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    Validity and reliability of the Greek version of modified Baecke questionnaire

    Stefanouli V.Kapreli E.Anastasiadi E.Nakastsis A....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: The purpose of this study was to translate and investigate the validity and reliability of the modified Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire (mBQ) in the Greek adult population. Study design: This is a cross-cultural study. Methods: The cross-cultural adaptation of the mBQ was performed according to official guidelines. The prefinal Greek translation was tested in 30 healthy participants. The reliability was determined (n = 100) by filling out the mBQ, two times, 1 week apart. For validation (n = 45), the scores between the mBQ and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were compared, and the correlation between mBQ and VO2max and between mBQ and interview (METS) were assessed. Results: High statistical significant of test–retest reliability was found (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.84; standard error of measurement = 0.48; smallest detectable difference = 16.7%; Cronbach's alpha = 0.92). Statistical significant correlation between the mBQ and the IPAQ (r = 0.425, P = 0.005), high correlation between the mBQ and METS (r = 0.691, P = 0.000), and moderate correlation between mBQ and VO2max (r = 0.388, P = 0.08) were found. Conclusion: The Greek mBQ was found to be reliable and valid for assessing the level of physical activity in the Greek population. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04890756.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Economic burden of public health care and hospitalisation associated with COVID-19 in China

    An X.Xiao L.Yang X.Tang X....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: This study aimed to evaluate the socio-economic burden imposed on the Chinese healthcare system during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Study design: A cross-sectional study was used to investigate how COVID-19 impacted health and medical costs in China. Data were derived from a subdivision of the Centers for Disease control and Prevention of China. Methods: We prospectively collected information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the designated hospitals to determine the cost of public health care and hospitalisation due to COVID-19. We estimated the resource use and direct medical costs associated with public health. Results: The average costs, per case, for specimen collection and nucleic acid testing (NAT [specifically, polymerase chain reaction {PCR}]) in low-risk populations were $29.49 and $53.44, respectively; however, the average cost of NAT in high-risk populations was $297.94 per capita. The average costs per 1000 population for epidemiological surveys, disinfectant, health education and centralised isolation were $49.54, $247.01, $90.22 and $543.72, respectively. A single hospitalisation for COVID-19 in China cost a median of $2158.06 ($1961.13-$2325.65) in direct medical costs incurred only during hospitalisation, whereas the total costs associated with hospitalisation of patients with COVID-19 were estimated to have reached nearly $373.20 million in China as of 20, May, 2020. The cost of public health care associated with COVID-19 as of 20, May, 2020 ($6.83 billion) was 18.31 times that of hospitalisation. Conclusions: This study highlights the magnitude of resources needed to treat patients with COVID-19 and control the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures implemented by the Chinese government have been valuable in reducing the infection rate and may be cost-effective ways to control emerging infectious diseases.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among incarcerated people in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

    Mehmandoost S.Khezri M.Mousavian G.Tavakoli F....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: Incarcerated people are at higher risk for HIV, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infections. This review systematically summarized the evidence on the prevalence of these infections among incarcerated people in Iran. Study design: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We searched Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsychInfo, Iranian databases, including IranMedex, Magiran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and IranDoc. A grey literature review was conducted to find unpublished reports from the Ministry of Health and experts throughout the country. Included studies reported data on the prevalence of HIV, HBV, or HCV infections. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled prevalence. A meta-regression analysis was also conducted. Results: Of 1461 screened records, 23 records were eligible (total participants = 199,855). The pooled prevalence of HIV (17 studies), HBV (6 studies), and HCV (10 studies) was 2.77% (95% CI: 1.96, 3.70), 2.89% (95% CI: 2.28, 3.56), and 21.57% (95% CI: 13.62, 30.76), respectively. Meta-regression analyses showed that HIV (P-value = 0.05) and HCV (P-value = 0.02) were reduced over time using survey year as the interested variable in the model. Also, lifetime history of drug injection had a significant association with the HIV infection (P-value = 0.03). Conclusion: The findings suggest that the prevalences of these infections are relatively considerable among Iranian incarcerated people. These findings support developing interventions to reduce the risk of the acquisition and circulation of these infections among incarcerated people, and continued harm reduction programs among most at-risk incarcerated people, as well as HCV treatment.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Characteristics and patterns of health and social service use by families with babies and toddlers in Germany

    Ulrich S.M.Walper S.Renner I.Liel C....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: In the field of family health, cross-sectoral collaboration is promoted to reach vulnerable groups and overcome the prevention dilemma. To understand the extent to which these measures counteract the effects of social inequality with respect to health and social service uptake, we aim to identify socio-economic, health-related and psychosocial characteristics and patterns that are associated with the (non-)use of services. Study design: This was a German representative cross-sectional study of 6860 mothers with a child younger than 48 months who answered the written questionnaire during child developmental examinations at paediatric practices in 2015. Methods: Associations were measured using logistic regression, and characteristics of user patterns were analysed using latent class analysis. Results: Mothers using universal services were less likely to report psychosocial stress and had more likely more socio-economic resources than mothers who did not use these services. The selective services pregnancy counselling (18.2%) were predominantly used by mothers who considered abortion during pregnancy (Odds Ratio [OR] = 3.9), mothers who received social welfare benefits (OR = 2.4), single parents (OR = 1.6) and mothers without social support (OR = 1.5). Four patterns of service use were identified: multi-service users (5.6%), low-service users (22.5%), medical service users (30.5%) and medical and social service users (41.6%). Families with less socio-economic resources were found in both the low-service group and the multi-service group; multi-users were more likely to have children with adverse perinatal characteristics and parenting stress. Conclusion: We discuss whether low-service users are hard to reach, whereas multi-users are difficult to supply. Overall, there is a need to strengthen early psychosocial support.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Years of potential life lost and productivity costs due to COVID-19 in Turkey: one yearly evaluation

    Gokler M.E.Metintas S.
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Objectives: The aim of the study is to calculate the years of life lost (YLL) and years of potential life lost (YPLL) due to COVID-19, according to age groups in Turkey in the first year of the pandemic and the cost of this burden. Study design: This is an observational study with quantitative analyses. Methods: YLL due to premature deaths was calculated for men and women by interpolating the number of deaths and the expected life expectancy. YPLL was calculated according to the age 65 years. Productivity loss is an estimation of the cost of time lost at work-related activities—in a scenario analysis—using predetermined wage rates with the human capital theory. Results: Men lost 205,177 (67.57%) years of life, whereas women lost 125,330 (32.43%) years of life. The YLL average age in men was 63.66 ± 14.66 years, and the YLL average age in women was 66.07 ± 15.46 years. The average YLL age in men was younger than in women (P < 0.001). Men lost 65,180 (70.16%) YPLL, whereas women lost 27,723 (29.84%) YPLL. The average YPLL age in women was younger than in men (P < 0.001). During one year of the pandemic, premature death cost Turkey 227,396,694 USD, the cost for one premature death was 14,187 USD, and the cost of any year of life lost was 1261 USD. Conclusion: YLL and YPLLs are very closely associated with COVID-19 deaths in the country. The economic dimensions of the pandemic with human losses are quite high.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Does smoking have an impact on the immunological response to COVID-19 vaccines? Evidence from the VASCO study and need for further studies

    Ferrara P.Ponticelli D.Aguero F.Caci G....
    3页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of smoking on the humoral response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (also known as the BioNTech-Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine). Study design: A longitudinal sero-epidemiological study was conducted in sample of Italian healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: HCWs who were administered two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, 21 days apart, between December 2020 and January 2021, were invited to undergo multiple serology tests to identify SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Participants also responded to questions about their smoking status (i.e. current smokers vs non-smokers) in a survey. Results: Sixty days after the completion of the vaccination cycle, serological analyses showed a difference in vaccine-induced IgG titre between current smokers and non-smokers, with median antibody titres of 211.80 AU/mL (interquartile range [IQR] 149.80–465.50) and 487.50 AU/mL (IQR 308.45–791.65) [P-value = 0.002], respectively. This significant difference in vaccine-induced IgG titres between current smokers and non-smokers remained after adjusting for age, sex, and previous infection with SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: This study observed that vaccine-induced antibody titres decrease faster among current smokers than non-smokers. Further research to investigate the impact of smoking on the immunological response to COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 vaccines is required.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Asymptomatic infection and transmission of COVID-19 among clusters: systematic review and meta-analysis

    Ravindra K.Malik V.S.Padhi B.K.Goel S....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: Countries throughout the world are experiencing COVID-19 viral load in their populations, leading to potential transmission and infectivity of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the role of asymptomatic infection and transmission reported in family clusters, adults, children and health care workers, globally. Study design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: An online literature search of PubMed, Google Scholar, medRixv and BioRixv was performed using standard Boolean operators and included studies published up to 17 August 2021. For the systematic review, case reports, short communications and retrospective studies were included to ensure sufficient asymptomatic COVID-19 transmission data were reported. For the quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis), participant data from a collection of cohort studies focusing on groups of familial clusters, adults, children and health care workers were included. Inconsistency among studies was assessed using I2 statistics. The data synthesis was computed using the STATA 16.0 software. Results: This study showed asymptomatic transmission among familial clusters, adults, children and health care workers of 15.72%, 29.48%, 24.09% and 0%, respectively. Overall, asymptomatic transmission was 24.51% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.38, 36.02) among all studied population groups, with a heterogeneity of I2 = 95.30% (P < 0.001). No heterogeneity was seen in the population subgroups of children and health care workers. The risk of bias in all included studies was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Conclusions: For minimising the spread of COVID-19 within the community, this study found that following the screening of asymptomatic cases and their close contacts for chest CT scan (for symptomatic patients), even after negative nucleic acid testing, it is essential to perform a rigorous epidemiological history, early isolation, social distancing and an increased quarantine period (a minimum of 14–28 days). This systematic review and meta-analysis supports the notion of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection and person-to-person transmission and suggests that this is dependent on the varying viral incubation period among individuals. Children, especially those of school age (i.e. <18 years), need to be monitored carefully and follow mitigation strategies (e.g. social distancing, hand hygiene, wearing face masks) to prevent asymptomatic community transmission of COVID-19.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Investigating the association between COVID-19 vaccination and care home outbreak frequency and duration

    Reid H.O'Reilly D.Bradley D.T.Murphy S....
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjectives: At the end of 2020, many countries commenced a vaccination programme against SARS-CoV-2. Public health authorities aim to prevent and interrupt outbreaks of infectious disease in social care settings. We aimed to investigate the association between the introduction of the vaccination programme and the frequency and duration of COVID-19 outbreaks in Northern Ireland (NI). Study design: We undertook an ecological study using routinely available national data. Methods: We used Poisson regression to measure the relationship between the number of RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 outbreaks in care homes, and as a measure of community COVID-19 prevalence, the Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey estimated the number of people testing positive for COVID-19 in NI. We estimated the change in this relationship and estimated the expected number of care home outbreaks in the absence of the vaccination programme. A Cox proportional hazards model estimated the hazard ratio of a confirmed COVID-19 care home outbreak closure. Results: Care home outbreaks reduced by two-thirds compared to expected following the introduction of the vaccination programme, from a projected 1625 COVID-19 outbreaks (95% prediction interval 1553–1694) between 7 December 2020 and 28 October 2021 to an observed 501. We estimated an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.53 of the outbreak closure assuming a 21-day lag for immunity. Conclusions: These findings describe the association of the vaccination with a reduction in outbreak frequency and duration across NI care homes. This indicates probable reduced harm and disruption from COVID-19 in social care settings following vaccination. Future research using individual level data from care home residents will be needed to investigate the effectiveness of the vaccines and the duration of their effects.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Return to work after COVID-19 infection – A Danish nationwide registry study

    Jacobsen P.A.Andersen M.P.Gislason G.Phelps M....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsObjectives: This study aimed to explore return to work after COVID-19 and how disease severity affects this. Study design: This is a Nationwide Danish registry–based cohort study using a retrospective follow-up design. Methods: Patients with a first-time positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test between 1 January 2020 and 30 May 2020, including 18–64 years old, 30-day survivors, and available to the workforce at the time of the first positive test were included. Admission types (i.e. no admission, admission to non–intensive care unit [ICU] department and admission to ICU) and return to work was investigated using Cox regression standardised to the age, sex, comorbidity and education-level distribution of all included subjects with estimates at 3 months from positive test displayed. Results: Among the 7466 patients included in the study, 81.9% (6119/7466) and 98.4% (7344/7466) returned to work within 4 weeks and 6 months, respectively, with 1.5% (109/7466) not returning. Of the patients admitted, 72.1% (627/870) and 92.6% (805/870) returned 1 month and 6 months after admission to the hospital, with 6.6% (58/870) not returning within 6 months. Of patients admitted to the ICU, 36% (9/25) did not return within 6 months. Patients with an admission had a lower chance of return to work 3 months from positive test (relative risk [RR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94–0.96), with the lowest chance in patients admitted to an ICU department (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.35–0.72). Female sex, older age, and comorbidity were associated with a lower chance of returning to work. Conclusion: Hospitalised patients with COVID-19 infection have a lower chance of returning to work with potential implications for postinfection follow-up and rehabilitation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Chronic exposure to nitrate in drinking water and the risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence

    Arafa A.Ewis A.Eshak E.
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Royal Society for Public HealthObjective: This study aimed to assess the association between chronic exposure to nitrate in drinking water and the risk of bladder cancer. Study design: Meta-analysis. Methods: After a systematic retrieval of eligible epidemiological studies, pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of bladder cancer for people in the highest vs the lowest categories of nitrate exposure were calculated using the fixed- or random-effects model. We conducted two separate meta-analyses, one considering nitrate exposure as nitrate concentration in drinking water and the other one as daily nitrate intake from drinking water. Results: A total of five studies (three case–control and two cohort studies) were included. The pooled OR (95% CI) of bladder cancer for the highest vs the lowest category of nitrate concentration in drinking water was 0.98 (0.60, 1.57), and daily nitrate intake from drinking water was 1.00 (0.69, 1.45). Both meta-analyses showed high heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 80.8% and 65.0%, respectively). Removing studies with the high risk of bias increased the risk and reduced the heterogeneity: [(nitrate concentration in drinking water: 1.36 (1.03, 1.79), I2 = 0.0%) and (daily nitrate intake from drinking water: 1.14 (0.90, 1.46), I2 = 8.4%)]. Conclusion: The current epidemiological evidence failed to establish a conclusive relationship between chronic exposure to nitrate in drinking water and the risk of bladder cancer. While no association and high heterogeneity across studies were detected in the two meta-analyses, removing studies with the high risk of bias increased the risk and dissolved the heterogeneity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier