van der Linden, Corne F. H.Fatouros, N. E.Kammenga, J. E.
8页
查看更多>>摘要：Worldwide biodiversity decline is caused by multiple factors, including pesticides. Aside from their applications in agriculture, the uptake of pesticides in urban gardens is widespread. Here, we review the potential of controlling pests of ornamental garden plants, like the boxtree moth Cydalima perspectalis Walker, 1859 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), using entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabdidae & Steinernematidae). Nematode biocontrol is highly suitable, particularly for small-scale control such as in boxtree plantings. Boxtree (Buxus spp.) is an ornamental shrub widely used in public and private grounds across Europe. Over the past decade boxtree has suffered heavily from the destructive boxtree moth, an invasive and persistent pest species of East Asian origin. Widespread application of insecticides has been effective, yet resistance to these compounds is accumulating. The dense foliage of boxtree shrubs facilitates the correct tuning of moisture and temperature conditions required for nematode mediated pest control. Warm weather, without direct sunlight, on moist to wet foliage appear to be the most suitable conditions. We conclude that the use of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling pests, such as the boxtree moth, may limit damage to horticulture and provide a safe and environmentally friendly form of control in urban spaces.
查看更多>>摘要：Bitter gourd wilt, a vascular wilt disease caused by the soil borne plant pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. momordicae (FOM), significantly limits bitter gourd production. In this study, we have investigated the biological control efficacy and mechanism of bitter gourd wilt by Talaromyces purpurogenus strain Q2. We have found that application of strain Q2 could promote the growth of bitter gourd and decrease the development of Fusarium wilt, and the control efficacy was up to 63.7% (susceptible bitter gourd '9208 ') and 48.7% (resistant bitter gourd '093-55'). The results of RNA-seq suggested that the lignin biosynthesis pathway and photosynthesis involved in the bitter gourd response to the infection of F. oxysporum f. sp. momordicae. Strain Q2 could enhance the resistance of bitter gourd to FOM by activating the lignin biosynthesis pathway and promoting the growth of bitter gourd. Collectivity, strain Q2 that isolated from highly pathogenic soil of Fusarium wilt, can more effectively control Fusarium wilt of bitter gourd.
Gould, Juli S.Quinn, Nicole F.Rutledge, Claire E.Fassler, Aliza...
7页
查看更多>>摘要：Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive wood-boring pest of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in the United States. It is responsible for catastrophic decline of ash in urban and forested ecosystems, resulting in millions of dollars in economic losses. Biological control is one of the most promising management options available to reduce A. planipennis spread and impact. From 2015 to 2017, two larval parasitoids from the native range of A. planipennis, Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazenac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), were released in forested areas in New York and Connecticut. The purpose of this study was to measure the spread and seasonal phenology of these introduced parasitoids. From May to September 2020, sentinel ash logs containing EAB larvae were deployed in naturally occurring A. planipennis infested trees at each release site and at 2 km intervals up to 14 km away from the release site. Logs were replaced every two weeks and the parasitization rate was recorded. Each month, three trees from each release area were also cut and debarked to record A. planipennis infestation levels, natural parasitization rates, and A. planipennis and parasitoid phenology. We observed that both S. galinae and T. planipennisi emerged from the logs first deployed from the end of May to early June. Parasitization peaked in late July and mid-August, with sentinel logs deployed at each distance producing both species throughout the summer until mid-September. Both S. galinae and T. planipennisi were detected 14 km away from the release sites, the greatest distance away from the release sites sampled. Debarked trees produced similar seasonal patterns of parasitism. Our results indicate that the classical biological control program initiated several years ago has successfully produced a self-sustaining population of both S. galinae and T. planipennisi, which have been spreading widely and attacking the borer throughout the growing season. These findings strongly suggest that future release efforts may allow for wider temporal release windows and larger strategic spacing of release points across geographic regions.
查看更多>>摘要：Bacteriophages (phages) are the natural predators of bacteria. They have been widely studied in recent decades in the hope of finding new alternatives to combat bacterial infections and to solve healthcare issues arising from antibiotic-resistant bacteria. High dependency on antibiotics in food production has led to widespread resistance in bacteria across the human food chain while at the same time reducing the effectiveness of existing antibacterial agents. The application of phages as biocontrol agents in the food production sector is one of the fastestgrowing fields of research, with promising results indicating the suitability of phage biocontrol. In this review, the application of phages against various foodborne pathogens of concern to the food industry, from production to consumption ('farm-to-fork'), will be described. Furthermore, with the increase in certified organic agricultural land and the rising consumer demand for organic foods, phage biocontrol could be a new approach to manage bacterial diseases that occur under organic agricultural settings where the use of chemical pesticides and antibiotics is prohibited. Thus, this review also assesses where phage biocontrol can be applied as an adjunct to current disease control methods used in organic farming practices.
Chou, CheythyrithHadi, Buyung A. R.Chiba, SotaroChoi, Il-Ryong...
12页
查看更多>>摘要：Sustainable and environmentally safe pest management often involves the use of natural enemies as an alternative to chemical means. For successful management of pests by natural enemies, a balanced population between insect pests and their natural enemies should be achieved. In this study, we compared such population balances in rice fields of Cambodia under the following conditions: no insecticide (NI), chemical pesticide-based conventional practice (CP), the use of a biopesticide (Beauveria bassiana, Bb), and the use of an orange oil extract (Oo). Treatment effects were evaluated by monitoring 17 species of insect pests and 15 species of natural enemies at two sites for two seasons. In the NI treatment, the level of natural enemies was the highest, however, the pest population density was also higher in this treatment than in the Bb and the Oo treatments, resulting in a low grain yield similar to that in the CP treatment notably in one trial. The Bb and the Oo treatments showed the lowest insect pest populations, although the Oo treatment had little impact on the populations of natural enemies. These results suggest that contributions of Bb and Oo treatments to decreasing pest populations were greater than those of the NI and the CP treatments, and that the Bb and the Oo treatments resulted in a favorable balance between populations of insect pests and their natural enemies. A high level of white earhead caused by stemborers resulted in significant yield losses in one trial. Among the four treatments in the trial, the Bb treatment resulted in the highest grain yield, and importantly, this treatment depressed the insect pest populations without much affecting the populations of their natural enemies. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the use of biopesticides in rice paddies is effective to keep the well-balanced population between insect pests and natural enemies by decreasing the serious pests such as stemborer and leaf folder that directly affect rice grain yields.
查看更多>>摘要：Exclusion cages can quantitatively demonstrate the value of natural enemies and the biological control services they provide. Currently, in Washington State, enclosing orchards in netting is being evaluated as a pest control method, but these enclosures may also serve as an exclusion cage to natural enemies, thereby disrupting biological control. To test the effects of net enclosures on apple arthropod communities, we conducted a two-year study comparing apple herbivore, predator, and parasitoid densities in caged and uncaged plots (both receiving insecticides) to an untreated check. Effects on the various groups were influenced by size and motility. Densities of larger motile arthropods, including codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)), chrysopids, and syrphids, were lower in the caged plots, demonstrating exclusion. Woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)) and its parasitoid Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) densities in the caged plots were over 100-fold greater and 5-fold greater, respectively, than the other treatments. European earwig (Forficula auricularia (L.)), a generalist predator, was more abundant in the caged plots in 2016 but not in 2017. Spider mites were more abundant in the cage treatments for both years, while predatory mites had higher densities in the cages in 2017 only. These outcomes show that net enclosures change the composition of apple arthropod communities through exclusion of certain herbivores and natural enemies. In the case of some pest herbivores (e.g., codling moth), this exclusion is beneficial, but in the case of predators, it is detrimental. This study further demonstrated that exclusion of only part of the natural enemy complex may be sufficient to cause herbivore outbreaks.
查看更多>>摘要：Biological control can be severely disrupted by hot and dry environmental conditions associated with climate change. These conditions may alter the food web configuration of arthropod communities through their effects on species interactions. They could disrupt the competition between the phytoseiid predators Euseius stipulatus, Neoseiulus californicus, and Phytoseiulus persimilis, which are the key natural enemies of Tetranychus urticae in citrus in Spain. Because the provision of alternative food could compensate for such a situation, we studied in laboratory conditions whether pollen supply could modify competition among these predatory species under different climatic conditions. Our results show that access to high-quality pollen may enhance the performance of E. stipulatus and N. californicus. However, when the phytoseiids considered in our study were forced to compete, pollen provision had contrasting effects depending on the competing pair. Overall, climate change did not affect predation when pollen was available. Predation, though, was lower than expected except when the competing pair was P. persimilis and E. stipulatus. Therefore, pollen provision can partially mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on some of the biological parameters of the three main predators of T. urticae when competing in the system. This has important implications for the future success of biological pest control.
Kumar, C. M. SenthilJacob, T. K.Devasahayam, S.D'Silva, Sharon...
8页
查看更多>>摘要：Cardamom thrips, Sciothrips cardamomi Ramk. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) cause huge economic losses to cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton., a high-value spice crop, in all growing regions worldwide. To date, the pest is managed by synthetic pesticides, which results in harmful residues in the produce and also pose a serious threat to the environment. In our studies, we evaluated the biocontrol potential of a recently isolated entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium psalliotae (Treschew) Zare & W. Gams (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) under field conditions for two years in two major cardamom growing states, Kerala and Karnataka in India. The results indicated that four rounds of soil application of the fungus granules reduced capsule damage by thrips significantly compared to control, whereas spray application of the fungus was ineffective. The compatibility of the fungus with commonly used pesticides in cardamom was tested under laboratory conditions and the fungus was found compatible with the pesticides, spinosad, fipronil and copper oxychloride. Further, we evaluated the fungus along with other management options such as application of recommended insecticide (quinalphos), reduced-risk insecticide (spinosad) and soil application of fungal entomopathogen (L. psalliotae) and in combination with insecticides for developing an integrated pest management (IPM) module for the management of the pest. The trials indicated that initial sanitization of the crop with either quinalphos or spinosad sprays followed by three rounds of soil application of the fungus or spray application of spinosad and soil application of L. psalliotae twice alternatively, reduced capsule damage by thrips significantly. Our findings offer a scope for integrated management of cardamom thrips with reduced risk to the environment. This is the first IPM schedule developed against this major pest of cardamom with biological control as a component.
Stummer, Belinda E.Zhang, XinjianYang, HetongHarvey, Paul R....
13页
查看更多>>摘要：Wheat root endophytic strains Trichoderma gamsii A5MH and T. harzianum Tr906 were assessed for their abilities to suppress in planta abundance of the crown rot pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum and increase growth of durum wheat. Fusarium crown rot suppressive assays were conducted in natural Kandosol and Chromosol wheat cropping soils with greater disease expression observed in the Chromosol. Rhizosphere abundance of T. gamsii A5MH, T. harzianum Tr906 and F. pseudograminearum were quantified by species-specific qPCR at plant maturity. Strains A5MH and Tr906 actively colonized the wheat rhizosphere and suppressed in planta pathogen abundance in both soil types, with both inoculants persisting in roots and soil to 84 days postemergence. Strain A5MH increased wheat biomass in both soils, whereas strain Tr906 only increased biomass of Chromosol-grown wheat. Metabolites of strains A5MH and Tr906 decreased in vitro growth of wheat pathogenic F. pseudograminearum, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium irregulare, but did not inhibit either inoculant. Compared with individually inoculated strains, co-inoculation of A5MH and Tr906 did not affect rhizosphere niche abundance, in planta pathogen suppressive efficacies or wheat growth-benefits of either inoculant in Chromosol-grown wheat. Fusarium crown rot symptoms however, only decreased in the A5MH and co-inoculated treatments. Each Trichoderma treatment had distinct impacts on the structure (beta diversity) of the indigenous rhizosphere soil fungal community of Chromosol-grown wheat. Strain A5MH and co-inoculated treatments had the greatest overall effects on soil fungal community (alpha) diversity and structure. Community differentiation was primarily attributed to increased abundance of Trichoderma spp. in the inoculated treatments and associated decreases in plant pathogenic and predominantly saprophytic fungal genera.
NSTL
Elsevier