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Neuroscience
Pergamon Press
Neuroscience

Pergamon Press

0306-4522

Neuroscience/Journal NeuroscienceSCIISTPAHCI
正式出版
收录年代

    Brain Plasticity Induced by Musical Expertise on Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Functions

    Bianco, ValentinaBerchicci, MarikaGigante, ElenaPerri, Rinaldo Livio...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：and reactive brain activities usually refer to processes occurring in anticipation or in response to perceptual and/or cognitive events. Previous studies found that, in auditory tasks, musical expertise improves performance mainly at the reactive stage of processing. In the present work, we aimed at acknowledg-ing the effects of musical practice on proactive brain activities as a result of neuroplasticity processes occurring at the level of anticipatory motor/cognitive functions. Accordingly, performance and electroencephalographic recordings were compared between professional musicians and non-musicians during an auditory go/no-go task. Both proactive (pre-stimulus) and reactive (post-stimulus) event-related potentials (ERPs) were analyzed. Behav-ioral findings showed improved performance in musicians compared to non-musicians in terms of accuracy. For what concerns electrophysiological results, different ERP patterns of activity both before and after the presenta-tion of the auditory stimulus emerged between groups. Specifically, musicians showed increased proactive cog-nitive activity in prefrontal scalp areas, previously localized in the prefrontal cortex, and reduced anticipatory excitability in frontal scalp areas, previously localized in the associative auditory cortices (reflected by the pN and aP components, respectively). In the reactive stage of processing (i.e., following stimulus presentation), musicians showed enhanced early (N1) and late (P3) components, in line with longstanding literature of enhanced auditory processing in this group. Crucially, we also found a significant correlation between the N1 component and years of musical practice. We interpreted these findings in terms of neural plasticity processes resulting from musical training, which lead musicians to high efficiency in auditory sensorial anticipation and more intense cog-nitive control and sound analysis. (c) 2021 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Transforming Growth Factor-a Acts in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus to Upregulate ERK1/2 Signaling and Expression of Sympathoexcitatory Mediators in Heart Failure Rats

    Chen, EthanWeiss, Robert M.Felder, Robert B.Wei, Shun-Guang...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase is associated with increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which contributes to the sympathetic excitation in heart failure (HF). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-a is a major endogenous ligand for EGFR. The present study sought to determine whether TGF-a increases in the PVN in HF and promotes the activation of EGFR to increase ERK1/2 activity. Male rats received bilateral PVN microinjections of an EGFR siRNA or a scrambled siRNA followed by an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of TGF-a or vehicle one week later. In rats pretreated with the scrambled siRNA, ICV TGF-a increased phosphorylated (p-) EGFR and upregulated the expression of p-ERK1/2 and mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components in the PVN, when compared with the untreated age matched control rats. These responses to ICV TGF-a were significantly attenuated in rats pretreated with the EGFR siRNA. Furthermore, bilateral PVN microinjection of a TGF-a siRNA in HF rats significantly decreased the elevated levels of TGF-a, p-EGFR, p-ERK1/2 and the mRNA expression of PICs and RAS components in the PVN, compared with the HF rats treated with a scrambled siRNA. The TGF-a siRNA-treated HF rats also exhibited lower plasma norepinephrine levels and improved peripheral manifestations of HF. These data suggest that TGF-a expression is upregulated in the PVN in HF and induces the activation of EGFR-mediated ERK1/2 signaling to augment the inflammation and RAS activity that drives sympathetic excitation in HF.(c) 2021 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Smoothness Discriminates Physical from Motor Imagery Practice of Arm Reaching Movements

    Ruffino, CeliaMonany, Dylan RannaudPapaxanthis, CharalambosHilt, Pauline M....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：practice (PP) and motor imagery practice (MP) lead to the execution of fast and accurate arm movements. However, there is currently no information about the influence of MP on movement smoothness, nor about which performance parameters best discriminate these practices. In the current study, we assessed motor performances with an arm pointing task with constrained precision before and after PP (n = 15), MP (n = 15), or no practice (n = 15). We analyzed gains between Pre- and Post-Test for five performance parameters: movement duration, mean and maximal velocities, total displacements, and the number of velocity peaks characterizing movement smoothness. The results showed an improvement of performance after PP and MP for all parameters, except for total displacements. The gains for movement duration, and mean and maximal velocities were statistically higher after PP and MP than after no practice, and comparable between practices. However, motor gains for the number of velocity peaks were higher after PP than MP, suggesting that movements were smoother after PP than after MP. A discriminant analysis also identified the number of velocity peaks as the most relevant parameter that differentiated PP from MP. The current results provide evidence that PP and MP specifically modulate movement smoothness during arm reaching tasks. This difference may rely on online corrections through sensory feedback integration, available during PP but not during MP. (c) 2021 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    White Matter Connectivity between Structures of the Basal Ganglia using 3T and 7T

    Shim, Jae-HyukBaek, Hyeon-Man
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Analysis of the basal ganglia has been important in investigating the effects of Parkinson's disease as well as treatments for Parkinson's disease. One method of analysis has been using MRI for non-invasively seg-menting the basal ganglia, then investigating significant parameters that involve the basal ganglia, such as fiber orientations and positional markers for deep brain stimulation (DBS). Following enhancements to optimizations and improvements to 3T and 7T MRI acquisitions, we utilized Lead-DBS on human connectome project data to automatically segment the basal ganglia of 49 human connectome project subjects, reducing the reliance on man-ual segmentation for more consistency. We generated probabilistic tractography streamlines between each seg-mentation pair using 3T and 7T human connectome diffusion data to observe any major differences in tractography streamline patterns that can arise due to tradeoffs from different field strengths and acquisitions. Tractography streamlines generated between basal ganglia structures using 3T images showed less standard deviation in streamline count than using 7T images. Mean tractography streamline counts generated using 3T dif-fusion images were all higher in count than streamlines generated using 7T diffusion images. We illustrate a potential method for analyzing the structural connectivity between basal ganglia structures, as well as visualize possible differences in probabilistic tractography that can arise from different acquisition protocols. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Specificity of Varenicline in Blocking Mesolimbic Circuit Activation to Natural and Drug Rewards

    Goldstein, NitsanCarty, Jamie R. E.Betley, J. Nicholas
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system reinforces behaviors that are critical for survival. However, drug dependence can occur when drugs of abuse, such as nicotine, highjack this reinforcement system. Pharmacologically targeting the DA system to selectively block drug reinforcement requires a detailed understanding of the neural circuits and molecular pathways that lead to the reward-based activation of mesolimbic circuits. Varenicline is an approved smoking cessation drug that has been shown to block nicotine-evoked DA increases in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) through action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Because these receptors have been implicated in the reinforcement of other addictive substances, we explored the possibility that varenicline could broadly affect reward processing. We used in vivo fiber photometry to monitor midbrain DA neuron activity and striatal DA levels following either natural or drug rewards in mice treated with varenicline. We demonstrate that varenicline pretreatment enhances the suppression of nicotine-evoked DA release by attenuating DA neuron activity in the VTA. Varenicline's ability to attenuate DA release is highly specific to nicotine, and varenicline slightly elevates DA release when co-administered with morphine or ethanol. Furthermore, varenicline has no effect on DA release in response to naturally rewarding behavior such as food intake or exercise. These results demonstrate the exquisite specificity with which varenicline blocks nicotine reward and highlight the complexity with which different rewards activate the mesolimbic DA system. (c) 2021 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    RNA-seq Analysis Reveals Potential Molecular Mechanisms of ZNF580/ZFP580 Promoting Neuronal Survival and Inhibiting Apoptosis after Hypoxic-ischemic Brain damage

    Yin, ChongjuanJi, YansuMa, NingChen, Kai...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is one of the main causes of neonatal acute death and chronic nervous system impairment, but still lacks effective treatments. ZNF580/ZFP580, reported in our previous studies, may be a newly identified member of the Kru center dot ppel-like factor (KLF) family, and has anti-apoptotic effects during ischemic myocardial injury. In the present study, we showed that the expression levels of both ZFP580/ ZNF580 mRNA and protein increased significantly in neonatal HIBD rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) SH-SY5Y cell models. ZNF580 overexpression promoted neuron survival and suppressed neuron apoptosis after OGD in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells, while interference with ZNF580 resulted in the opposite results. RNAseq analysis identified 248 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) between ZNF580 overexpression SH-SY5Y cells and interference-expressed SH-SY5Y cells. Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs played significant roles in the growth, development, and regeneration of axons, DNA biosynthetic processes, DNA replication, and apoptosis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs were found in some pathways, including ferroptosis, glutamatergic synapses, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, estrogen signaling pathways, the TGF-beta signaling pathway, and the longevity regulating pathway. The qRT-PCR validation results were consistent with RNA-seq results, which showed that HSPA5, IGFBP3, NTN4, and KLF9 increased in ZNF580-overexpressed SH-SY5Y cells and decreased in interference-expressed SH-SY5Y cells, when compared with normal cells. Together, the results suggested that ZNF580 targeted these genes to inhibit neuronal apoptosis. (c) 2021 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Enhanced Ocular Surface and Intraoral Nociception via a Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Mechanism in a Rat Model of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

    Kishimoto, SakiKatagiri, AyanoOyamaguchi, AikoSato, Hajime...
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by low arterial oxygen saturation during sleep, is associated with an increased risk of orofacial pain. In this study, we simulated chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) during the sleep/rest phase (light phase) to determine the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in mediating enhanced orofacial nocifensive behavior and trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) neuronal responses to capsaicin (a TRPV1 agonist) stimulation in a rat model of OSA. Rats were subjected to CIH (nadir O2, 5%) during the light phase for 8 or 16 consecutive days. CIH yielded enhanced behavioral responses to capsaicin after application to the ocular surface and intraoral mucosa, which was reversed under normoxic conditions. The percentage of TRPV1-immunoreactive trigeminal ganglion neurons was greater in CIH rats than in normoxic rats and recovered under normoxic conditions after CIH. The ratio of large-sized TRPV1immunoreactive trigeminal ganglion neurons increased in CIH rats. The density of TRPV1 positive primary afferent terminals in the superficial laminae of Vc was higher in CIH rats. Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)-immunoreactive cells intermingled with the central terminal of TRPV1-positive afferents in the Vc. The number of pERK-immunoreactive cells following low-dose capsaicin (0.33 mM) application to the tongue was significantly greater in the middle portion of the Vc of CIH rats than of normoxic rats and recovered under normoxic conditions after CIH. These data suggest that CIH during the sleep (light) phase is sufficient to transiently enhance pain on the ocular surface and intraoral mucosa via TRPV1-dependent mechanisms. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Ipsilesional Motor Cortex Activation with High-force Unimanual Handgrip Contractions of the Less-affected Limb in Participants with Stroke

    Andrushko, Justin W.Gould, LaylaRenshaw, Doug W.Forrester, Shannon...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：is a leading cause of severe disability that often presents with unilateral motor impairment. Conventional rehabilitation approaches focus on motor practice of the affected limb and aim to suppress brain activity in the contralesional hemisphere. Conversely, exercise of the less-affected limb promotes contralesional brain activity which is typically viewed as contraindicated in stroke recovery due to the interhemispheric inhibitory influence onto the ipsilesional hemisphere. Yet, high-force unimanual handgrip contractions are known to increase ipsilateral brain activation in control participants, and it remains to be determined if high-force contractions with the less-affected limb would promote ipsilateral brain activation in participants with stroke (i.e., the ipsilesional hemisphere). Therefore, this study aimed to determine how parametric increases in handgrip force during repeated contractions with the less-affected limb impacts brain activity bilaterally in participants with stroke and in a cohort of neurologically intact controls. Participants performed repeated submaximal contractions at 25%, 50%, and 75% of their maximum voluntary contraction during separate functional magnetic resonance imaging brain scans. Brain activation during the tasks was quantified as the percent change from resting levels. In this study, higher force contractions were found to increase brain activation in the ipsilesional (stroke)/ipsilateral (controls) hemisphere in both groups (p = .002), but no between group differences were observed. These data suggest that high-force exercise with the less-affected limb may promote ipsilesional cortical plasticity to promote motor recovery of the affected-limb in participants with stroke.(c) 2021 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Interaction Between Glucocorticoid Receptors and FKBP5 in Regulating Neurotransmission of the Hippocampus

    Zhang, SeungjaeCheon, MyunghyunPark, HoyongKim, Taejoon...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：binding protein 51 (FKBP5) is a stress response prolyl isomerase that inhibits the translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) heterocomplex to the nucleus. Previous studies have shown that the expression levels of FKBP5 are positively correlated with psychiatric disorders, including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. In rodents, FKBP5 deletion in the brain leads to be resilient to stress-induced depression. The hippocampus is known to be one of the primary locations mediating stress responses in the brain by providing negative feedback signals to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of FKBP5 and its interaction with GRs in the hippocampus. We observed that FKBP5 deletion in the hippocampus resulted in a minimal change in synaptic transmission. In the hippocampus, GR activation alters the release probability in inhibitory synapses as well as the postsynaptic contribution of glutamate receptors in excitatory synapses; however, no such alterations were induced in the absence of FKBP5. FKBP5 deficiency causes insensitivity to activated GRs in the hippocampus suggesting that FKBP5 mediates synaptic changes caused by GR activation. Our study provides electrophysiological evidence of stress resilience observed in FKBP5-deficient mice. (c) 2021 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Closed-loop Modulation of the Self-regulating Brain: A Review on Approaches, Emerging Paradigms, and Experimental Designs

    Navi, Farhad Farkhondeh TaleHeysieattalab, SoomaayehRamanathan, Dhakshin S.Raoufy, Mohammad Reza...
    23页
    查看更多>>摘要：Closed-loop approaches, setups, and experimental designs have been applied within the field of neuroscience to enhance the understanding of basic neurophysiology principles (closed-loop neuroscience; CLNS) and to develop improved procedures for modulating brain circuits and networks for clinical purposes (closed loop neuromodulation; CLNM). The contents of this review are thus arranged into the following sections. First, we describe basic research findings that have been made using CLNS. Next, we provide an overview of the application, rationale, and therapeutic aspects of CLNM for clinical purposes. Finally, we summarize methodological concerns and critics in clinical practice of neurofeedback and novel applications of closed-loop perspective and techniques to improve and optimize its experiments. Moreover, we outline the theoretical explanations and experimental ideas to test animal models of neurofeedback and discuss technical issues and challenges associated with implementing closed-loop systems. We hope this review is helpful for both basic neuroscientists and clinical/ translationally-oriented scientists interested in applying closed-loop methods to improve mental health and well-being. (c) 2021 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier