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Physica

North-Holland

0378-4371

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    Directionality theory and the second law of thermodynamics

    Wolf C.Demetrius L.A.
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：© 2022The statistical mechanics of molecular collisions in a macroscopic body is encoded by the parameter Thermodynamic entropy — a statistical measure of the number of molecular configurations that correspond to a given macrostate. Irreversibility in the flow of energy in macroscopic bodies is determined by random molecular interactions and expressed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics: In isolated systems, that is systems closed to the input of energy and matter, thermodynamic entropy increases. The evolutionary dynamics of a population of replicating organisms is encoded by the parameter Evolutionary entropy, a statistical measure of the number and diversity of metabolic cycles generated by the replication and viability of the individual organisms. Irreversibility in the transformation of energy in populations of organisms is determined by random mutation and natural selection. Changes in the organization of metabolic energy are described by the Directionality Principle of Evolution: Evolutionary entropy increases, when the energy source is limited and constant and decreases when the energy source is abundant and inconstant. This article shows that, when R→0, and N→∞ (where R denotes the production rate of the external energy source; N the number of replicating organisms) evolutionary entropy, a measure of spatio-temporal organization, and thermodynamic entropy, a measure of positional disorder, coincide. We invoke this relation between thermodynamic and evolutionary entropy to show that the Directionality Principle for Evolution is a generalization of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
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    A novel quantum image encryption technique based on improved controlled alternated quantum walks and hyperchaotic system

    Zhang J.Zhang H.Gao Y.-J.Xie H.-W....
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：© 2022 Elsevier B.V.This paper proposes a novel quantum image encryption algorithm based on a local substitution and global permutation scheme. First, a plaintext-related secret key is generated by using a hyperchaotic system; second, the plain image is scrambled employing a block-based general Arnold transform and permutation-based special linear transform; third, S-box substitution and special linear transform are iterated multiple times until certain conditions are achieved. A novel controlled alternated quantum walks scheme is also proposed to generate substitution boxes. Numerical simulation shows that the proposed encryption scheme can effectively a encrypt plain image to an incomprehensible noise image, and is capable of resisting a variety of attacks.
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    Geometrical description of the state space in spin crossover solids with high-spin low-spin degree of freedom

    Erdem R.
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：© 2022 Elsevier B.V.Ising-like model of the spin-crossover solids is studied making use of thermodynamic geometry in the Ruppeiner formalism. A thermal metric tensor (Gij) and corresponding thermodynamic curvature or Ricci scalar (R) are computed for a 2D “magnatization” vs “temperature” state space. The two metric components, namely G12 and G22, have the finite extremum above the critical temperature in the high-spin state. On the other hand, R abruptly jumps between the R>0 and R<0 regions along the first-order high-spin/low-spin transition line while the curvature jump disappears when the critical point (C) is reached. It exhibits smooth changes beyond C along the R=0 line. A different vanishing curvature line with R=0 is also observed in the high-spin state regime in the geometric phase diagram.
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    Ordinal synchronization and typical states in high-frequency digital markets

    Lopez Perez M.Mansilla Corona R.
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：© 2022 Elsevier B.V.In this paper we study Algorithmic High-Frequency Financial Markets as dynamical networks. After an individual analysis of 24 stocks of the US market during a trading year of fully automated transactions by means of ordinal pattern series, we define an information-theoretic measure of pairwise synchronization for time series which allows us to study this subset of the US market as a dynamical network. We apply to the resulting network a couple of clustering algorithms in order to detect collective market states, characterized by their degree of centralized or decentralized synchronicity. This collective analysis has shown to reproduce, classify and explain the anomalous behavior previously observed at the individual level. We also find two whole coherent seasons of highly centralized and decentralized synchronicity, respectively. Finally, we model these states dynamics through a simple Markov model.
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    Diffraction and interference with run-and-tumble particles

    Meerts K.Struyve W.Maes C.
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：© 2022 Elsevier B.V.Run-and-tumble particles, frequently considered today for modeling bacterial locomotion, naturally appear outside a biological context as well. Here, we consider them in a quantum mechanical relation, using a wave function to drive their propulsion and tumbling. Such quantum-active motion realizes a jittery motion of Dirac electrons (as in the famous Zitterbewegung): the Dirac electron is a run-and-tumble particle, where the tumbling is between chiralities. We visualize the electron trajectories in single and double slit experiments and discuss their dependence on the spin-direction. In particular, that yields the time-of-arrival statistics of the electrons at the screen. Finally, we observe that away from pure quantum guidance, run-and-tumble particles with suitable spacetime-dependent parameters produce an interference pattern as well.
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    An extended epidemic model with vaccination: Weak-immune SIRVI

    Turkyilmazoglu M.
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：© 2022 Elsevier B.V.A new modification of the SIR epidemic model incorporating vaccination is proposed in the present paper. The recent trend of vaccinating against COVID-19 pandemic reveals a strong control of infectious disease. On the other hand, it is observed in some countries that, the vaccine application offers less control over the spread of virus, since some portion of vaccinated people is not totally protected/immuned and viable to infection again after a while due to weak/loss immunity offered by the vaccine. This requires transition from vaccinated department to infected for COVID-19. This character of COVID-19 helps us reconsideration of the vaccinated department by letting some part of it being exposed to the infection again. Taking this into account, as a result of modification of the SIR model, the epidemiology is now governed with three main epidemic dimensionless parameters, having provided an initial fraction of infected individuals. The dimensionless model with these parameters is analyzed initially from the stability point of view. The effects of weak immunity are then illustrated numerically on some chosen parameter range. How some of the countries applying the COVID-19 vaccine programs affected by weak/loss immunity is eventually examined with the modified model. The rate of vaccination as well as the basic Reproduction number are found to affect the epidemic demography of the population subject to weak or loss of immunity. In the case of a high vaccination rate, the countries are not anticipated to be highly influenced by the weak immunity of low level, whereas weak immunity prolongs the contagious disease by appearance of secondary multiple peaks in the epidemic compartments with relatively small vaccination rates and basic Reproductive numbers.
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    Corrigendum to “Improving comfort level in traffic flow of CACC vehicles at lane drop on two-lane highways” [Physica A 575 (2021) 126055](S0378437121003289)(10.1016/j.physa.2021.126055)

    Liu H.Jiang R.
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：© 2022 Elsevier B.V.The authors of this research article apologize for the wrong traffic capacity used in Figure 5.
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    Dynamic evolution of shipping network based on hypergraph

    Yu P.Wang Z.Yin H.Wang J....
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：© 2022 Elsevier B.V.This study aims to use evolutionary hypergraphs to explore the dynamic evolution mechanism of the shipping network. Firstly, an evolution model of the shipping network is constructed, in which nodes represent ports while hyperedges represent routes between ports. The evolution process includes the addition of new nodes, linking of old nodes, and rewiring of links. Then, based on Poisson process theory and continuum method, we obtained that the stationary average hyperdegree distribution obeys a shifted power law. Finally, the effects of different parameters on the model are tested. The results show that ports with a developed hinterland economy and great influence have obvious advantages in the evolution process, gathering a large amount of resource allocation. This model can provide a theoretical reference for the reasonable allocation of routes and the improvement of network efficiency.
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    Exploring determinants of feeder mode choice behavior using Artificial Neural Network: Evidences from Delhi metro

    Saiyad G.Rathwa D.Srivastava M.
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：© 2022 Elsevier B.V.First and last mile connectivity are the most crucial elements of transit system. However, inadequate attention is given to such issues in developing countries like India. The present study aims to analyze feeder mode choice behavior of people accessing Delhi metro. Multinomial logit model and Artificial Neural Network are deployed to analyze the travel behavior. Findings suggest that ANNs are highly efficient in learning and recognizing connections between parameters for best prediction of an outcome. Since, utility of ANNs has been critically limited due to its ‘Black Box’ nature, the study involves the use of Garson's algorithm and Partial Dependence Plots for model interpretation. Findings of the study can be useful for policy makers and transport planners for improving service quality of existing feeder services and, establishing efficient feeder system that promote the use of transit.
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    Application of Mayer's activity expansions to the Ising problem

    Ushcats S.Y.Labartkava A.V.Lazarenko M.M.Bulavin L.A....
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：© 2022 Elsevier B.V.Recent successes in approximate evaluations of high-order cluster integrals have greatly advanced the quantitative applicability of Mayer's cluster expansion for various statistical models of matter and even real substances. In this paper, the thermodynamics of the Ising model is represented in a general form of the virial series in powers of activity, which is not restricted by any special geometry or the simplification of nearest-neighbor interactions. In order to make the presented theoretical expressions applicable in quantitative studies, a number of techniques are considered, which approximate the unlimited (almost infinite) set of reducible cluster integrals, bn, based on only a few number of irreducible integrals, βk. Namely, such short βk sets are defined here for a number of magnetic models of various geometry, dimensionality, as well as interaction ranges (not limited by the nearest coordination sphere), and the calculations performed for these models in subcritical regimes (below the Curie point) indicate the adequacy of the proposed approach in general and good agreement with the known exact solution in a particular case of the two-dimensional square model with nearest-neighbor interactions. In addition, the quantitative similarity of subcritical magnetization curves is observed for all the considered models at the same values of a certain reduced temperature and the nature of this similarity may deserve further attentive studying.
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