首页期刊导航|Journal of forest research
期刊信息/Journal information
Journal of forest research
Japanese Forestry Society
Journal of forest research

Japanese Forestry Society

1341-6979

Journal of forest research/Journal Journal of forest researchEISCIISTP
正式出版
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    Can treeshelter rescue reforestation under deer foraging pressure? Effects on seedling growth, protection, and decision making PREFACE

    Abe, TetsutoOtani, TatsuyaKajimoto, Takuya
    2页
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Effects of treeshelter on seedling performance: a meta-analysis

    Abe, Tetsuto
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Treeshelters are used in a variety of environments for forestry and forest restoration purposes. Although their use is often effective, in some cases treeshelters are ineffective. To clarify the effects of treeshelters on seedling performance, a systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted. Of the 296 studies related to treeshelters, 139 studies were suitable for extraction of data on mortality rate, browsing damage rate, height growth, or diameter growth. The quality of the literature did not affect the results of the meta-analysis. Mortality, browsing damage, and height growth were positively affected by treeshelters in many subgroup analyses, but diameter growth did not conform with the perceived inhibitory effect of treeshelters. Regarding conifer species, treeshelters had no effect on mortality rate and non-ventilated treeshelters promoted diameter growth. However, many subgroup analyses showed publication bias as indicated by the significantly fewer negative-effect studies. Therefore, the effects of treeshelters may be overestimated although the effects revealed by the meta-analysis were reasonable from the viewpoint of plant physiological reactions. Heterogeneity was high in most of the subgroups, suggesting that factors other than the analyzed subgroups may contribute to the variance in treeshelter effects. Studies on treeshelters are concentrated under specific conditions, such as on species of the genus Quercus and a temperate climate. Thus, other under-represented conditions are considered to constitute research gaps. Further studies in these research gap areas are required to perform a meta-analysis with low heterogeneity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    A practical technique for estimating deer appearance frequency and cedar sapling damage in young plantations protected by tree shelters in western Japan

    Otani, TatsuyaYoneda, ReijiNomiya, Haruto
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：We developed simple practical methods to estimate deer appearance frequency and damage risk for cedar saplings protected by tree shelters, by using field signs such as browsed understory plants, debarked trees, and animal trails. The appearance frequency of the sika deer was recorded using camera traps at 29 clear-logged and young plantation sites in the Shikoku Island of western Japan. Field signs such as fecal pellets, footprints, animal trails, and browsed plants were recorded in three transects that were 2 m x 50 m each, located at the margins of the sites. Cubic regression analysis showed that the frequency of deer appearance could be predicted from the number of browsed plant species categorized into three ranks, that is, 0, 1, and >= 2 species. To use this method, plant species are not required for identification, as the user can simply judge whether browsed plants found in 5-m sections are all the same species or not. The damage of sheltered cedar saplings was assessed at 36 sites in the Kyushu and Shikoku Islands of western Japan, and surveys of deer field signs were also conducted. The proportion of heavily damaged saplings could be determined from the indices of binary summarized data of bark stripping and animal trails using a logistic regression model. The indices derived from the field signs will help forest managers to detect relatively low frequency of deer appearances and high risk of cedar sapling damage at a sheltered plantation in the western Japan.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    A review of challenges and future pathways for decision making with treeshelters - A German and European perspective

    Graf, YannicHein, SebastianSchnabl, Anton Sebastian
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Since the invention of treeshelters in Europe during the late 1970s new views on them have emerged. We identify critical challenges and propose new pathways towards a 'plastic-reduction strategy in forestry' by analysing available products on the European market, by raising questions on legal aspects at the end of their service life and by considering case studies of German plantations, calculating their costs with respect to subsidies. We point to new tools for complex decision-making with treeshelters and fencing as two selected protective measures. Our findings show that on the European market, there are 161 different types of treeshelters available. There are five groups of material types ranging from polypropylene and compostable plastics to shelters made from wood, paper or jute. As for most material types, there is not certification for biodegradation under outdoor temperate forest conditions. However, a recent survey from Germany reveals that collecting activities are insufficient and not in line with the laws for forestry, nature protection or the circular economy. An analysis of state subsidies for treeshelters show that in Germany oak plantations up to 85% of the total costs are subsidised. Moreover, the costs of removal have been integrated insufficiently and there are no provisions that force forest owners to remove materials after they have been used. A comprehensive strategy for European forestry should also consider innovation of new treeshelters that are made from fully bio-based material, are fully biodegradable under forest conditions, function as classical shelters and show better performance in life-cycle assessments.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Survival and growth of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) planted in tree shelters to prevent deer browsing: a case study in southwestern Japan

    Nomiya, HarutoAbe, TetsutoKanetani, SeiichiYamagawa, Hiromi...
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Tree shelters are used in forestry to prevent large herbivores from browsing on young trees. Although tree shelters can generally prevent browsing damage while the young trees are within the tree shelters, they have been observed to fail in some cases. In this study, to clarify the protective capacity of tree shelters against damage due to deer browsing, the condition of tree shelters on planted Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) seedlings 2 to 7 years after installation was investigated at 42 sites in southwestern Japan where the density of sika deer (Cervus nippon) is high. The results showed that tree shelters failed for three reasons. Firstly, the shelter had collapsed or incline and could no longer protect the saplings within. Secondly, the saplings in the shelters died relatively shortly after they were planted. Thirdly, and possibly most importantly, the saplings are browsed upon by deer after they extended beyond the top of the shelter. Since there was no correlation between the damage rate and the number of years after planting, it is likely that the damage occurred immediately after the young trees protruded form the shelter. Shelters with a height of only 140 cm, which are widely used in Japan, may be too short to completely prevent herbivory damage by deer.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    The combined effects of tree shelters, large stock and vegetation control on the early growth of conifer seedlings

    Yagi, Takanobu
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Tree shelters are effective in enhancing early survival and growth and protecting planted seedlings against herbivory by mammals; they are, however, expensive. In order to be cost-effective, we need to employ silvicultural practices that maximize the benefits of using tree shelters. Thus, this study examined whether tree shelter effects on early seedling growth are enhanced by the combination of large stock and vegetation control, based on a three factor split-plot experiment for the first three years after planting the seedlings out in a fenced plantation of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica). Vegetation control involved spot and strip weeding to reduce labor costs. The experiment demonstrated the great effect of tree shelters on enhancing the early height growth of seedlings. At the end of the third growing season, sheltered seedlings were 1.5 times taller than unsheltered seedlings on average, and approximately two-thirds of sheltered seedlings had exceeded the browsing height of deer, while unsheltered seedlings had not. Using large stock and employing vegetation control also positively affected seedling height. However, combining these treatments with tree shelters intensified the positive effects on seedling height, and shortened the period during which the leader shoots of seedlings would be unprotected from the browsing without fencing. The present study thus reveals that the combination of tree shelters, large stock and vegetation control is effective in maximizing the benefit of tree shelter installation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Microclimate for Cryptomeria japonica seedlings in treeshelters - Mitigation of severe condition by seedling transpiration

    Yoneda, ReijiOtani, TatsuyaAbe, TetsutoNomiya, Haruto...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：We studied the microclimate inside treeshelters to examine how they affected growth of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) seedlings in western Japan. Air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) were measured inside and outside of commonly used design of tubular treeshelters made of translucent polypropylene at a nursery throughout a year. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was calculated from T and RH data. Results indicated that the inside T and VPD above the seedling foliage were extremely higher than ambient air. However, T within the seedling foliage showed 2.7 degrees C higher than ambient T even though 10.3 degrees C higher above the foliage in August. The VPD within seedling foliage was lower than ambient VPD in summer, and increased with decreasing RH when the precipitation was low. Microclimate in an empty treeshelter showed higher T and VPD than those in treeshelter with seedling. These results indicated that high T and VPD were mitigated by transpiration from needle leaves of seedling, and Japanese cedar seedlings could grow in treeshelters at sufficient water supply.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Relationships between tree-community composition and regeneration potential of Shorea trees in logged-over tropical rain forests

    Sawada, YoshimiImai, NobuoTakeshige, RyuichiKitayama, Kanehiro...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Logged-over forests are widespread in SE Asia, and these forests vary greatly in tree-community composition ranging from a near pristine to a greatly modified forest due to repeated high-impact logging. It is a critical concern in terms of forest management and conservation whether modified forests can recover to their original states. However, greatly modified forests may lose the resilience due to the lack of next-generation seedlings. We examined the regeneration potential of Shorea, a dominant genus in pristine forests, in various forests ranging from pristine to degraded forests, and investigated the relationship between the tree-community composition in canopy layer and the regeneration potential in north Borneo. In non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) analysis based on the tree-community composition at genus level, 31 study plots were sorted in the order from pristine to degraded forests along the axis-1 with decreasing the axis-1 scores, and this score was used as a metric of forest intactness. Size distribution of Shorea trees combining all congeneric species showed an inverse-J shape in most plots excluding some degraded forests. The skewness of size distribution was high in pristine forests but remarkably decreased in degraded forests. The skewness reflected the abundance of seedlings in the population of Shorea trees, and it was an important metric indicating regeneration potential. The number of seedlings also decreased abruptly with decreasing forest intactness along the nMDS axis-1. The reduction in these two metrics suggests that regeneration potential is abruptly lost when the forest intactness in terms of tree-community composition is decreasing.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Forest regeneration inhibition in a mixed broadleaf-conifer forest under sika deer pressure

    Tsujino, RiyouMatsui, Kiyoshi
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：To examine the tree regeneration and forest structure under sika deer pressure, we established a 1.08 ha plot, including a 0.0176 ha fenced area, and measured DBH (diameter at breast height) and/or height of trees in 2005-2006 and 2015-2016 in a mixed forest in the Ohmine Mountains, Central Japan. Small trees (<10 cm in DBH) were few or none for most species, but for Pieris japonica. Densities of sapling trees (50 cm <= height < 130 cm) were not significantly different between fenced and non-fenced areas in 2005, and were significantly different in 2015. Owing to the treefalls of large trees by wind disturbances, the total basal area decreased by 1.6% from 53.3 m(2)/ha in 2005 to 52.5 m(2)/ha in 2015. In the non-fenced area, the annual mortality of the other trees (11.7%/year) than P. japonica was significantly greater than that of P. japonica (5.7%/year). The annual recruitment densities of saplings showed a great difference between fenced (1,670.5 stems/ha/year) and non-fenced areas (56.5 stems/ha/year). Although the light condition was improved by wind disturbance, sapling tree survival and growth, except for non-preferred P. japonica, had been inhibited through effects of sika deer pressure, resulting in the decrease in the saplings of preferred tree species and an increase in the saplings of non-preferred P. japonica at this study site.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Transmission of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya et Enda (Nematoda, Aphelenchoididae) from Monochamus saltuarius (Gebler) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) to pine branches via vector's oviposition wounds in comparison to B. xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle carried by M. alternatus Hope

    Nakayama, YusukeTogashi, Katsumi
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Non-pathogenic Bursaphelenchus mucronatus and pathogenic B. xylophilus are transmitted to pine trees by cerambycid beetles of the genus Monochamus. This study investigated the transmission of the two nematode species via vector's oviposition wounds and their initial dispersal with the relation to vector's oviposition behavior and age for the B. mucronatus-Monochamus saltuarius and B. xylophilus-M. alternatus systems. M. saltuarius females were provided individually with a Pinus densiflora branch section. Immediately after the oviposition, branch sections were held at 25 degrees C. The transmission of B. mucronatus was examined using the 15-mm-diam. bark disks containing an oviposition wound and their surrounding bark and xylem samples taken from branch sections 0 - 24 h after the oviposition. B. mucronatus was recovered only from the 15-mm-diam. bark disks. The proportion of oviposition wounds harboring B. mucronatus was 0.27 and the number of B. mucronatus transmitted into an oviposition wound averaged 2.1. When M. alternatus females were provided individually with a P. densiflora stem bolt, their oviposition behavior did not differ from M. saltuarius one. The inspection indicated that B. xylophilus was recovered from the 25-mm-diam. bark disks containing an oviposition wound and the surrounding bark and xylem samples taken from the bolts 0 - 24 h after the oviposition. The proportion of oviposition wounds harboring B. xylophilus was 0.31 and the number of B. xylophilus transmitted into an oviposition wound averaged 1.0. This study suggested that B. mucronatus left the vector's oviposition wounds more slowly than B. xylophilus.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis