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Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering
Elsevier Science B.V.
Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering

Elsevier Science B.V.

0920-4105

Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering/Journal Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering
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    Sulfonated lignin modified with silane coupling agent as biodegradable shale inhibitor in water-based drilling fluid

    Junlin SuMeiquan LiuLing Lin
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要： A series of sulfonated lignin (SL) samples modified with a silane coupling agent (Si-SL) was investigated as a biodegradable shale inhibitor for water-based drilling fluid (WBDF). Cutting dispersion, linear swelling, bentonite inhibition, and mud ball tests were used to evaluate the inhibition performance of the Si-SL series of and compared with conventional shale inhibitors including potassium formate (HCOOK), polyethylene alycol (PEA), Ultrahib polymer, and polyacrylamide potassium salt (K-PAM). The results showed that the inhibition performance of a series of Si-SL was similar to that of Ultrahib and was significantly better than that of HCOOK, PEA and K-PAM at normal temperature. In addition, compared with other inhibitors, Si-SL showed optimal temperature resistance. The inhibition mechanism of Si-SL was studied by particle distribution, rock compressive strength measurement, shale micro-fracture propagation synthesis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, adsorption measurement, contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and atomic force microscopy observation. At high temperature, Si-SL can be strongly adsorbed on the surface of clay particles, while phenyl in molecular chain of Si-SL is conducive to improving the temperature resistance and reducing the hydrophilicity of the surface of clay particles, thus effectively preventing the migration of water molecules to the clay layer. More importantly, through biotoxicity and biodegradability test, the results showed that Si-SL had no toxicity and was easy to be biodegraded. In field application of Bei 213-21HF well, the Si-SL effectively inhibits the hydration of water-sensitive cuttings and maintains the wellbore stability of the shale formation, providing a guarantee for safe and fast drilling.
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    • NSTL

    A robust and efficient method to geometrically calculate the minimum bit stick-out in a deep water conductor jetting project

    Jianqiao LiuYaqi LinJin Yang
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要： The length of the bit protruding from the running conductor assembly (i.e., bit stick-out), a key factor in deepwater drilling design, directly affects the efficiency of the injection process and the bearing safety of the conductor after installation. To improve the efficiency and safety of conductor installation, it is necessary to establish a reasonable theoretical model of the bit stick-out to provide a feasible scheme for field applications. In this study, geometric judgment criteria of the reasonable bit stick-out location are proposed that determine whether the diameter of the nozzle jet circle is smaller than that of the conductor. These judgment criteria are applied to obtain the reasonable position of the minimum bit stick-out for different diameters of conductors and tricone bits. According to these judgment criteria, we propose a mathematical model of the minimum bit stick-out during deepwater conductor jetting, which considers the influence of the heterogeneity in the nozzle space. Through theoretical analysis and experimental research, combined with on-site cases, the results indicate that if the diameter of the nozzle jet circle is larger than that of the conductor, the reasonable bit stick-out location occurs where the upper boundary of the nozzle jet beam is tangential to the inner boundary of the lower end of the conductor. Conversely, the reasonable bit stick-out location occurs where the jet beam originating from the nozzle can reach the intersection of the jet trajectory and the curved surface formed by the main and secondary cones of the cone bit at the bottom of the well. A numerical simulation study reveals that when the bit stick-out is greater than 150 mm, the hole can be enlarged during the jetting process, thus increasing the installation depth of the conductor and affecting the stability of the conductor. In addition, the models established in this work are applied in the field. In 12 wells, the average value of the calculated results is 114.76 mm, which is close to the lower limit of the interval. Overall, the research results provide a more accurate theoretical basis for bit stick-out design in deepwater conductor jetting projects. This study can maximize the jetting depth, considering that the size of the created hole optimally matches the casing size to achieve wellbore stability. In addition, the developed procedure based on the proposed mathematical model can be applied more conveniently to different combinations of conductor and bit sizes in the field.
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    • NSTL

    Evaluation of common cementing practices affecting primary cementing quality

    I.A. FrigaardH. Jung
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要： The quality of cement placement in primary cementing depends on many facets of the cementing procedure. In this paper, we simulate the fluid displacement process of a typical horizontal well in Northern British Columbia. We analyze how variations in some of the common cementing practices may improve the displacement efficiency. By using excess cement volume, the residual mud can be gradually removed as long as there is a sufficient pressure gradient to yield the mud. Increasing the centralizer usage is demonstrably effective in removing residual mud in the deviated section, and the eccentricity is significantly improved. Performing staged cement allows improvement in displacement by allowing flexibility in frictional pressure loss management (often crucial in long horizontal wells). Targeting different strategies for vertical and deviated sections results in improved efficiencies.
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    • NSTL

    Quantitatively study on imbibition of fracturing fluid in tight sandstone reservoir under high temperature and high pressure based on NMR technology

    Runzi XuShenglai YangZhipeng Xiao
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要： Reservoir fracturing is one of the main technical means to realize high-efficiency development of low-permeability tight reservoirs in oil fields. With the implementation of reservoir fracturing measures, the imbibition effect is produced after the interaction between fracturing fluid and rocks in oil reservoirs. It is of great guiding significance to study the imbibition mechanism of fracturing fluid and quantitatively evaluate the imbibition effect of fracturing fluid with different pore throats under different conditions for practical development. In this paper, to reveal the mechanism of fracturing fluid imbibition from a microscopic point of view, based on the simulation of high temperature and high-pressure reservoir environment, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology and dynamic physical simulation experiments, we quantitatively evaluated the imbibition effect of fracturing fluid with different pore throats at different times and investigated the influence of permeability, wettability, and viscosity of fracturing fluid on imbibition effect of fracturing fluid. The results show that the scale of imbibition of fracturing fluid is between 0.10 ms-51.20 ms. Additionally, the imbibition rate is the fastest in the initial stage of imbibition. Furthermore, the imbibition takes place in micropores (0.10 ms-1.00 ms) first, and then enters mesopores (1.00 ms-10.00 ms), followed by macropores (>10.00 ms) as the reaction time goes on. Also, micropores (0.10 ms-1.00 ms) are the best contributors to the imbibition effect of fracturing fluid, and the imbibition effect tends to be stable at first, followed by mesopores (1.00 ms-10 ms), with the highest contribution, but its imbibition effect is relatively lagging. Last, the imbibition efficiency is positively correlated with permeability, negatively correlated with fracturing fluid viscosity. It is also related to wettability. The imbibition effect of hydrophilic type is better than that of oleophilic type. The more hydrophilic the rock is, the better the imbibition effect is, and the imbibition stability time of the hydrophilic type lags behind that of the oleophilic type.
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    • NSTL

    Fluid geochemical response recorded in the alteration of marine carbonate reservoirs: the Silurian Shiniulan Formation, southeast Sichuan Basin, China

    Yahao HuangZhiliang HeSheng He
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要： Natural gas resources in marine carbonate rocks comprise the most significant remaining oil and gas resources in China. Preservation conditions assessment and destruction mechanisms of high-quality carbonate reservoirs play an important role in petroleum resource evaluation in carbonate reservoirs. In the Silurian Shiniulan carbonate gas reservoirs of southeast Sichuan Basin, mineral sequences in fracture-cavity veins, calcite-precipitating fluid sources, and paleo-pressure evolution histories were investigated by Raman quantitative analysis, element characteristics and isotope compositions. The process of reservoir decompression indicated by inclusion analysis and the enrichment of trace elements are all due to the response of reservoir reconstruction. Petrographic observations show two stages of calcite vein occur commonly in fracture-cavity. Stage-1 calcite veins mineralized in a reduction environment as results of hydrothermal activity. Gas accumulation was accompanied by the crystallization and precipitation of the stage-1 calcite veins. Stage-2 calcite vein precipitated during Himalayan tectonics and derived from intensive invaded penetrating fluid, which might be affected by atmospheric freshwater. The density, pressure, and temperature for CH4-bearing fluid inclusions in the stage-1 calcite veins filling was determined by quantitative Raman spectroscopy. Thermodynamic simulations were conducted to constrain pore pressure evolution histories with the establishment of trapping condition of the geo-fluids. Our results suggest that gas generation and charging comprise the main mechanisms for paleo-overpressure development Identification of fluid sources and understanding pore pressure evolution are keys to study the oil and gas migration and accumulation.
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    • NSTL

    An integrated approach to lithofacies characterization of a sandstone reservoir using the Single Normal Simulation equation: A Case study

    M. Nagendra BabuVenkatesh AmbatiRajesh R. Nair
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要： This paper describes a comprehensive approach to improved lithofacies characterization using the simultaneous pre-stack inversion, Bayesian classification, and multiple-point geostatistics. This integrated workflow provides an enhanced lithofacies characterization by reproducing the continuity of geological facies in the meandering, fluvial sandstone reservoir from Upper Assam, India. The simultaneous pre-stack inversion provides the rock elastic properties of the reservoir, such as P- impedance, s-impedance, density, and V_P/V_S ratio. Next, the probabilistic modeling approach of Baye's theorem is used to integrates seismic elastic properties with well log lithofacies identified from the cross-plot analysis for probability volumes of lithofacies. Finally, the multiple-point geostatistics based on the Single Normal equation Simulation algorithm is used to generate the improved lithofacies model by constraining of the lithofacies probability volumes (soft data) and well logging data (hard data). These results were compared with the Bayesian lithofacies classification and proved that the adopted method had successfully improved the continuation of the reservoir lithofacies by reproducing the lithofacies, hence an improvement in the reservoir characterization.
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    • NSTL

    Paleoenvironmental conditions and organic matter enrichment of the Late Paleoproterozoic Cuizhuang Formation dark shale in the Yuncheng Basin, North China

    Ahmed KhaledRongxi LiShengli Xi
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要： The Paleoproterozoic dark shale of the Cuizhuang Formation is the potential petroleum source rock in the Yuncheng Basin. Mineralogy, organic and inorganic geochemical analysis were applied in this study to evaluate the sedimentary paleoenvironments and its factors that control the enrichment of organic matter and to reconstruct the organic matter accumulation model of the Cuizhuang Formation dark shale. Quartz and clay minerals are the most abundant minerals in the Cuizhuang Formation dark shale. The TOC content of the dark shale is relatively fair, ranging from 0.13% to 1.09% and averaging of 0.51%, with the organic matter having a high thermal maturity (mean of 2.24 Ro%) and type I kerogen. The Cuizhuang Formation shale was deposited in a passive continental margin setting, and the climate was under moderate warm and humid conditions with low salinity of seawater as evidenced by the proxies of chemical alteration index (CIA) and Sr/Ba. The paleo-productivity proxies Babio, Ba%, Ba/Al, P2O5 and P/Ti indicate low productivity with negative and no correlations with TOC content and thus didn't control the organic matter enrichment. The low productivity may have significantly played a role in limiting the organic matter formation resulting in relatively low TOC content. The anoxic redox environment of the dark shale is indicated by the proxies of V/(V + Ni) and V/Sc, with strong positive correlations of V and V/Al with TOC. The anoxic redox environment in deeper waters and a higher sedimentation rate than the grey and red shale played the main role of enriching the organic matter of the dark shale. Therefore, the Cuizhuang Formation dark shale in the Yuncheng Basin is regarded as a potential source rock, holding promise for petroleum exploration.
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    • NSTL

    Integrating sedimentology and ichnology with rock typing and flow units: Implications for clastic reservoir characterization

    Waqar AhmadMurray K. Gingras
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要： Shallow marine clastic reservoir facies prediction, correlation, distribution, thickness, and quality remains a challenge. This study integrates sedimentology and ichnology with reservoir rock typing and flow units to characterize the Lower Cretaceous Wabiskaw Member reservoir. An integrated geologic depositional model is presented using sedimentological data (rock types, sedimentary structures, grain size), ichnological data (trace fossils intensity, size, diversity), reservoir characteristics (porosity, permeability), and well log data. The Wabiskaw Member strata are characterized using four facies associations (composed of nine sedimentary facies). Facies association 1 (FA-1) comprises dark grey to blue-grey mudstone with a distinctly lenticular appearance (Facies 1, 2). Ichnologically, a stressed archetypal Cruziana Ichnofacies represent FA-1. Facies association 2 (FA-2) is fine-lower medium-grained sandstone with thin mudstone interbeds (Facies 3, 4). A stressed ichnological suite of mixed Skolithos-Cruziana Ichnofacies is present in FA-2. Facies association 3 (FA-3) is dark grey to bluish-grey mudstone with minor sandstone interbeds (Facies 5, 6). Trace fossils of archetypal Cruziana Ichnofacies are present in FA-3. Facies association 4 (FA-4) comprises upper fine to lower fine glauconitic sandstone (Facies 7, 8, 9) with a high-density trace fossil assemblage. FA-1 and FA-2 represent deposition in a wave-influenced prodelta to delta front settings, whereas FA-3 and FA-4 represent deposition in the offshore-shoreface environment. The reservoir quality of various reservoir facies (F-3, F-4, F-7, F-8) is evaluated by comparing facies reservoir characteristics (porosity, permeability, pore throat radii, flow-storage capacity, oil saturation, and thickness). F-4 is the best and most productive reservoir (pore throat radius >20 μm, 18% flow, and 4% storage capacity) in the study area. F-7 is ranked second-best in reservoir quality based on petrophysical characteristics (pore throat radius between 10 and 20 μm, 36% storage 47% flow capacity). F-8 is ranked third in reservoir quality with pore-throat radii ranging from 4 to 10 pm (mesoporous), 23% storage, and ≤5% flow capacity. F-3 is ranked last amongst the Wabiskaw Member reservoir facies. It is micro-porous (pore-throat radii ranging from 2 to 4 pm) with 37% storage and ≤5% capacity flow. The reservoir characteristics are effectively constrained by the range of values recorded within each facies, demonstrating that a geological model (based upon detailed facies and wireline analyses) allows assessing how lateral facies changes affect the reservoir quality.
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    • NSTL

    Permeability evolution of fractured granite after exposure to different high-temperature treatments

    Qi-Le DingPeng WangZheng Cheng
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要： A detailed understanding of permeability in fractured granite after exposure to high-temperature treatments under different confining pressures is critical for deep resource exploitation and underground space utilization. Along with the mechanical behaviour deterioration resulting from geologic and engineering effects, thermal stress leads to a permeability variation. In this research, uniaxial compression tests are performed on granite after exposure to a high-temperature treatment, and water flow experiments are then conducted on the fractured granite. A non-Darcy approach is used to analyse the permeability. When the temperature increases from 200 to 600 °C, changes in the microstructures are observed using scanning electron microscopy, new cracks generate along with the coalescence of original cracks, and the uniaxial compression strength and Young's modulus decrease rapidly. As the temperature increases, the permeability experiences three stages: decrease slowly, increase rapidly, and increase slowly. An exponential function fits the relationship between temperature and permeability well as the temperature is higher than 400 °C. When the confining pressure increases at a certain temperature, the decreasing rate of permeability at a higher confining pressure is smaller than that at a lower confining pressure, and it becomes more difficult for the seepage channels to close. As the confining pressure increases from 2 to 4 MPa at room temperature, the permeability decreases from 1.58 x 10~(-16) to 4.18 x 10~(-17) m~2, decreasing by 73.54%. The decreasing rate is 16.39% as the confining pressure increases from 6 to 8 MPa.
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    • NSTL

    UAV-based remote sensing for the petroleum industry and environmental monitoring: State-of-the-art and perspectives

    Saeid AsadzadehWilson Jose de OliveiraCarlos Roberto de Souza Filho
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要： An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), popularly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. Recent developments in sensor technology and navigation systems have made drones a powerful and reliable basis for professional data acquisition. Today, the use of UAVs has expanded massively in the civil and commercial sectors and this technology has found its way into almost every industrial sector including the petroleum industry. Drone technology offers a great potential to revolutionize the mapping, monitoring, inspection, and surveillance procedures of the petroleum industry by providing a faster, safer, and more cost-efficient way of mass data collection. This article offers a review of the common UAV platforms and sensor systems and highlights the state-of-the-art and application examples of drone remote sensing in the oil and gas industry. Six broad areas are recognized comprising offshore oil spill detection, oil leakage detection, pipeline monitoring, gas emission sensing, remote facility inspection, petroleum exploration (i.e., land surveying, geologic mapping, and petroleum exploration), and environmental monitoring. Research gaps and open issues along with opportunities for further developments in each of these areas are highlighted.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL