查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate how early-life exposure to famine affected the development of overweight, general obesity and abdominal obesity in Chinese adults. Study design: This study was a 22-year cohort study. Methods: Data were derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, which is a national prospective cohort study. All participants born between 1949 and 1966 were potentially eligible. Height, weight and waist circumference (WC) were measured by trained healthcare workers. Height and weight were used to calculate body mass index, which was used to define general obesity and WC was used to define abdominal obesity. Exposure to famine was defined using the birth date as follows: no exposure (participants born between 1962 and 1966); fetal exposure (participants born between 1959 and 1961); early childhood exposure (participants born between 1956 and 1958); mid-childhood exposure (participants born between 1953 and 1955); and late childhood exposure (participants born between 1949 and 1952). Results: In total, 6957 participants were included in this study. Results indicate that exposure to famine was linked to a lower risk of being overweight. Exposure to famine in mid-childhood decreased the risk of general obesity in both males (hazard ratio [HR] 0.485, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.292–0.807 [P = 0.005]) and females (HR 0.426, 95% CI 0.256–0.709 [P = 0.001]). Exposure to famine during any period of childhood decreased the risk of abdominal obesity (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Exposure to famine in early childhood decreased the risk of overweight and abdominal obesity in adulthood; however, exposure to famine only had a weak role in the development of general obesity.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjective: Statistical modeling was already predicted the occurrence/prognosis of breast cancer from previous radiological findings. This study predicts the breast cancer risk by the age at discovery of mammographic abnormality in the French breast cancer screening program. Study design: This was a cohort study. Methods: The study included 261,083 women who meet the inclusion criteria: aged 50–74 years, living in French departments (Ain, Doubs, Haute-Sa?ne, Jura, Territoire-de-Belfort, and Yonne), with at least two mammograms between January 1999 and December 2017, of which the first was ‘normal/benign’. The incidence of each abnormality (microcalcifications, spiculated mass, obscured mass, architectural distortion, and asymmetric density) was first estimated, then the breast cancer risk was predicted secondly according to the age at discovery of each mammographic abnormality, using an actuarial life table and a Cox model. Results: Overall breast cancer (6326 cases) incidence was 3.3 (3.0; 3.1)/1000 person-years. The breast cancer incidence increased proportionally with the discovery age of the speculated mass and microcalcifications. The incidence was twice as high when the spiculated mass age of discovery was ≥70 (12.2 [10.4; 14.4]) compared with age 50–54 years (5.8 [5.1; 6.7]). Depending on the spiculated mass discovery age, the breast cancer risk increased by at least 40% between the age groups 55–59 years (1.4 [1.0; 1.8]) and ≥70 years (2.4 [1.9; 3.3]). Whatever the abnormality, the incidence of breast cancer was higher when it was present in only one breast. Conclusion: The study highlights a stable incidence of breast cancer between successive mammograms, an increased risk of breast cancer with the finding age of spiculated mass and microcalcifications. The reduced delay between the abnormality discovery date and the breast cancer diagnosis date would justify a specific follow-up protocol after the finding of these two abnormalities.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: Evaluation of the incidence of infectious diseases after natural disasters can help develop healthcare policies. This study provides a global review of the most prevalent infectious diseases observed after earthquakes. Study design: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Methods: A systematic review was performed on electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, up to March 2020 (with no time limitations). Studies addressing earthquakes and infectious diseases were collected based on specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, the quality of the studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Data analyses were carried out on six subgroups under five different disease categories using comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results: In total, 24 studies qualified for the systematic review and 18 were included in the meta-analysis. The incidences of gastrointestinal infections, dermal infections, respiratory infections, central nervous system infections and other infectious diseases were as follows: odds ratio (OR) 163.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.0–858.1), OR 84.5 (95% CI: 27.1–262.8), OR 9.9 (95% CI: 3.5–27.7), OR 0.5 (95% CI: 0.2–1.1) and OR 4.4 (95% CI: 1.9–9.9) cases per 100,000 people, respectively. The association between the incidences of infectious diseases before and after earthquakes was significant, namely, 1.561 (95% CI: 1.244–1.957) with a P-value <0.001. Conclusions: The results show an increase in the prevalence of infectious diseases after earthquakes. Governments should take essential measures to be better prepared for such unpredictable catastrophes.
NSTL
Elsevier