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Global change biology
Blackwell Science
Global change biology

Blackwell Science

1354-1013

Global change biology/Journal Global change biologyISTPSCI
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    Climate change and extreme events are changing the biology of Polar Regions

    Sharon A. Robinson
    4页
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Islands in the ice: Potential impacts of habitat transformation on Antarctic biodiversity

    Jasmine R. LeeMelinda J. WatermanJustine D. ShawDana M. Bergstrom...
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Antarctic biodiversity faces an unknown future with a changing climate. Most terrestrial biota is restricted to limited patches of ice‐free land in a sea of ice, where they are adapted to the continent's extreme cold and wind and exploit microhabitats of suitable conditions. As temperatures rise, ice‐free areas are predicted to expand, more rapidly in some areas than others. There is high uncertainty as to how species' distributions, physiology, abundance, and survivorship will be affected as their habitats transform. Here we use current knowledge to propose hypotheses that ice‐free area expansion (i) will increase habitat availability, though the quality of habitat will vary; (ii) will increase structural connectivity, although not necessarily increase opportunities for species establishment; (iii) combined with milder climates will increase likelihood of non‐native species establishment, but may also lengthen activity windows for all species; and (iv) will benefit some species and not others, possibly resulting in increased homogeneity of biodiversity. We anticipate considerable spatial, temporal, and taxonomic variation in species responses, and a heightened need for interdisciplinary research to understand the factors associated with ecosystem resilience under future scenarios. Such research will help identify at‐risk species or vulnerable localities and is crucial for informing environmental management and policymaking into the future.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Processes and mechanisms of coastal woody‐plant mortality

    Nicholas D. WardMichael N. WeintraubVanessa BaileyNate G. McDowell...
    20页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Observations of woody plant mortality in coastal ecosystems are globally widespread, but the overarching processes and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This knowledge deficiency, combined with rapidly changing water levels, storm surges, atmospheric CO2, and vapor pressure deficit, creates large predictive uncertainty regarding how coastal ecosystems will respond to global change. Here, we synthesize the literature on the mechanisms that underlie coastal woody‐plant mortality, with the goal of producing a testable hypothesis framework. The key emergent mechanisms underlying mortality include hypoxic, osmotic, and ionic‐driven reductions in whole‐plant hydraulic conductance and photosynthesis that ultimately drive the coupled processes of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. The relative importance of these processes in driving mortality, their order of progression, and their degree of coupling depends on the characteristics of the anomalous water exposure, on topographic effects, and on taxa‐specific variation in traits and trait acclimation. Greater inundation exposure could accelerate mortality globally; however, the interaction of changing inundation exposure with elevated CO2, drought, and rising vapor pressure deficit could influence mortality likelihood. Models of coastal forests that incorporate the frequency and duration of inundation, the role of climatic drivers, and the processes of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation can yield improved estimates of inundation‐induced woody‐plant mortality.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    A phylogenetic study to assess the link between biome specialization and diversification in swallowtail butterflies

    Sara GamboaFabien L. CondamineJuan L. CantalapiedraSara Varela...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The resource‐use hypothesis, proposed by E.S. Vrba, states that habitat fragmentation caused by climatic oscillations would affect particularly biome specialists (species inhabiting only one biome), which might show higher speciation and extinction rates than biome generalists. If true, lineages would accumulate biome‐specialist species. This effect would be particularly exacerbated for biomes located at the periphery of the global climatic conditions, namely, biomes that have high/low precipitation and high/low temperature such as rainforest (warm‐humid), desert (warm‐dry), steppe (cold‐dry) and tundra (cold‐humid). Here, we test these hypotheses in swallowtail butterflies, a clade with more than 570 species, covering all the continents but Antarctica, and all climatic conditions. Swallowtail butterflies are among the most studied insects, and they are a model group for evolutionary biology and ecology studies. Continental macroecological rules are normally tested using vertebrates, this means that there are fewer examples exploring terrestrial invertebrate patterns at global scale. Here, we compiled a large Geographic Information System database on swallowtail butterflies' distribution maps and used the most complete time‐calibrated phylogeny to quantify diversification rates (DRs). In this paper, we aim to answer the following questions: (1) Are there more biome‐specialist swallowtail butterflies than biome generalists? (2) Is DR related to biome specialization? (3) If so, do swallowtail butterflies inhabiting extreme biomes show higher DRs? (4) What is the effect of species distribution area? Our results showed that swallowtail family presents a great number of biome specialists which showed substantially higher DRs compared to generalists. We also found that biome specialists are unevenly distributed across biomes. Overall, our results are consistent with the resource‐use hypothesis, species climatic niche and biome fragmentation as key factors promoting isolation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    The rising threat of climate change for arthropods from Earth's cold regions: Taxonomic rather than native status drives species sensitivity

    David RenaultCamille LeclercMarc‐Antoine ColleuAude Boutet...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Polar and alpine regions are changing rapidly with global climate change. Yet, the impacts on biodiversity, especially on the invertebrate ectotherms which are dominant in these areas, remain poorly understood. Short‐term extreme temperature events, which are growing in frequency, are expected to have profound impacts on high‐latitude ectotherms, with native species being less resilient than their alien counterparts. Here, we examined in the laboratory the effects of short periodic exposures to thermal extremes on survival responses of seven native and two non‐native invertebrates from the sub‐Antarctic Islands. We found that survival of dipterans was significantly reduced under warming exposures, on average having median lethal times (LT50) of about 30?days in control conditions, which declined to about 20?days when exposed to daily short‐term maxima of 24°C. Conversely, coleopterans were either not, or were less, affected by the climatic scenarios applied, with predicted LT50 as high as 65?days under the warmest condition (daily exposures at 28°C for 2?h). The native spider Myro kerguelensis was characterized by an intermediate sensitivity when subjected to short‐term daily heat maxima. Our results unexpectedly revealed a taxonomic influence, with physiological sensitivity to heat differing between higher level taxa, but not between native and non‐native species representing the same higher taxon. The survival of a non‐native carabid beetle under the experimentally imposed conditions was very high, but similar to that of native beetles, while native and non‐native flies also exhibited very similar sensitivity to warming. As dipterans are a major element of diversity of sub‐Antarctic, Arctic and other cold ecosystems, such observations suggest that the increased occurrence of extreme, short‐term, thermal events could lead to large‐scale restructuring of key terrestrial ecosystem components both in ecosystems protected from and those exposed to the additional impacts of biological invasions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Soil–plant interactions modulated water availability of Swiss forests during the 2015 and 2018 droughts

    Lorenz WalthertFabian BernhardPhilipp BrunKatrin Meusburger...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Central Europe has been experiencing unprecedented droughts during the last decades, stressing the decrease in tree water availability. However, the assessment of physiological drought stress is challenging, and feedback between soil and vegetation is often omitted because of scarce belowground data. Here we aimed to model Swiss forests' water availability during the 2015 and 2018 droughts by implementing the mechanistic soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere‐transport (SVAT) model LWF‐Brook90 taking advantage of regionalized depth‐resolved soil information. We calibrated the model against soil matric potential data measured from 2014 to 2018 at 44 sites along a Swiss climatic and edaphic drought gradient. Swiss forest soils' storage capacity of plant‐available water ranged from 53?mm to 341?mm, with a median of 137?±?42?mm down to the mean potential rooting depth of 1.2?m. Topsoil was the primary water source. However, trees switched to deeper soil water sources during drought. This effect was less pronounced for coniferous trees with a shallower rooting system than for deciduous trees, which resulted in a higher reduction of actual transpiration (transpiration deficit) in coniferous trees. Across Switzerland, forest trees reduced the transpiration by 23% (compared to potential transpiration) in 2015 and 2018, maintaining annual actual transpiration comparable to other years. Together with lower evaporative fluxes, the Swiss forests did not amplify the blue water deficit. The 2018 drought, characterized by a higher and more persistent transpiration deficit than in 2015, triggered widespread early wilting across Swiss forests that was better predicted by the SVAT‐derived mean soil matric potential in the rooting zone than by climatic predictors. Such feedback‐driven quantification of ecosystem water fluxes in the soil–plant‐atmosphere continuum will be crucial to predicting physiological drought stress under future climate extremes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    A millennium of increasing diversity of ecosystems until the mid‐20th century

    Inês S. MartinsMaria DornelasMark VellendChris D. Thomas...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Land‐use change is widely regarded as a simplifying and homogenising force in nature. In contrast, analysing global land‐use reconstructions from the 10th to 20th centuries, we found progressive increases in the number, evenness, and diversity of ecosystems (including human‐modified land‐use types) present across most of the Earth's land surface. Ecosystem diversity increased more rapidly after ~1700?CE, then slowed or slightly declined (depending on the metric) following the mid‐20th century acceleration of human impacts. The results also reveal increasing spatial differentiation, rather than homogenisation, in both the presence‐absence and area‐coverage of different ecosystem types at sub‐global scales—at least, prior to the mid‐20th century. Nonetheless, geographic homogenization was revealed for a subset of analyses at a global scale, reflecting the now‐global presence of certain human‐modified ecosystem types. Our results suggest that, while human land‐use changes have caused declines in relatively undisturbed or “primary” ecosystem types, they have also driven increases in ecosystem diversity over the last millennium.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Agroforestry perennials reduce nitrous oxide emissions and their live and dead trees increase ecosystem carbon storage

    Cole D. GrossEdward W. BorkCameron N. CarlyleScott X. Chang...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Agroforestry systems (AFS) contribute to carbon (C) sequestration and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural lands. However, previously understudied differences among AFS may underestimate their climate change mitigation potential. In this 3‐year field study, we assessed various C stocks and greenhouse gas emissions across two common AFS (hedgerows and shelterbelts) and their component land uses: perennial vegetated areas with and without trees (woodland and grassland, respectively), newly planted saplings in grassland, and adjacent annual cropland in central Alberta, Canada. Between 2018 and 2020 (~April–October), nitrous oxide emissions were 89% lower under perennial vegetation relative to the cropland (0.02 and 0.18?g?N?m?2?year?1, respectively). In 2020, heterotrophic respiration in the woodland was 53% lower in shelterbelts relative to hedgerows (279 and 600 g C?m?2?year?1, respectively). Within the woodland, deadwood C stock was particularly important in hedgerows (35?Mg?C?ha?1 or 7% of ecosystem C) relative to shelterbelts (2?Mg C?ha?1 or <1% of ecosystem C), and likely affected C cycling differences between the woodland types by enhancing soil labile C and microbial biomass in hedgerows. Deadwood C stock was positively correlated with annual heterotrophic respiration and total (to ~100 cm depth) soil organic C, water‐soluble organic C, and microbial biomass C. Total ecosystem C was 1.90–2.55 times greater within the woodland than all other land uses, with 176, 234, 237, and 449?Mg C?ha?1 found in the cropland, grassland, planted saplings treatment, and woodland, respectively. Shelterbelt and hedgerow woodlands contained 2.09 and 3.03 times more C, respectively, than adjacent cropland. Our findings emphasize the importance of AFS for fostering C sequestration and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and, in particular, retaining hedgerows (legacy woodland) and their associated deadwood across temperate agroecosystems will help mitigate climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Mismatch of N release from the permafrost and vegetative uptake opens pathways of increasing nitrous oxide emissions in the high Arctic

    Fabrice LacroixS?nke ZaehleSilvia CaldararuJ?rg Schaller...
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract Biogeochemical cycling in permafrost‐affected ecosystems remains associated with large uncertainties, which could impact the Earth's greenhouse gas budget and future climate policies. In particular, increased nutrient availability following permafrost thaw could perturb the greenhouse gas exchange in these systems, an effect largely unexplored until now. Here, we enhance the terrestrial ecosystem model QUINCY (QUantifying Interactions between terrestrial Nutrient CYcles and the climate system), which simulates fully coupled carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles in vegetation and soil, with processes relevant in high latitudes (e.g., soil freezing and snow dynamics). In combination with site‐level and satellite‐based observations, we use the model to investigate impacts of increased nutrient availability from permafrost thawing in comparison to other climate‐induced effects and CO2 fertilization over 1960 to 2018 across the high Arctic. Our simulations show that enhanced availability of nutrients following permafrost thaw account for less than 15% of the total Gross primary productivity increase over the time period, despite simulated N limitation over the high Arctic scale. As an explanation for this weak fertilization effect, observational and model data indicate a mismatch between the timing of peak vegetative growth (week 26–27 of the year, corresponding to the beginning of July) and peak thaw depth (week 32–35, mid‐to‐late August), resulting in incomplete plant use of nutrients near the permafrost table. The resulting increasing N availability approaching the permafrost table enhances N loss pathways, which leads to rising nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in our model. Site‐level emission trends of 2?mg?N?m?2?year?1 on average over the historical time period could therefore predict an emerging increasing source of N2O emissions following future permafrost thaw in the high Arctic.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley

    Trading water for carbon in the future: Effects of elevated CO2 and warming on leaf hydraulic traits in a semiarid grassland

    Kevin E. MuellerTroy W. OcheltreeJulie A. KrayJulie A. Bushey...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Abstract The effects of climate change on plants and ecosystems are mediated by plant hydraulic traits, including interspecific and intraspecific variability of trait phenotypes. Yet, integrative and realistic studies of hydraulic traits and climate change are rare. In a semiarid grassland, we assessed the response of several plant hydraulic traits to elevated CO2 (+200?ppm) and warming (+1.5 to 3°C; day to night). For leaves of five dominant species (three graminoids and two forbs), and in replicated plots exposed to 7?years of elevated CO2, warming, or ambient climate, we measured: stomatal density and size, xylem vessel size, turgor loss point, and water potential (pre‐dawn). Interspecific differences in hydraulic traits were larger than intraspecific shifts induced by elevated CO2 and/or warming. Effects of elevated CO2 were greater than effects of warming, and interactions between treatments were weak or not detected. The forbs showed little phenotypic plasticity. The graminoids had leaf water potentials and turgor loss points that were 10% to 50% less negative under elevated CO2; thus, climate change might cause these species to adjust their drought resistance strategy away from tolerance and toward avoidance. The C4 grass also reduced allocation of leaf area to stomata under elevated CO2, which helps explain observations of higher soil moisture. The shifts in hydraulic traits under elevated CO2 were not, however, simply due to higher soil moisture. Integration of our results with others' indicates that common species in this grassland are more likely to adjust stomatal aperture in response to near‐term climate change, rather than anatomical traits; this contrasts with apparent effects of changing CO2 on plant anatomy over evolutionary time. Future studies should assess how plant responses to drought may be constrained by the apparent shift from tolerance (via low turgor loss point) to avoidance (via stomatal regulation and/or access to deeper soil moisture).
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Wiley