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Ecological engineering
Elsevier Science B.V.
Ecological engineering

Elsevier Science B.V.

0925-8574

Ecological engineering/Journal Ecological engineeringSCIISTPEI
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    Improving the integrated efficacy of ecosystem restoration efforts by linking land degradation neutrality to ecosystem service enhancement from a spatial association perspective

    Zhang, HaiyanJiang, ChongWang, YixinLi, Canfeng...
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Land degradation is a widespread environmental challenge that threatens landscape sustainability and regional development; existing land degradation neutrality (LDN) efforts in karst areas do not sufficiently consider the complex associations of soil loss with ecosystem services (ESs) and their spatial determinants, which constrain the efficacy of ecosystem restoration projects (ERPs). To close these gaps, this study conducted in China's southwest karst area explored the simultaneous responses of soil loss and ESs to human interventions and identified their spatial determinants by applying biophysical models and an integrated regression approach, respectively. The results showed that, from 1980 to 2017, ERPs substantially enhanced soil retention (SR) for both sub-catchment and entire region scales, and the soil loss has greatly declined since 1999. Carbon stock (CS) and habitat quality remained relatively stable over the entire region, while precipitation variations resulted in fluctuations in water yield (WY) and aquatic purification (AP). Pairwise correlations demonstrated that WY and AP had a significant synergy (p < 0.0001) across all provinces, while CS and WY presented a negative association for Guangxi and Guizhou provinces. Spatial panel models and geographically weighted regressions determined that environmental, socioeconomic, and landscape variables were the primary spatial determinants of multiple ESs and soil loss, and presented significant spatial heterogeneity and spillover effects. Therefore, SR and other ESs should be closely linked, to concurrently address land degradation and enhance ESs. In ERPs and LDN practices, environmental, socioeconomic, and landscape variables and their external effects should be taken into account to propose targeted, integrated, and efficient policies and strategies to facilitate win-win outcomes and realize regional sustainable development.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Soil and Water Bioengineering (SWB) is and has always been a nature-based solution (NBS): a reasoned comparison of terms and definitions

    Preti, FedericoCapobianco, VittoriaSangalli, Paola
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Nature-based solutions (NBS) is a collective term for solutions that are based on natural processes, in healthy or restored ecosystems, and their services to address the three pillars of sustainability, including climate-related challenges. Soil and Water Bioengineering (SWB or SWBE) is a hazard mitigation and restoration discipline formally established and structured since the aftermath of World War II, but finding its roots in age old applications, which have many objectives in common with NBS. However, a structured comparison of SWB and NBS terminologies and objectives is lacking, and this is much needed to highlight that SWB are amenable to the concept of NBS in the context of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction (DRR). This work presents a comparison between the definition of SWB, NBS, and other terminologies that fall under the NBS concept. A matrix was created to compare NBS and NBS-related terminologies with the three main aspects of the SWB practice: "main aims", "fields of application" and "other objectives". Results from the comparison confirm that NBS is a unifying concept to prioritise nature to integrate climate change adaptation, mitigation, and disaster reduction efforts, embracing also many aspects of SWB criteria and applications. Thus, SWB can and should be recognized as having always been an NBS.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The flood reduction and water quality impacts of watershed-scale natural infrastructure implementation in North Carolina, USA

    Kurki-Fox, JackDoll, Barbara A.Line, Daniel E.Baldwin, Madalyn E....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Natural infrastructure as a mitigation measure for flooding has received increased attention following recent extreme rainfall and flood events in North Carolina. While natural infrastructure (e.g., wetlands, floodplain expansion, reforestation, etc.) has been shown to reduce runoff and mitigate peak flows, it is difficult to predict the aggregate impacts of widespread implementation at the watershed scale for a given location. The primary objectives of this study were to identify suitable areas for natural infrastructure implementation on the landscape to reduce flooding and to use the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to simulate the flood reduction and water quality impacts for three subwatersheds (~150 sq. km each) of the Neuse River Basin. Model results indicated that substantial localized annual maximum flow reduction (up to 30-40%) was possible, mostly correlated to the area of natural infrastructure implementation in the subbasin, but flood reduction benefits declined at the subwatershed-scale (1-16%). On a per hectare basis, wetlands sized and designed strategically for flood control had a greater impact on peak flow reduction than reforestation. The implementation of reforestation and flood control wetlands produced substantial nutrient and sediment load reductions, which also correlated with the area of natural infrastructure implementation. Total nitrogen load reduction ranged from 6 to 18% and total phosphorus load reductions from 4 to 17% for the most intensive implementation of wetlands restoration and reforestation. Sediment load reductions ranged from 16 to 30%. The results of this study illustrate that while flood reduction benefits can be realized at local scales (i.e., subbasin), a substantial area would need to be converted to natural infrastructure to provide flood reduction benefits at the watershed scale.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Application of biochar in modification of fillers in bioretention cells: A review

    Xiong, JiaqingLiang, LipengShi, WeipengLi, Zhen...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Biochar has been widely used in soil improvement and bioretention cells because of its low carbon content, easy preparation, environmental protection, and excellent performance. This study reviews the element composition, morphological structure, adsorption, hydrophobicity, and water-retention capacity of biochar applications in bioretention. The review focused on biochar's water-retention capacity, its influence on the water permeability of fillers, and its capacity to remove contaminants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, organic compounds, pathogenic microorganisms, and heavy metals in bioretention cells. This review summarizes the potential application of biochar-modified fillers, biochar-modified bioretention, and related problems, to guide the modification and application of biochar as a bioretention filler.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of long-term (10 years) remediation of Caragana on soil enzyme activities, heavy metals, microbial diversity and metabolic spectrum of coal gangue

    Bai, Dong-shengWang, Yi-wangYang, XuLai, Jin-long...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Phytoremediation is a means of remediation of coal gangue pollution. However, the molecular mechanism of the effect of long-term plant restoration on soil microecology has not been elucidated. This study explored the mechanism of soil-microbe-metabolite interaction after long-term recovery of Caragana korshinskii Kom. We analyzed the physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial community structure, metabolome and ionomics of the shallow (10 cm), middle (50 cm) and deep (100 cm) rhizosphere and bulk soils after C. korshinskii restoration for 10 years. The activities of soil urease, sucrase, and acid phosphatase mainly increased in the rhizosphere area of C. korshinskii. The microbial abundance increased by 8.5%, 25.0%, and 15.2% in the shallow, middle, and deep levels, respectively. The ionomics results showed that the total Sr, Mn, Fe, Th, Rb, Bi, S, Se, Pb, U, Ni, Ba content in the rhizosphere soil decreased by 0.10-1.06 times (Log(2) FC), and the effective state elements increased by 0.21-2.24 times (Log(2) FC), there is still a risk of metal pollution in the gangue area. Metabolomics shows that lipids and lipid molecules, organic acids, phenylpropane and polyketides are the main differential metabolites; C. korshinskii repair stimulates the circulation pathways of terpenoids, lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. S, Fe, Mn and lipids, organic acids, and organic oxygen compound metabolites drive Acidthiobacillus, Sulfurifustis, Deferrobacterium, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas to become dominant strains, regulates element metabolism and accelerates the process of environmental restoration.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Downstream bypass efficiency of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in relation to bypass cobble substrate and flow velocity

    Naslund, JoacimBowes, Rachel E.Greenberg, LarryBergman, Eva...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：River connectivity is a major environmental factor affecting fish migration through river systems. Anthropogenic barriers cause substantial delays and mortality to long-migrating diadromous fish, such as salmonids. Downstream bypasses have received little attention over the years and can be constructed in several ways, with bypass acceptance by fish shown to be problematic in many cases. This experiment investigated whether the addition of cobble in the passageway of a surface bypass could facilitate downstream movement of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. The experiment also determined if the addition of cobble substrate functioned similarly under five varying flow velocities, as this can directly interact with bypass design and impact bypass acceptance. Surface bypasses were constructed in large experimental flumes, into which the smolts were released and monitored for bypass passage using PIT-telemetry through 3-h night-trials. Behavior was scored using two continuously recording video cameras at the bypass construction. No clear positive effects on passage efficiency could be detected from the addition of cobble substrate in the passageway of the bypass. Based on these results, the addition of cobble substrate in a surface bypass passageway cannot be recommended as a measure to facilitate the downstream passage performance of Atlantic salmon smolts through surface bypasses. With respect to flow velocity, higher velocities within the tested range (0.48-0.75 m.s(-1)) led to faster passage.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Modeling shallow landslides and root reinforcement: A review

    Murgia, IleniaGiadrossich, FilippoMao, ZhunCohen, Denis...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Slope Stability Models (SSMs) are valuable tools used as decision support in land management to mitigate catastrophic effects caused by rainfall-induced shallow landslides. In particular, SSMs incorporating the presence and influence of vegetation allow for the evaluation of how trees influence relative slope stability and how forest management could ensure the root reinforcement effect in space and time. By implementing empirical knowledge about complex mechanical and hydrological processes, SSMs have been realized by employing different modeling approaches and methods, becoming suitable for different contexts and scales of analysis. Recent SSMs increasingly consider vegetation both as a mechanism to counteract the triggering process of shallow landslides and as a manageable and modifiable tool for mitigating hazards.This review aims to analyze the state-of-the-art of SSMs applicable to vegetated slope areas, investigating those that consider root reinforcement and some of the most cited SSMs in the literature that neglect this effect instead. After classification and exposition on the spatial and temporal dimension of the analysis, modeling approaches, and complexity, we discuss the identification of the most suitable Slope Stability Model (SSM) for individual applications considering four fundamental aspects: modeling approaches, the analysis scale, and purpose, and the output data. Although all SSMs allow for risk analysis by quantifying the factor of safety, only a few allow for an accurate assessment of how changes in vegetation structure, due to the occurrence of natural and human disturbances, also affect the stability of a studied area. Such information is critical to identifying land management criteria to preserve and enhance the protection effect.The improvement of data collection and measurement techniques to obtain parameters for stability analysis required the development of new SSMs able to exploit the improved detail of information, thus allowing for increasingly accurate analyses.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Large-scale investigation of wave dampening characteristics of organic, artificial floating islands

    Landmann, JannisHammer, Tim C.Guenther, HenningHildebrandt, Arndt...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The concept of floating vegetation-based islands for the bioremediation of aquatic ecosystems is well known. Less so, their hydrodynamic capabilities regarding the damping performance, positional stability and water-structure interactions. To this end, physical model tests with fully organic, reed-based gabions were carried out in a largescale facility in this study. The initial, reflected, and transmitted waves were recorded and analyzed regarding transmission and reflection coefficients. A motion tracking system was utilized to allow for an investigation regarding the motion of the artificial floating islands under waves. The results show that the artificial floating islands significantly dampen shorter waves with a wave period of T <= 2.25 s. The transmission of the incident waves is reduced by 50% for the smallest wave periods (T = 1.5 s). The incident waves are reflected between 20 and 50% for the same wave period. The incident wave energy is dissipated by up to 85% for the smallest wave height and period (H = 0.10 m, T = 1.5 s). The comparable performance regarding more traditional floating breakwaters is discussed as well as the width of the structure as the key parameter for the layout of artificial floating islands in rivers and still waters regarding the damping performance.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Novel indices for snow avalanche protection assessment and monitoring of wind-disturbed forests

    Baggio, TommasoBrozova, NatallieBast, AlexanderD'Agostino, Vincenzo...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Windstorms are natural disturbances predicted to increase in frequency in the future, with a consequent increased risk of damage to forests. Such damage severely affects the forest structure and, therefore, its protection capacity. Previous studies analyzed post event conditions and the recovery time of abated forest within study areas smaller than 10 ha, while not accounting for larger spatial scales. In this study, we propose a new methodology to provide tools for the spatial assessment and monitoring of protection forests against snow avalanches affected by large-scale windstorms. Four indices have been used: (i) vegetation height model, (ii) surface roughness, (iii) stored volume height and (iv) adapted tree parameters, of which the latter two have been specifically developed for this goal. We selected and periodically recorded two windthrow areas using photogrammetric surveys (deriving dense point clouds) to assess the performance of the proposed indices and to investigate the long-term changes in protective effects (Disentis, CH) and the influence of snow cover (Franza, IT). Stored volume height and the adapted tree parameters were the best indices to capture the forest conditions and standing trees, respectively. The stored volume height was further used to estimate forest protective capacity in relation to the snow cover height. Analyzing the Disentis (CH) area, we concluded that the minimum level of protective capacity occurs ten years after the storm event. After 29 years, the forest protective capacity against natural hazards increased again as forest recovery proceeded. However, special attention should be given to gaps between growing trees that may be critical for potential avalanche formation as wood decays. This study provided new insights into the long-term protective efficiency of windthrow forests, introducing two new indices to spatially assess and monitors their evolution.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Transversal barrier heights that brown trout are able to overcome during migrations: Application to three mountain rivers of the Iberian peninsula

    Garcia-Diaz, RicardoManzano-Rodriguez, AlejandroJal, Diego Garcia de
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：We assess here the minimum height of transversal barriers that can prevent free passage of trout (Salmo trutta L.) along a river in order to make informed decisions on the need for action to regain its longitudinal connectivity. A kinematic analysis of the barrier's discharge is carried out to establish the angle of attack that a trout must use to overcome the barrier. This parameter is used to determine the maximum height that trout might reach when leaping out of the water based on their potential swimming speed. Five previous publications have been analysed and set side by side to choose the most suitable mathematical formulas to determine the maximum swimming speed that the fish could achieve. Maximum speed formulas for the most likely angles of attack have been used on trout populations belonging to three rivers in the Iberian Peninsula's Central System Mountain range, thus returning the maximum barrier heights that could be overcome by breeders during spawning migrations. A figure is provided to show the maximum barrier heights that trout would be able to jump in each of the rivers at a temperature of 12 C. Likewise, coefficients have been developed to extrapolate these values to water temperatures between 15 and 9 C.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier