French, C. E.Denford, S.Brooks-Pollock, E.Wehling, H....
9页
查看更多>>摘要：Objective: This study aimed to evaluate COVID-19 lateral flow testing (LFT) among asymptomatic university students. Study design: This study was a mixed methods evaluation of LFT among University of Bristol students. Methods: We conducted (1) an analysis of testing uptake and exploration of demographic variations in uptake using logistic regression; (2) an online student survey about views on university testing; and (3) qualitative interviews to explore participants' experiences of testing and subsequent behaviour, analysed using a thematic approach. Results: A total of 12,391 LFTs were conducted on 8025 of 36,054 (22.3%) students. Only one in 10 students had the recommended two tests. There were striking demographic disparities in uptake with those from ethnic minority groups having lower uptake (e.g. 3% of Chinese students were tested vs 30.7% of White students) and variations by level and year of study (ranging from 5.3% to 33.7%), place of residence (29.0%-35.6%) and faculty (15.2%-32.8%). Differences persisted in multivariable analyses. A total of 436 students completed the online survey, and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted. Barriers to engagement with testing included a lack of awareness, knowledge and understanding, and concerns about the accuracy and safety. Students understood the limitations of LFTs but requested further information about test accuracy. Tests were used to inform behavioural decisions, often in combination with other information, such as the potential for exposure to the virus and perceptions of vulnerability. Conclusions: The low uptake of testing brings into question the role of mass LFT in university settings. Innovative strategies may be needed to increase LFT uptake among students. (c) 2022 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：Recent general population surveys have produced highly variable estimates of the extent of problem gambling in Great Britain, ranging from as low as 0.4% to as high as 2.7% of adults. This level of uncertainty over the true level of problem gambling creates difficulties for policy makers and those planning treatment and support services for individuals and families affected by problem gambling. In this article, we assess the extent to which differences in approaches to sampling and measurement between surveys contribute to variability in estimates of problem gambling. We compare estimates of problem gambling using the Problem Gambling Severity Index across eight different surveys conducted at approximately the same time but which use different sampling and measurement strategies. Our findings show that surveys conducted online produce substantially higher estimates of problem gambling compared with in-person interview surveys. This is because online surveys, whether using probability or non-probability sampling, overrepresent people who are more likely to gamble online and to gamble frequently, relative to the proportions of these groups in the general population. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4. 0/).
查看更多>>摘要：Objective: After months of lockdown due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the US postsecondary institutions implemented different instruction approaches to bring their students back for the Fall 2020 semester. Given public health concerns with reopening campuses, the study evaluated the impact of Fall 2020 college reopenings on COVID-19 transmission within the 632 US university counties. Study design: This was a retrospective and observational study. Methods: Bayesian Structural Time Series (BSTS) models were conducted to investigate the county-level COVID-19 case increases during the first 21 days of Fall 2020. The case increase for each county was estimated by comparing the observed time series (actual daily cases after school reopening) to the BSTS counterfactual time series (predictive daily cases if not reopening during the same time frame). We then used multilevel models to examine the associations between opening approaches (in-person, online, and hybrid) and county-level COVID-19 case increases within 21 and 42 days after classes began. The multigroup comparison between mask and non-mask-required states for these associations were also performed, given that the statewide guidelines might moderate the effects of college opening approaches. Results: More than 80% of our university county sample did not experience a significant case increase in Fall 2020. There were no significant relationships between opening approaches and community transmission in both mask-required and non-mask-required states. Only small metropolitan counties and counties with a non-community college or a higher percentage of student population showed signifi-cantly positive associations with the case number increase within the first 21-day period of Fall 2020. For the longer 42-day period, the counties with a higher percentage of the student population showed a significant case increase. Conclusion: The overall findings underscored the outcomes of US higher education reopening efforts when the vaccines were still under development in Fall 2020. For individual county results, we invite the college-and county-level decision-makers to interpret their results using our web application. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health.
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: This study aimed to analyse deaths due to external causes in males in northwest Slovakia. Study design: This was a cross-sectional autopsy study. Methods: The autopsy registry provided information on fatalities in males in northwest Slovakia due to external causes in 2015. Data were analysed by age, cause of death and blood alcohol concentration (BAC), and the contribution to overall mortality was calculated. Results: From a total of 305 fatalities, the dominant cause of death was unintentional (other than traffic; 56.7%), followed by intentional (26.6%) and traffic (16.7%). A BAC of 34 years) and older (aged 65 years) males (17.9% and 14.0%, respectively), as well as in the traffic and intentional injury cause of death categories (23.5% and 19.8%, respectively). Male deaths due to external causes had a 6.2% contribution to overall mortality in northwest Slovakia. Conclusions: Alcohol intoxication frequently co-occurs with fatalities from external causes, including at lower BACs, indicating the harmful role of alcohol at all concentrations. (c) 2022 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：Objectives: We explored the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing reinfection in the Republic of Cyprus. Study design: This was a matched case-control study (1:2). Methods: Cases were adults with a first episode of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 and a second episode (i.e. reinfection) between June and August 2021. Controls were adults with only one infection episode in 2020 (i.e. not reinfected). Matching was performed by age, gender, and week of diagnosis for the first episode. The reinfection date of a case was applied to the matched controls for estimating full or partial vaccination status. Cases and controls were classified as unvaccinated, partially vaccinated (i.e. vaccination series not completed or final dose received <14 days before the reinfection date), or fully vaccinated (i.e. final dose received >14 days before the reinfection date). Conditional logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for full or partial vaccination, against no vaccination, between controls and cases. Results: This study showed that controls were more likely to be vaccinated (odds ratio for full vaccination: 5.51, 95% confidence interval: 2.43-12.49) than cases. Conclusions: This finding answers a pressing question of the public and supports the offer of vaccination to people with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. (c) 2022 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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