查看更多>>摘要：Monilinia fructicola is the causal agent of brown rot disease in several species of fruit crops. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by some microorganisms have been shown to inhibit postharvest disease development in fruit crops and are being explored for use in disease management. Our previous studies have shown that Bacillus subtilis, strain CF-3 VOCs can inhibit the growth of M. fructicola [ACCC 36262]. In the present study, the effect of B. subtilis CF-3 VOCs on M. fructicola was subjected to transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism of action of CF-3 VOCs. A total of 1,602 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1,008 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified by quantitative transcriptome (RNA-sequencing) and quantitative proteomics (Tandem Mass Tag, TMT). The DEGs and DEPs were mainly associated with the GO and KEGG categories cell wall, cell membrane, extracellular enzyme, energy metabolism, and ribosome biosynthesis. Our results indicate that CF-3 VOCs influence both the growth and pathogenicity of M. fructicola and provide a theoretical basis for the potential mechanism of action of B. subtilis CF-3 in the protection of fruits against M. fructicola and perhaps other pathogens.
查看更多>>摘要：Cry1Ab toxin has been successfully integrated into crops (e.g., rice and cotton) for pest control. Concomitantly, the environmental safety assessment of non-target organisms exposed to transgenic crops has become an essential task. Spiders grant a new perspective on the influence of the transgenic toxin on invertebrates, but the mechanisms of Cry1Ab bioaccumulation, adaptation, and safety in spiders remain unclear. In this study, we identified that the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata, fed with Nilaparvata lugens enriched with Cry1Ab protein, suffered no significant toxicity in terms of body mass, carapace width, and survival rate, except the prolonged developmental duration in 7th ~ 8th instars. The overall activities of four detoxifying enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, and GSH-Px) were not altered in four organs of adults and spiderlings. Comparison analyses of whole-body transcriptomes revealed 1,480 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and down-regulated cuticle encoding genes were considered as a segment for the prolonged developmental duration under Cry1Ab exposure. Further venom gland transcriptome sequencing analysis found that a total of 31 toxin encoding genes were up-regulated under Cry1Ab protein stress, indicating that the spiders needed to inject more venom to digest the external protein. Furthermore, gene expression profiles of ganglia transcriptome showed that Cry1Ab protein did not generate DEGs involved in neuron sensitivity in spiders. Behavioral experiments verified that both Cry1Ab and Cry1Ab-free spiders were in line with the Holling type II functional response model. In summary, the data provide multi-level views to assess the safety of genetically modified crops on non-target arthropods.
Wei, MeilinDhanasekaran, SolairajNgea, Guillaume Legrand NgolongGodana, Esa Abiso...
9页
查看更多>>摘要：Ochratoxin A (OTA), a widespread mycotoxin contaminant in food and feed, threatens human and animal safety and causes significant economic losses. The aims of the present study were to investigate the elimination properties of Cryptococcus podzolicus Y3 on OTA and its co-degradation efficiency on citrinin (CIT) and OTA. C. podzolicus Y3 eliminated 100% OTA (1 mu g/mL) in the PM media within 5 d and in grape juice media within 3 d by intracellular substances. The results of HPLC-FLD and LC-MS showed that OTA was efficiently eliminated into non-toxic ochratoxin a (OTa). The substances responsible for OTA degradation were thermostable and worked effectively at 4 degrees C and 28 degrees C, and intracellular proteins were participated in the elimination of OTA. In addition, the results showed that C. podzolicus Y3 degraded OTA and CIT together in NYDB media, although the degradation efficiency was lower than single mycotoxin degradation. Generally, our study highlighted that C. podzolicus Y3 could be a potential strain to eliminate OTA and CIT to secure food products and enhance food safety.
Hogg, Brian N.Lee, Jana C.Rogers, Mary A.Worth, Leah...
10页
查看更多>>摘要：Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is native to East Asia but has become a major pest of soft-skinned fruit crops in its invaded range in the Americas, Europe and North Africa. Control efforts are complicated by the seasonal movement of D. suzukii into crops from non-crop or untreated-crop habitats. Biological control may help to suppress D. suzukii populations. However, surveys have found that few parasitoid species attack D. suzukii in North America and Europe, with low levels of parasitism by the pupal parasitoids Trichopria drosophilae and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae and little or no parasitism by larval parasitoids. Augmentation of these resident pupal parasitoids may be a sustainable tool for D. suzukii management. Most augmentation efforts to date have focused on T. drosophilae, although P. vindemmiae is the more abundant and widespread species in North America. In this study, we tested whether augmentative releases of P. vindemmiae could help control D. suzukii in caneberry hoop houses in Minnesota, Oregon and California. Results were inconsistent. Most trials showed no detectable post-release effects on parasitism or D. suzukii levels, although one trial in Oregon did show elevated parasitism levels in release plots. Larger releases of P. vindemmiae may be needed when D. suzukii numbers are high, or to overcome the effects of suboptimal conditions and/or dispersal.
查看更多>>摘要：Amblyseius swirskii is a predatory mite of the family Phytoseiidae that is widely used in biological control of small insect and mite pests. A population from Israel was the source of material now commercially marketed by several biocontrol companies. The present study aimed to characterize the genetic variability of A. swirskii using 12S rRNA, CytB and COI mtDNA sequences, and explore its geographical distribution based on a compilation of known and newly- reported occurrences, including populations from several countries where this species naturally occurs. Amblyseius swirskii is reported from 22 countries, primarily in the eastern Mediterranean basin and Africa. The species has been reported on 48 plant families, with the highest number of observations on Rosaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae, mostly on crops, but also on uncultivated plants. The genetic diversity of A. swirskii was very low in all populations except the one from Cape Verde; all other studied populations were not differentiated from the commercial ones. The results suggest that commercialized and natural populations now co-occur widely, even in natural environments. The Cape Verde population seems to be a distinct natural population with relatively high intra-population variation, even among specimens collected in a single locality and on a single plant species. Further analyses would be required to determine how much the observed genetic differentiation results in different biological features, but the diversity present in the natural Cape Verde populations of A. swirskii may provide a source of novel traits with potential to improve the performance of this natural enemy.
Steinkellner, SiegridHage-Ahmed, KarinHallasgo, Anna MarieHauser, Constanze...
9页
查看更多>>摘要：Soil-borne plant pathogens are difficult to control, and the application of individual biocontrol agents is often limited. This limitation calls for an integrated approach, and the combination of microorganisms might result in more effective control than individual inoculations. In our study, we investigated the effects of single inoculation and coinoculation of the endophytic fungus Serendipita herbamans and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae in protecting tomato plants from the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). We conducted two independent greenhouse experiments in which plants were grown for either eight or sixteen weeks. Plants cultivated for eight weeks received Fol chlamydospores on the day of transplanting (simultaneous Fol inoculation), whereas plants grown for sixteen weeks obtained Fol either simultaneously or two weeks later (delayed Fol inoculation). S. herbamans was inoculated via root dipping for 24 h, while AMF was applied on the day of transplanting. The disease incidence was reduced by 67% when S. herbamans was inoculated individually or by 53% when it was coinoculated with AMF in the eight-week cultivation period. Even until sixteen weeks, a reduction in disease incidence by 25% and 42%, respectively, was evident. Delayed inoculation with Fol did not affect the disease incidence, but the disease severity was increased in plants treated solely with AMF. With regard to the other parameters, the AMF partner colonized the roots readily, enhanced the phosphorus status and compensated for the growth of tomato plants challenged with Fol. In combination with the bioprotective effect mediated by the endophyte, AMF strengthened the morphological and nutritional features, providing tomato plants a long-term protective advantage when challenged with Fol.
查看更多>>摘要：Meyerozyma guilliermondii is an antagonistic yeast that efficiently controls the blue mold decay of pears and potentially degrades patulin in vitro conditions. However, the possible patulin controlling efficacy of M. guilliermondii in pears remains unclear. In this study, the patulin controlling effect of M. guilliermondii in pears was investigated. The results showed that M. guilliermondii could effectively control patulin content production by Penicillium expansum in shuijing pear wounds from 3 d to 11 d. However, M. guilliermondii has a poor patulin control effect on fragrant pear and dangshan pear wounds. The patulin degradation ability of M. guilliermondii in shuijing pear wounds increased with the higher concentration of the yeast cells, and 1 x 10(8) cells/mL showed the best patulin control effect. In shuijing pears, M. guilliermondii could effectively control patulin at 20 ?degrees C and 4 ?degrees C in wounds as well as the whole fruits. Our results provide a safe and efficient strategy to detoxify patulin using M. guilliermondii, thereby limitting the risks of patulin in shuijing pears.
查看更多>>摘要：The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Nickle, is a devastating pathogen of pine forests that has caused significant economic losses and ecological damage in East Asia and Europe. Efficient and environmentally friendly methods for controlling the PWN are limited, and it is therefore necessary to explore alternative management methods. Competition between nematode populations inhibits the growth and development of one competing population. Free-living nematodes (FLNs), which are scavengers, are reported to have biological control potential and may have important value in controlling the PWN. We created a new medium that allows the rapid production of FLNs isolated from dead pine trees and studied interspecies competition. Single factor and orthogonal tests were utilized to screen the main components of the medium and optimize ratios, respectively. Five species of FLNs were cultured in large numbers in the optimized medium. Quantified FLN/ PWN competition was quantified in the laboratory, and its impact was assessed in the field with two inoculation methods. The main components of the medium are pine sawdust, glucose and agar, and the optimal ratio is 30 g/ L pine sawdust, 10-20 g/L glucose and 30 g/L agar. Of the five nematode species, JR-3 (Parasitorhabditis sp.) significantly reduced PWN population densities in both the laboratory and field. The PWN population density in the wood samples around the pupal chamber was 2.91 in the experimental group compared to 13.64 in the control group during the same period in the field. This is the first study on interspecies competition between FLNs and the PWN in dead trees. JR-3 increased the rate of PWN population eradication and has the potential to help control pine wilt disease.
NSTL
Elsevier