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Biocontrol Science and Technology
Carfax Publishing Company
Biocontrol Science and Technology

Carfax Publishing Company

0958-3157

Biocontrol Science and Technology/Journal Biocontrol Science and TechnologySCIISTP
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    Parasitoid age and host age interact to improve life history parameters and rearing of Trichogramma euproctidis

    Tabebordbar FatemehShishehbor ParvizEbrahimi EbrahimPolaszek Andrew...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABSTRACT Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault) is an egg parasitoid under consideration for mass production and augmentative biological control of major lepidopteran pests in Iran and other countries. The main objective of this research was to determine the effects of T. euproctidis female age and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller egg age on life history parameters of T. euproctidis. Experimental design involved exposing 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-d-old E. kuehniella eggs to 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-d-old T. euproctidis females in glass test tubes. Results indicated that host egg age and parasitoid female age interacted significantly to improve parasitism rate, progeny emergence rate, sex ratio, longevity, and fecundity of T. euproctidis. The age of T. euproctidis females affected parasitism rate; 1-d-old females, rather than the other ages, parasitised more E. kuehniella eggs. The highest mean total fecundity (81.62 eggs) was recorded from adult progeny produced by 1-d-old T. euproctidis females reared from 1-d-old E. kuehniella eggs. Trichogramma euproctidis development time increased as the age of E. kuehniella eggs increased, but the parasitoid female age and host egg age interaction was not significant. A life table analysis confirmed the results that 1-d-old T. euproctidis females and 1-d-old E. kuehniella eggs resulted in optimal effects on T. euproctidis life history. This study implies that mass rearing systems designed to expose young-aged T. euproctidis females to young-aged E. kuehniella eggs would maximise T. euproctidis progeny production.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Suitable models to describe the effect of temperature on conidial germination and mycelial growth of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana

    Omuse Evanson R.Niassy SaliouWagacha John M.Ong’amo George O....
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABSTRACT Temperature critically affects the performance of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). Mathematical models are critical tools used in predictive microbiology but are less adopted for EPF. We selected eight nonlinear models to describe thermal biology; minimum (Tmin ), optimal (Topt ) and maximum (Tmax ) thresholds; and maximal growth (Pmax ) of EPF. Conidial germination and mycelial growth of Metarhizium anisopliae (ICIPE 7, ICIPE 20, ICIPE 62, ICIPE 69, ICIPE 78) and Beauveria bassiana (ICIPE 284) isolates incubated at 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36°C were measured and fitted to the models. The models were compared using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and adjusted R2. The best–fitting models for germination of the isolates were the cardinal temperature model with inflection (CTMI), Ratkowsky 3 and the generalised β function, while the best–fitting models for growth were CTMI, Ratkowsky 3, Lactin 1 and generalised β function. Brière 1, Brière 2, Ratkowsky 2, and Van Der Heide least fitted most germination and growth datasets. Tmin , Topt , Tmax and Pmax ranged from 13.3–13.6°C, 26.3–28.1°C, 35.7–36.3°C and 95.4–100.0% for germination, and 3.7–13.7°C, 25.9–28.6°C, 35.4–37.2°C and 1.44–2.34?mm day–1 for growth, respectively. Topt were below temperatures of central bee brood areas and partly mirrored temperatures of the isolates’ regions of origin. The best–fitting models can be used to better match EPF with different regions’ temperatures for optimal performance against target pests.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Compatibility of Jatropha curcas seed extract and entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces lecanii against the citrus red mite Panonychus citri

    Puspitarini Retno DyahFernando ItoSianturi Yosua Pangihutan Pardamean AlextioRachmawati Rina...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABSTRACT The citrus red mite (CRM), Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a pervasive pest of numerous deciduous and evergreen fruit trees. The persistent use of acaricides in controlling the mite has been known to cause unwanted negative impacts. In this study, the bio-efficacy of individual and combined application of Jatropha curcas seed extract (JcSE) (Euphorbiaceae) and entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces lecanii (Cordycipitaceae) on the mortality and oviposition rate of CRM was investigated. The effects of JcSE on A. lecanii were initially evaluated by incorporating JcSE into potato dextrose agar medium at various concentrations. After that, A. lecanii was inoculated on the medium, and its mycelial growth, conidia production, and conidia viability were observed. The results indicated that JcSE at all concentrations had no deleterious effects on the fungus, illustrating high compatibility and suggesting their combined application. The application of JcSE and A. lecanii increased the CRM mortality and reduced the mite oviposition rate, both when applied singly and in combinations. At 144?h after application, their combined application at the highest concentration used caused 97.5% mortality of CRM and decreased the mite oviposition rate to 0.5 eggs, while the mite mortality and oviposition rate were 2.5% and 38.7 eggs, respectively, in control. Therefore, the combined application of JcSE and A. lecanii can be considered as a promising option in integrated management programmes of CRM, particularly in organic farming.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Local Bacillus species as potential biocontrol agents for Meloidogyne enterolobii in melon (Cucumis melo L.)

    Vieira de Carvalho Júnior Osmarde Sá Alicia VieiraPeixoto Ana Rosada Paz Cristiane Domingos...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABSTRACT Biological control is an environmentally safe alternative in the management of nematodes. The selection of new biocontrol agents has focused on the potential of Bacillus species in in vitro and in vivo studies. In this study, twenty-three local Bacillus isolates were characterised and evaluated for metabolisable carbon source, secondary metabolite production and nematicidal action. The in vitro antagonism studies were evaluated after direct confrontation between infecting juveniles of M. enterolobii and bacterial isolates. In a greenhouse, nematicidal activity was evaluated 51 days after nematode inoculation in melon plants previously inoculated with the bacteria and cultivated in pots. The numbers of egg masses, galls, J2 and eggs in the root, J2 in the soil, the reproduction factor and the biomass yield of the plants were evaluated. From the results obtained in the laboratory experiments, it was observed that five carbon sources (D-glucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, D-maltose, malic acid and trisodium citrate) were common to all isolates, with variation in the production of secondary metabolites. The sum of nematostatic and nematicidal effects was above 90%. In the pot experiment, a significant reduction in the number of galls was observed with the treatments LCB 03, LCB 40, LCB 45, LCB 47, LCB 51, LCB 56 and LCB 5(3) and there was no increase in plant biomass. Root protection may be associated with effective colonisation through biofilm formation and the action of metabolites with nematicide and disorientation action. However, it is necessary to carry out further studies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    The application of Raman spectroscopy in identifying Metarhizium brunneum, Metarhizium pemphigi and Beauveria bassiana

    Hetjens Bernd T.Tewes Thomas J.Platte FrankWichern Florian...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABSTRACT Previous research on the identification of fungi by means of their Raman spectra (i.e. spectra based on the inelastic scattering of light) of their spores indicates that this approach could be a fast, cheap and reliable method to distinguish fungi. Entomopathogenic fungi are used in commercially available insecticides (mycoinsecticides), in particular species of the genera Beauveria and Metarhizium. The identification of fungi in infected organisms is necessary for efficacy studies as well as in environmental impact assessments. This study aims at developing a method to differentiate isolates of these fungi, more precisely isolates of Metarhizium brunneum (Ca8II, Cb15III, Cb16III), Metarhizium pemphigi (X1c) and Beauveria bassiana (DSM 62075) as a non-related reference. To this end, fungi were grown on different culture media (both artificial and natural); samples were taken at different ages of the culture to assess possible impacts of nutrition and age on conidial pigmentation. It was possible to obtain spectra from the conidia of these fungi. The final predictive model was capable of determining isolated conidia grown on model insects with an overall goodness of prediction of 98.8% without any further sample preparation. In conclusion, Raman microspectroscopy proves to be a reliable and fast approach to distinguish entomopathogenic fungi.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Discrimination by Ganaspis pelleranoi of Ceratitis capitata larvae previously parasitised by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata

    Buonocore Biancheri María JosefinaSuárez LorenaKirschbaum Daniel S.Ovruski Sergio M....
    21页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABSTRACT Heterospecific and conspecific host discrimination, and super- and multiparasitism by the neotropical figitid Ganaspis pelleranoi were determined using 6-d-old Ceratitis capitata larvae in choice trials, where alternatives such as hosts previously parasitised by the exotic braconid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, or by conspecific G. pelleranoi, and/or unparasitised hosts were available. Choice assays involved both experienced and na?ve figitid females, previously host-exposed and non-host-exposed, respectively. Multiparasitism was mainly avoided if the G. pelleranoi female had a choice between unparasitised and parasitised larvae. Heterospecific host discrimination was highly improved by ovipositional experience. A very limited number of experienced G. pelleranoi females visited, probed, or oviposited host larvae previously parasitised by D. longicaudata. Only 2% of figitid adults were recovered from puparia resulting from larvae previously parasitised by D. longicaudata and exposed to na?ve females. No figitid adults were recovered in those treatments involving experienced females. Latency and host examination data, number of visits, probing and oviposition’s activities showed that experienced G. pelleranoi female has a higher propensity to forage unparasitised host larvae rather than larvae previously parasitised by conspecific females. Self-superparasitism was greater than conspecific superparasitism when figited females had to choose between unparasitised and conspecific parasitised larvae. The ability of G. pelleranoi females to discriminate previously parasitised medfly larvae suggests low levels of both heterospecific and conspecific competition. Combined releases of D. longicaudata and G. pelleranoi in Argentinean fruit-growing regions could be a more advantageous alternative than individual species releases.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Predation functional response and demographic parameters of Orius albidipennis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae): effect of host plant morphological attributes

    Gholami NahidAleosfoor MaryamHosseini MojtabaFekrat Lida...
    19页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABSTRACT Plant morphological attributes diversely affect the biocontrol agents of phytophagous insects. In the current study, the effect of physical plant features on life table characteristics and functional response of Orius albidipennis (Rueter) females feeding on Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) was investigated on two common wheat cultivars (Falat and Pishtaz) differing in leaf morphological features. The trichome density considerably influenced a broad spectrum of attributes related to the performance of O. albidipennis. Although Orius predators exhibited type III of functional response on both cultivars, they had lesser searching efficiency and higher handling time on Pishtaz than on Falat cultivar. The maximum attack rate was greater on Falat than on Pishtaz. Lesser maximum predation and greater handling time of the Orius predators on Pishtaz might be imputed to the significantly more condensed surface trichomes of its leaves than that of Falat leaves, which physically prevented movement of the bugs and decreased prey encounter rate. Moreover, an increase in trichome density negatively influenced the foraging behaviour of the predatory bug. Females were also found to prefer leaves with fewer trichomes as oviposition hosts. It seems that trichomes provided hindrance to the Orius bug. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was significantly greater on Falat than on Pishtaz cultivar. Similarly, the net reproductive rate and finite rate of increase were greater on Falat than on Pishtaz. To recapitulate, it could be stated that the efficiency of O. albidipennis in controlling S. graminum on wheat may be more beneficial in cultivars with lower trichome density.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    The host specificity of Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcoidae): a potential biocontrol agent of invasive Tamarix chinensis (Lour) and T. ramosissima (Ledeb) in South Africa.

    Hatile Sivenathi L.Mayonde SamalesuVenter NicByrne Marcus J....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABSTRACT Tamarix (Tamaricaceae), a phreatophyte genus from the Old World, is a tenacious competitor which has invaded North America (namely the United States and Mexico), Australia, and South Africa amongst other countries. Biological control of invasive Tamarix taxa in South Africa is complicated by the indigenous T. usneoides, which is phylogenetically distant from the invasive T. chinensis and T. ramosissima. This suggests the possibility of finding a host specific biological control agent. Trabutina mannipara underwent laboratory-based host specificity trials. During no-choice testing, T. mannipara showed no difference in host range selection as there was no significant difference in the settling and developmental rate on all Tamarix taxa tested. These undesirable non-target effects on the indigenous species led us to reject T. mannipara as a potential biological control agent of invasive Tamarix taxa. We examined the possibility of secondary metabolites being a factor in the feeding choice of T. mannipara, but no significant difference in the bark tannin levels was found between the above Tamarix taxa. Further investigation of plant secondary metabolites, used for defense against insect herbivory, may however, assist in the selection of biological control agents against invasive Tamarix in South Africa.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Spread and establishment of Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritiidae) in Nigeria, a biological control agent of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Robinson

    Idemudia ItohanWilson David D.Aigbedion-Atalor Pascal Osa
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABSTRACT Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Robinson (Asteraceae) is one of the worst invasive weeds in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritiidae) is a biological control agent of C. odorata. It was introduced into C?te d’Ivoire in 2003 and spread across West Africa. This paper reports the establishment, distribution, and density of C. connexa in Nigeria, the seventh country in West Africa with a confirmed report of C. connexa. It is anticipated that the gall fly, recorded in Nigeria, will have similar impacts on C. odorata as in the other six countries.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis

    Laboratory screening of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes for pathogenicity against the obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

    Mathulwe Letodi L.Malan Antoinette P.Stokwe Nomakholwa F.
    21页
    查看更多>>摘要：ABSTRACT Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), the obscure mealybug, is a serious polyphagous, cosmopolitan agricultural insect pest that affects deciduous fruit production in South Africa. The presence of the mealybug in orchards results in significant damage to crops, with economic implications. The potential use of two entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), as biological control agents against P. viburni, was assessed under laboratory conditions, using screening bioassays. The EPF isolates, Metarhizium robertsii (6EIKEN) and M. pinghaense (5HEID), tested at a conidial concentration of 1 × 107 conidia/ml, proved to be effective against the adult stage female mealybugs, causing 96%?±?6% and 91%?±?13% mortality, respectively, 7 days post inoculation, when incubated at 25°C with humidity levels of > 95%. Heterorhabditis indica, applied at a concentration of 200 infective juveniles per insect, was found to be the most effective EPN against P. viburni, causing 79% mortality, 48?h post inoculation, while incubated at 25°C. Further bioassays showed a positive correlation between insect mortality and conidial concentration as well as exposure time. The study represents the first report on the pathogenicity of multiple local and commercial EPF isolates to control P. viburni and several local EPN isolates against P. viburni.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Taylor & Francis