查看更多>>摘要：This study sought to investigate whether slow deep breathing (SDB) facilitates reversal learning. We also explored whether SDB modulates the renewal effect. After learning a series of cue-outcome associations (early acquisition phase) in a predictive learning task, 37 participants paced their breathing according to a normal (NPB group; 0.2 Hz) or a slow (SDB group; 0.1 Hz) pattern while completing the reversal and renewal phases. Response correctness, heart rate variability (HRV, i.e., Root mean square of successive differences), and respiratory rate were assessed. Findings indicated that both groups adopted the targeted breathing pattern. As expected, the SDB (vs. NPB) group displayed a steeper rise in HRV from early acquisition to the later phases of the task during which the breathing manipulation took place. However, the performance of the NPB and SDB groups did not significantly differ in any phase of the predictive learning task. Despite the inconclusive findings on the effect of SDB on reversal and renewal, these results confirm that SDB can be performed while performing a learning task.
查看更多>>摘要：Largely cross-sectional evidence indicates that ethical guilt is a robust predictor of childhood aggression. However, the underlying mechanisms of ethical guilt-in part assessed as ethical heart rate (HR) reactivity in the present study-are less clear, and longitudinal associations between ethical guilt, its underlying mechanisms, and aggression have not been explored. The present study used a multicohort longitudinal design to assess these constructs across early and middle childhood. At the beginning of the study and 2 years later, cohorts of 4- and 8-year-olds (ns = 150; N = 300) reported their guilt in response to an ethical transgression (i.e., pushing) and a nonethical transgression (i.e., breaking a classroom rule), and their HR was measured while they imagined committing these acts. Caregivers reported their child's aggression at each time point via questionnaire. Latent difference score models indicated that, regardless of cohort, children who increased in their ability to prioritize ethical guilt over 2 years were more likely to decrease in aggression over the same period. Moreover, children whose HR reactivity became more sensitive to ethical transgressions over time showed corresponding declines in aggression over time. Overall, these findings highlight the potential protective roles of children's capacities to react affectively and autonomically to the gravity of ethical transgressions across early and middle childhood.
NSTL
Elsevier