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Journal of the North American Benthological Society
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Journal of the North American Benthological Society

The Society

0887-3593

Journal of the North American Benthological Society/Journal Journal of the North American Benthological SocietySCIISTP
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    Haplotype variation in the spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus: Colonization of Europe and genetic diversity of native stocks

    Petrusek, A.Filipová, L.Lieb, D.A.Grandjean, F....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：The North American spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817), a widespread invader in Europe, seems to have been introduced there successfully only once. According to available literature, 90 individuals of unclear origin were released in Poland in 1890. Despite this apparent bottleneck, the species has successfully colonized various aquatic habitats and has displaced native crayfish species in many places. To test whether different European populations were likely to have come from a single source and to identify their possible origin, we analyzed the diversity of the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of O. limosus individuals from Europe and from its original range in North America, including the presumed source region of European populations, the Delaware River watershed (eastern USA). Two haplotypes were found in European populations. One haplotype was widespread; the other was present in a single population. In contrast, 18 haplotypes were detected in North America. This result supports the hypothesis of a single overseas introduction of O. limosus and suggests that the high invasion success of this species was not limited by an introduction bottleneck. Two divergent clades were detected in North American O. limosus populations. One, which includes the dominant haplotype in Europe, was found in a large part of the species' present range. The 2~(nd) (diverging by >1%) was mostly restricted to a limited area in southeastern Pennsylvania. Orconectes limosus populations in the northern part of the species' North American range, at least some of which are nonindigenous themselves, may share the source area with European O. limosus. The endangered status of O. limosus populations in southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland, where much of the species' genetic diversity resides, should be considered in conservation management.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • North Amer Benthological Soc

    Relating carrion breakdown rates to ambient resource level and community structure in four cave stream ecosystems

    Huntsman, B.M.Venarsky, M.P.Benstead, J.P.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Detrital inputs into ecosystems vary in quantity and quality (e.g., plant litter vs carrion). Variability in detrital quantity and quality potentially affects consumer biomass and rates of organic matter (OM) breakdown. We used cave streams to test 2 linked hypotheses regarding the influence of total detrital inputs on consumer biomass and the breakdown of high-quality carrion detritus. First, we hypothesized that cave systems with higher total OM availability would support a higher biomass of consumers. Second, we predicted that higher consumer biomass would cause faster carrion breakdown rates. To test these hypotheses, we quantified macroinvertebrate biomass and breakdown rates (k, d~(-1)) of carrion (mouse carcasses, Mus musculus) in 4 cave streams in northeastern Alabama and southeastern Tennessee (USA) that varied in total OM storage. We estimated carrion breakdown rates in coarse- and fine-mesh packs (10-mm and 500-m mesh size) to isolate the influence of scavenging by crayfish. Macroinvertebrate biomass (excluding crayfish) in carrion packs was positively correlated with OM storage, but neither macroinvertebrate biomass (excluding crayfish) nor OM storage were strong predictors of carrion breakdown rates. Crayfish biomass was not correlated with total OM storage but was positively correlated with coarse-mesh breakdown rates. Our study illustrates the influence of community structure and consumer biomass on detrital breakdown rates in cave ecosystems. However, determining how detrital inputs structure cave communities will require further study.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • North Amer Benthological Soc

    Altering aquatic food webs with a global insecticide: Arthropodamphibian links in mesocosms that simulate pond communities

    Cothran, R.D.Radarian, F.Relyea, R.A.
    20页
    查看更多>>摘要：Pesticides play a critical role in maximizing yields of economically important crops and minimizing the human health threats of disease-carrying pests, but they often have collateral effects on nontarget species. We used a mesocosm study to address how the most commonly used insecticide in the USA, malathion, applied at low, ecologically relevant concentrations (20 and 110 μg/L) affects species interactions in aquatic communities. Unlike many community ecotoxicology studies, our study assessed how malathion affects both consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of predators. We also considered how the vertical distribution of predator cues and malathion (caused by potential stratification) affects species interactions. We found no evidence for vertical stratification of malathion, a result suggesting that exposure to the pesticide was uniform throughout the water column. Malathion was lethal to some primary consumers (cladocerans) at both concentrations and to top predators (dragonflies) at the highest concentration (110 μg/L). These lethal effects initiated density-mediated indirect effects in both cases. Malathion also may have decreased dragonfly foraging efficiency, resulting in increased tadpole survival (trait-mediated indirect effect), which decreased the resources used by tadpoles (periphyton). Collectively, our results show that malathion alters species interactions. However, we suggest that the degree to which pesticides affect aquatic communities will depend strongly on the species composition of communities. Therefore, the community-level consequences of pesticide exposure are likely to vary across the ecological landscape.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • North Amer Benthological Soc

    Fourteen years of dreissenid presence in the rocky littoral zone of a large lake: Effects on macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity

    Ozersky, T.Barton, D.R.Evans, D.O.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Establishment of dreissenid mussels in aquatic systems is often accompanied by major changes in the abundance, diversity, and community composition of benthic invertebrates. However, few studies have been published that address the effects of long-term dreissenid presence on the littoral benthos inhabiting hard substrata in lakes. We present the results of a depth-stratified, quantitative survey of littoral benthos conducted at 4 sites in 1993, just before dreissenid invasion, and in 2008, 14 y after the establishment of dreissenids in Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Average densities of nondreissenid invertebrates were 45× greater in 2008 than in 1993. Amphipods, isopods, chironomids and oligochaetes underwent the largest increases in absolute abundance. The taxonomic diversity of the benthic invertebrate community (α diversity) increased significantly. Community structure was more similar within and between depths and sites in 2008 than in 1993, a result implying lower β diversity of the postdreissenid littoral benthos. In addition, fewer differences were found in the densities of organisms between sampling locations in 2008 than in 1993. We suggest that dreissenids increase resource availability to benthic organisms and homogenize the littoral benthos by increasing the evenness of the distribution of food and physical-habitat resources across sites and depths. The transformation of the littoral benthic community of Lake Simcoe reflects a major change in the distribution of energy in the lake and is consistent with a dreissenid-mediated redirection of production from the pelagic to the littoral zone.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • North Amer Benthological Soc

    Assessing sampling adequacy of mussel diversity surveys in wadeable Illinois streams

    Huang, J.Cao, Y.Cummings, K.S.
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Freshwater mussels are one of the most imperiled groups of animals in North America. Effective resource management and conservation efforts require reliable estimates of species diversity and their distributions. However, sampling protocols for qualitative mussel surveys have not been well established and tested. Furthermore, the sampling effort required for a given data-quality goal (90% of species captured) often varies substantially among sites, and application of a standard effort probably would introduce bias into assemblage comparisons. We tested the sampling adequacy of time-based hand searches. We conducted 16-man-hour (mh) searches at each of 18 wadeable stream sites in Illinois that differed widely in environmental factors and historical species diversity and collected 27 to 942 individuals and 5 to 18 species per site. We accounted for imperfect species detectability by using the Chao-1 richness estimator and measured sampling adequacy as the % of the estimated number of species sampled. Four-mh searches, a frequently used effort, captured 15 to 100% of all species with an average of 61%, and yielded estimates of richness that were not significantly correlated with the estimated total richness (Pearson's r = 0.39, p > 0.05). Ten-mh searches captured >70% of all species at >70% of sites and resulted in a significant correlation between observed and estimated richness (Pearson's r ≥ 0.78, p < 0.01). A Random Forests (RF) model based on watershed and habitat characteristics (e.g., stream size and dominant substrate types) accounted for 45% of the variance in sampling adequacy of 4-mh searches. Sampling adequacy decreased with increasing stream size and substrate size but increased with % forest in the riparian zone and logs in the stream. A 2~(nd) RF model was developed to predict the number of man-hours required to capture 70 ± 3% of all species, and it accounted for 37% of the variance. Our findings should serve as a guide for setting standard sampling efforts for mussel surveys in Illinois and probably other midwestern states and should provide a baseline for setting site-specific efforts. Our modeling approach is of general applicability for addressing sampling-adequacy issues in studies of any assemblage.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • North Amer Benthological Soc

    Leaf-litter decomposition in headwater streams: A comparison of the process among four climatic regions

    Casas, J.Menéndez, M.Pozo, J.González, J.M....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：The main purpose of our work was to elucidate factors responsible for the geographical differences in leaf-litter decomposition rates in Spanish oligotrophic headwater streams. Decomposition experiments with alder (Alnus glutinosa) leaf litter were carried out in 22 headwater streams in 4 different climatic regions across the Iberian Peninsula (Cornisa Cantbrica, Cordillera Litoral Catalana, Sierra de Guadarrama, and Sierra Nevada). Streams that were similar in size, flowed mainly over siliceous substrate in catchments with scarce human settlements and activities, and fell within a range of low nutrient concentrations were chosen in each region. Breakdown rates were regionally variable and were low (0.1090.198% ash-free dry mass [AFDM]/degree day [dd]) in the Cornisa Cantbrica, the most mesic and Atlantic region, and high (0.3020.639% AFDM/dd) in Sierra de Guadarrama, one of the coldest and most inland areas. Temperature was not the determining factor affecting differences in breakdown rates among regions, and breakdown rates were not related to concentrations of dissolved nutrients. However, microbial reproductive activity (sporulation rates) was significantly correlated with dissolved P concentration. Breakdown rates were explained better by presence and feeding activities of detritivores than by decomposer activity. Incorporation of breakdown rates in assessment schemes of stream ecological status will be difficult because leaf processing does not respond unequivocally to environmental factors when climatic regions are considered. Thus, regional adjustments of baseline standards in reference conditions will be required.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • North Amer Benthological Soc

    Sediment bacterial community structure and function in response to C and Zn amendments: Urban and nonurban streams

    Perryman, S.E.Rees, G.N.Grace, M.R.
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Urbanization is an important ecological modifier of stream catchments and significantly alters C type and concentration and heavy metal input to aquatic systems. C and heavy metals are important determinants of microbial community structure (population dynamics) and function (physiological processes). Understanding how changes at the landscape scale affect key nutrient- transformation processes (e.g., denitrification) and C metabolism (e.g., methanogenesis) at the micro scale requires simultaneous determination of the structural and functional responses of bacterial communities. We compared total bacterial (16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid [rRNA] gene) and denitrifying bacterial (nosZ gene) community structures in sediments taken from an urban and a nonurban stream before and after C and Zn additions. Microcosms containing stream sediment were supplemented with either proteinaceous or leaf-leachate C, increasing the C content by ～36 and 130 mg/L, respectively. C was added in the presence and absence of Zn addition (200 mg/kg). Changes in community function were determined simultaneously with additions by measuring the rates of CO2, N2, and CH4 accumulation in the headspace of each mesocosm. Site had the greatest effect on total and denitrifying bacterial community structures. Added C caused a small but significant change in total bacterial community structure, but did not change denitrifying bacterial community structure. C enrichment caused a significant and rapid change in community function. Rates of methanogenesis were significantly higher at the nonurban than at the urban site and were significantly affected by C type (significant site × C interaction). Denitrification and CO2 production were unaffected by C additions but differed between sites. Zn addition changed total bacterial community structure but not denitrifying bacterial community structure. Zn affected the rate of methanogenesis, but the effect size was less than for C type. Community structures remained different between sites at the end of the study despite exposure to Zn concentrations that reflected conditions in urbanized streams and C sources that mimicked those from urban or nonurban streams. Our study supports previous observations that microbial community structure is strongly influenced by prior sediment history. The broader implication is that landscape-scale changes like urbanization alter other physical and chemical properties of the stream sediment that influence community structure more than the Zn or C concentrations in our study.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • North Amer Benthological Soc

    Small but mighty: Headwaters are vital to stream network biodiversity at two levels of organization

    Bonada, N.Múrria, C.Hughes, J.M.Finn, D.S....
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Headwaters (stream orders 12) traditionally have been considered depauperate compared to mid-order streams (orders 34)a conclusion that arises from a perception of streams as linear systems and emphasizes change in average α (local) diversity along streams. We hypothesized an opposite pattern for β (among-site) diversity and suggest that headwaters might account for a large degree of basin-scale biodiversity if considered within the more realistic framework of streams as branching networks. We assembled pre-existing biodiversity data from across the globe to test this hypothesis broadly at the population-genetic (mitochondrial haplotype diversity within species) and community (species/taxonomic diversity) levels, with a focus on macroinvertebrates. We standardized 18 (9 headwater and 9 mid-order) population-genetic and 16 (10 headwater and 6 mid-order) community-level ecoregional data sets from 5 global ecozones for robust comparisons of β-diversity estimates between the 2 stream-size categories. At the population-genetic level, we applied measures of among-site variation commonly used at both population-genetic (FST and ΦST) and community (S?rensen's dissimilarity with both presence/absence and abundance data) levels and developed a novel strategy to compare expected rates of loss of γ (regional) diversity as individual sites are eliminated sequentially from regions. At the community level, we limited analyses to S?rensen's presence/absence measures. We found that S?rensen's dissimilarity was significantly greater among headwaters than among mid-order streams at both population-genetic and community levels. We also showed that individual headwater reaches accounted for greater proportions of genetic γ diversity than did mid-order reaches. However, neither FST nor ΦST was significantly different between stream-size categories. These measures, which have been used traditionally for comparisons of population-genetic variation, measure proportions of total variation rather than solely among-site variation (i.e., they also are influenced by within-site variation). In contrast, S?rensen's dissimilarity measures only among-site variation and, therefore, is presumably more useful for reflecting general β diversity. Overall results suggest that, on average, headwaters probably contribute disproportionately to biodiversity at the network scale. This finding demands a shift in thinking about the biodiversity contributions of small headwaters and has strong conservation implications for imperiled headwater streams around the world.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • North Amer Benthological Soc

    Responses of plants and invertebrate assemblages to water-level fluctuation in headwater wetlands

    Drinkard, M.K.Kershner, M.W.Romito, A.Nieset, J....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Flood-pulsing is a key environmental factor that structures biotic communities in large-order river systems, but we focused our study on the effects of flood-pulsing in headwater systems. We used 10 mesocosm wetlands (10 m × 20 m) to test 2 treatments: a flood-pulse regimen in which natural flood events caused water levels to fluctuate and a static regimen in which water levels remained artificially stable. Abiotic characteristics, plants, and aquatic invertebrate communities were monitored from 2002 through 2005 in permanent pools, nonflooded banks in static wetlands, and intermittently flooded banks in flood-pulse wetlands. The flood-pulse treatment had minimal effects on environmental conditions of permanent pools, and submersed plant and aquatic invertebrate communities in permanent pools were similar in both treatments. This result suggested that resource subsidies from the floodplain to the pools were minimal. However, flood-pulsing caused observable changes to plant communities in the intermittently flooded zone (IFZ) above the permanently flooded pool. Overall plant diversity was higher in static wetlands, and % bare ground was higher in flood-pulse wetlands, results suggesting that the short, stochastic floods were a strong environmental stressor. In flood-pulse wetlands, the fluctuating water levels may have reduced the proportion of introduced, weedy, and upland plant taxa. Flood-pulse and static wetlands had distinctly different plant assemblage compositions, indicating that the abiotic stressors caused pronounced changes in the floodplain community. An indicator species analysis showed that taxa classified as obligate wetland plants were indicators in flood-pulse wetlands (e.g., Juncus canadensis, Ludwigia palustris, Dulichium arundinaceum, Eleocharis obtusa, Carex crinita, Carex lupulina, Carex vulpinoidea), but taxa classified as facultative wetland or upland plants were indicators of static wetlands (Cirsium arvense, Eupatoriadelphus maculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Bidens frondosus, Melilotus officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Daucus carota, Poa palustris). Many functional categories of plant species that were common in flood-pulse wetlands (e.g., obligate wetland plants, perennial, native and nonweedy species) are considered beneficial from a management perspective.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • North Amer Benthological Soc

    Insular lake island biogeography: Using lake metrics to predict diversity in littoral zone mollusk communities

    Harris, A.T.Woolnough, D.A.Zanatta, D.T.
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Island biogeography theory can be used to explain patterns of species richness on various types of habitat islands, including freshwater lake systems. Mollusk production in these systems also has been linked to various water-chemistry variables, such as pH, alkalinity, hardness, and specific conductance. We examined how mollusk diversity patterns were related to geographical and limnological factors in insular lakes of the Beaver and Manitou Archipelagos in Lake Michigan (Laurentian Great Lakes), USA. The strongest correlations observed were with shoreline development (r = 0.80), specific conductance (r = 0.87), and pH (r = 0.87). Principal components analysis revealed that isolation by distance and PO4~(3-) concentration also may have affected species richness and abundance. Shoreline length was a better predictor of species richness than surface area, but both measures of habitat size were unable to account for much of the variation in species richness. The data suggest that shoreline length and development represent available habitat area more accurately than lake area for primarily littoral-dwelling mollusks. The relatively weak correlations observed with lake area and isolation from Lake Michigan suggest that application of island biogeography theory to predict mollusk species richness using only lake surface area and isolation by distance is limited for freshwater mollusks.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • North Amer Benthological Soc