U17 age groups of a professional youth soccer academy. Maturity status was determined via percentage of predicted adult height based upon the Khamis-Roche method (somatic maturity) and assessed via the SonicBone BAUS(TM) system (skeletal maturity). Convergent and known-groups validity were evaluated between maturity assessment methods and by comparing maturity-related selection biases across age groups. Results Although maturity status indicators were largely interrelated (r = .94, 95%CL 0.91-0.96), concordance (kappa = 0.31 to 0.39) and Spearman's rank-order correlations (rho = 0.45-0.52) of classification methods were moderate. A selection bias towards early maturing players emerged in the U14 age group which remained relatively consistent through to the U17 age group. Conclusions Results confirm the construct-validity of both methods to assess biological maturity status although further validation relative to established indicators of biological maturity is needed. Furthermore, caution is also warranted when interpreting maturity status classification methods interchangeably given the poor concordance between classification methods.
Sanchez-Samaniego, GiulianaTallman, Paula S.Valdes-Velasquez, Armando
9页
查看更多>>摘要：Background Dietary changes, especially declines in traditional food diversity and increases in the consumption of processed foods, have previously been shown to increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Aim We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in four Awajun communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Subjects and methods A total of 222 participants answered a socioeconomic questionnaire, a 24-h food recall, and completed a physical examination for metabolic syndrome diagnosis. A Poisson regression with robust variance was used in the statistical analysis of risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Results We found an overall prevalence of 24% for metabolic syndrome. Being female, increased age and body mass index were significant risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Surprisingly, risk more than doubled with the ratio of traditional foods. However, this study revealed that there are fewer traditional foods being consumed in this study compared to prior studies among the Awajun. Conclusion We suggest that the unexpected relationship between traditional food consumption and metabolic syndrome may be due to substantial reductions in the diversity of traditional foods. Currently available traditional foods are primarily high in carbohydrates and are supplemented with cheap, non-perishable, and carbohydrate heavy market food items.
查看更多>>摘要：Background African Pygmy Populations (APP) are believed to be one of the first groups of the Congo Basin rainforest peoples to separate from the rest of modern humanity. The arrival of Bantu speaking agriculturalists from 5,000 BP led to the formation of a large number of ethnic complexes in Central Africa and the Atlantic coastal area, mainly due to a one-way flow of pygmy women. There are now only a few small contingents of African Pygmy population groups who are mixed or who have almost disappeared as a result of migratory flows from Cameroon. Aims We analysed the adult phenotypic diversity of 9 populations (17 groups of both sexes) of the Congo basin and Bioko Island, which were anthropometrically characterised in 1948. The phenotypic clusters that we detected, which we interpret as likely mixing of local Pygmy populations and Bantus, may be useful as references for future studies, particularly genetics. Subjects and methods The matrix of inter-distances between populations was generated, using the 21 variables, with the Euclidean distance between the mean vectors relating to the standardised variables. When the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) was used separately in men and women, the phylogenetic trees showed a clear separation between populations. Results The body measurements that most effectively distinguished the groups are linear dimensions and the width of the hips and mean thoracic circumference. In this study, the cephalo-facial dimensions were of little value in identifying the groups. Conclusions The samples of Equatorial Guinea show a major inter-group overlap, and considerable intra-group variations. There are also notable differences amongst African Pygmy populations in terms of height, but not in body proportions.
查看更多>>摘要：Background The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR), which mediates the killing function of NK cells, is an attractive candidate for adoptive cellular therapy. The ethnic distribution for China provides a unique opportunity to investigate KIR gene distribution. Aim The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between population history and the rapidly evolving KIR genetic diversity. Subjects and methods 8050 Chinese donors from 184 hospitals were included to analyse frequency, haplotype, and B-content data of 16 KIR genes, by PCR-SSP for KIR genotyping. Results KIR gene carrier frequencies were found similar to those observed in other studies on Han, but different from Thais, Japanese, Africans, and populations of West Eurasian ancestry. High-frequency KIR genotype profiles found in the present population were consistent with other studies on Han populations but different from those conducted on other cohorts. The majority of our cohort carried group A KIR gene motifs. Additionally, populations with similar geographic locations in China were shown clustered together, while Hainan and Xinjiang provinces were slightly separated from these. Conclusion The distribution of KIR genes varies by geographic region, and different ethnic groups may be a confounding factor of KIR diversity.
NSTL
Taylor & Francis