首页期刊导航|The European journal of neuroscience.
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The European journal of neuroscience.
Published on behalf of the European Neuroscience Association by Oxford University Press,
The European journal of neuroscience.

Published on behalf of the European Neuroscience Association by Oxford University Press,

0953-816X

The European journal of neuroscience./Journal The European journal of neuroscience.
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    4页
    查看更多>>摘要：No abstract is available for this article.
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    Involvement of GABAA receptors containing α6 subtypes in antisecretory factor activity on rat cerebellar granule cells studied by two‐photon uncaging

    Virginia BazzurroElena GattaElena AngeliAroldo Cupello...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The antisecretory factor (AF) is an endogenous protein that counteracts intestinal hypersecretion and various inflammation conditions in vivo. It has been detected in many mammalian tissues and plasma, but its mechanisms of action are largely unknown. To study the pharmacological action of the AF on different GABAA receptor populations in cerebellar granule cells, we took advantage of the two‐photon uncaging method as this technique allows to stimulate the cell locally in well‐identified plasma membrane parts. We compared the electrophysiological response evoked by releasing a caged GABA compound on the soma, the axon initial segment and neurites before and after administering AF‐16, a 16 amino acids long peptide obtained from the amino‐terminal end of the AF protein. After the treatment with AF‐16, we observed peak current increases of varying magnitude depending on the neuronal region. Thus, studying the effects of furosemide and AF‐16 on the electrophysiological behaviour of cerebellar granules, we suggest that GABAA receptors, containing the α6 subunit, may be specifically involved in the increase of the peak current by AF, and different receptor subtype distribution may be responsible for differences in this increase on the cell.
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    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    α‐Glyceryl‐phosphoryl‐ethanolamine protects human hippocampal neurons from ageing‐induced cellular alterations

    Simona DanieleLorenzo CeccarelliMatteo VergassolaLorella Ragni...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Brain ageing has been related to a decrease in cellular metabolism, to an accumulation of misfolded proteins and to an alteration of the lipid membrane composition. These alterations act as contributive aspects of age‐related memory decline by reducing membrane excitability and neurotransmitter release. In this sense, precursors of phospholipids (PLs) can restore the physiological composition of cellular membranes and ameliorate the cellular defects associated with brain ageing. In particular, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) have been shown to restore mitochondrial function, reduce the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and, at the same time, provide the amount of acetylcholine needed to reduce memory deficit. Among PL precursors, alpha‐glycerylphosphorylethanolamine (GPE) has shown to protect astrocytes from Aβ injuries and to slow‐down ageing of human neural stem cells. GPE has been evaluated in aged human hippocampal neurons, which are implicated in learning and memory, and constitute a good in vitro model to investigate the beneficial properties of GPE. In order to mimic cellular ageing, the cells have been maintained 21 days in vitro and challenged with GPE. Results of the present paper showed GPE ability to increase PE and PC content, glucose uptake and the activity of the chain respiratory complex I and of the GSK‐3β pathway. Moreover, the nootropic compound showed an increase in the transcriptional/protein levels of neurotrophic and well‐being related genes. Finally, GPE counteracted the accumulation of ageing‐related misfolded proteins (a‐synuclein and tau). Overall, our data underline promising effects of GPE in counteracting cellular alterations related to brain ageing and cognitive decline.
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    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Striatal mechanisms of turning behaviour following unilateral dopamine depletion in mice

    Henry H. YinChunxiu YuTony Tianlun JiangCharles T. Shoemaker...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Unilateral dopamine (DA) depletion produces ipsiversive turning behaviour, and the injection of DA receptor agonists can produce contraversive turning, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We conducted in vivo recording and pharmacological and optogenetic manipulations to study the role of DA and striatal output in turning behaviour. We used a video‐based tracking programme while recording single unit activity in both putative medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) and fast‐spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the dorsal striatum bilaterally. Our results suggest that unilateral DA depletion reduced striatal output from the depleted side, resulting in asymmetric striatal output. Depletion systematically altered activity in both MSNs and FSIs, especially in neurons that increased firing during turning movements. Like D1 agonist SKF 38393, optogenetic stimulation in the depleted striatum increased striatal output and reversed biassed turning. These results suggest that relative striatal outputs from the two cerebral hemispheres determine the direction of turning: Mice turn away from the side of higher striatal output and towards the side of the lower striatal output.
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    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    What do male and female zebrafish prefer? Directional and colour preference in maze tasks

    Matheus MarconRadharani BenvenuttiMatheus Gallas‐LopesAna Paula Herrmann...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Studies regarding the animals' innate preferences help elucidate and avoid probable sources of bias and serve as a reference to improve and develop new behavioural tasks. In zebrafish research, data obtained in behavioural assessments are often not replicated between research groups or even inside the same laboratory raising huge concerns about replicability and reproducibility. Among the potential causes that are not well considered, sexual differences can be a probable source of bias. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the male and female zebrafish directional and colour preferences in the plus‐maze and T‐maze behavioural tasks. Experiment 1 evaluated directional preference, and experiment 2 evaluated colour preference in a plus‐maze task; experiment 3 evaluated preference between black or white in a T‐maze task. Individual preferences were expressed as the percentage of time spent in each zone. Our results showed that male and female zebrafish demonstrated no difference in directional preference in the plus‐maze task. Surprisingly, male and female zebrafish showed colour preference differences in the plus‐maze task; males did not show any colour preference, while female zebrafish demonstrated a red preference compared to white, blue and yellow colours. Moreover, both male and female zebrafish demonstrated a strong black colour preference compared to the white colour in the T‐maze task. Our findings characterized the spontaneous preference of male and female zebrafish for direction and colour, identifying possible biases and providing insights that contribute to the standardization of future protocols.
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    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Dopamine activity in projection neurons regulates short‐lasting olfactory approach memory in Drosophila

    Kohei UenoJunjiro HoriuchiMinoru SaitoeShintaro Naganos...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Survival in many animals requires the ability to associate certain cues with danger and others with safety. In a Drosophila melanogaster aversive olfactory conditioning paradigm, flies are exposed to two odours, one presented coincidentally with electrical shocks, and a second presented 45?s after shock cessation. When flies are later given a choice between these two odours, they avoid the shock‐paired odour and prefer the unpaired odour. While many studies have examined how flies learn to avoid the shock‐paired odour through formation of odour‐fear associations, here we demonstrate that conditioning also causes flies to actively approach the second odour. In contrast to fear memories, which are longer lasting and requires activity of D1‐like dopamine receptors only in the mushroom bodies, approach memory is short‐lasting and requires activity of D1‐like dopamine receptors in projection neurons originating from the antennal lobes, primary olfactory centers. Further, while recall of fear memories requires activity of the mushroom bodies, recall of approach memories does not. Our data suggest that olfactory approach memory is formed using different mechanisms in different brain locations compared to aversive and appetitive olfactory memories.
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    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    The influence of phoneme contexts on adaptation in vowel‐evoked envelope following responses

    Lauren ChungVijayalakshmi Easwar
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Repeated stimulus presentation leads to neural adaptation and consequent amplitude reduction in vowel‐evoked envelope following responses (EFRs)—a response that reflects neural activity phase‐locked to envelope periodicity. EFRs are elicited by vowels presented in isolation or in the context of other phonemes such as consonants in syllables. While context phonemes could exert some forward influence on vowel‐evoked EFRs, they may reduce the degree of adaptation. Here, we evaluated whether the properties of context phonemes between consecutive vowel stimuli influence adaptation. EFRs were elicited by the low‐frequency first formant (resolved harmonics) and middle‐to‐high‐frequency second and higher formants (unresolved harmonics) of a male‐spoken /i/ when the presence, number and predictability of context phonemes (/s/, /a/, /∫/ and /u/) between vowel repetitions varied. Monitored over four iterations of /i/, adaptation was evident only for EFRs elicited by the unresolved harmonics. EFRs elicited by the unresolved harmonics decreased in amplitude by ~16–20?nV (10%–17%) after the first presentation of /i/ and remained stable thereafter. EFR adaptation was reduced by the presence of a context phoneme, but the reduction did not change with their number or predictability. The presence of a context phoneme, however, attenuated EFRs by a degree similar to that caused by adaptation (~21–23?nV). Such a trade‐off in the short‐ and long‐term influence of context phonemes suggests that the benefit of interleaving EFR‐eliciting vowels with other context phonemes depends on whether the use of consonant‐vowel syllables is critical to improve the validity of EFR applications.
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    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Enhanced mismatch negativity in harmonic compared with inharmonic sounds

    David Ricardo Quiroga‐MartinezKrzysztof BasińskiJonathan NasielskiBarbara Tillmann...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Many natural sounds have frequency spectra composed of integer multiples of a fundamental frequency. This property, known as harmonicity, plays an important role in auditory information processing. However, the extent to which harmonicity influences the processing of sound features beyond pitch is still unclear. This is interesting because harmonic sounds have lower information entropy than inharmonic sounds. According to predictive processing accounts of perception, this property could produce more salient neural responses due to the brain's weighting of sensory signals according to their uncertainty. In the present study, we used electroencephalography to investigate brain responses to harmonic and inharmonic sounds commonly occurring in music: Piano tones and hi‐hat cymbal sounds. In a multifeature oddball paradigm, we measured mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a responses to timbre, intensity, and location deviants in listeners with and without congenital amusia—an impairment of pitch processing. As hypothesized, we observed larger amplitudes and earlier latencies (for both MMN and P3a) in harmonic compared with inharmonic sounds. These harmonicity effects were modulated by sound feature. Moreover, the difference in P3a latency between harmonic and inharmonic sounds was larger for controls than amusics. We propose an explanation of these results based on predictive coding and discuss the relationship between harmonicity, information entropy, and precision weighting of prediction errors.
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    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    The effects of post‐learning alcohol ingestion on human motor memory consolidation

    Raphael HamelOlivier DemersJean‐Francois LepagePierre‐Michel Bernier...
    19页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The neurochemical mechanisms underlying motor memory consolidation remain largely unknown. Based on converging work showing that ethyl alcohol retrogradely enhances declarative memory consolidation, this work tested the hypothesis that post‐learning alcohol ingestion would enhance motor memory consolidation. In a within‐subject and fully counterbalanced design, participants (n?=?24; 12M; 12F) adapted to a gradually introduced visual deviation and ingested, immediately after adaptation, a placebo (PBO), a medium (MED) or high (HIGH) dose of alcohol. The alcohol doses were bodyweight‐ and gender‐controlled to yield peak breath alcohol concentrations of 0.00% in the PBO, ~0.05% in the MED and ~0.095% in the HIGH condition. Retention was evaluated 24?h later through reach aftereffects when participants were sober. The results revealed that retention levels were neither significantly nor meaningfully different in both the MED and HIGH conditions as compared to PBO (all absolute Cohen's dz values < ~0.2; small to negligible effects), indicating that post‐learning alcohol ingestion did not alter motor memory consolidation. Given alcohol's known pharmacological GABAergic agonist and NMDA antagonist properties, one possibility is that these neurochemical mechanisms do not decisively contribute to motor memory consolidation. As converging work demonstrated alcohol's retrograde enhancement of declarative memory, the present results suggest that distinct neurochemical mechanisms underlie declarative and motor memory consolidation. Elucidating the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the consolidation of different memory systems may yield insights into the effects of over‐the‐counter drugs on everyday learning and memory but also inform the development of pharmacological interventions seeking to alter human memory consolidation.
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    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Subcortical and hippocampal brain segmentation in 5‐year‐old children: Validation of FSL‐FIRST and FreeSurfer against manual segmentation

    Kristian LidauerElmo P. PulliAnni CopelandLinnea Karlsson...
    23页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Developing accurate subcortical volumetric quantification tools is crucial for neurodevelopmental studies, as they could reduce the need for challenging and time‐consuming manual segmentation. In this study, the accuracy of two automated segmentation tools, FSL‐FIRST (with three different boundary correction settings) and FreeSurfer, were compared against manual segmentation of the hippocampus and subcortical nuclei, including the amygdala, thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, caudate and nucleus accumbens, using volumetric and correlation analyses in 80 5‐year‐olds. Both FSL‐FIRST and FreeSurfer overestimated the volume on all structures except the caudate, and the accuracy varied depending on the structure. Small structures such as the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, which are visually difficult to distinguish, produced significant overestimations and weaker correlations with all automated methods. Larger and more readily distinguishable structures such as the caudate and putamen produced notably lower overestimations and stronger correlations. Overall, the segmentations performed by FSL‐FIRST's default pipeline were the most accurate, whereas FreeSurfer's results were weaker across the structures. In line with prior studies, the accuracy of automated segmentation tools was imperfect with respect to manually defined structures. However, apart from amygdala and nucleus accumbens, FSL‐FIRST's agreement could be considered satisfactory (Pearson correlation?>?0.74, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)?>?0.68 and Dice score coefficient (DSC)?>?0.87) with highest values for the striatal structures (putamen, globus pallidus, caudate) (Pearson correlation?>?0.77, ICC?>?0.87 and DSC?>?0.88, respectively). Overall, automated segmentation tools do not always provide satisfactory results, and careful visual inspection of the automated segmentations is strongly advised.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley