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Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering
Elsevier Science B.V.
Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering

Elsevier Science B.V.

0920-4105

Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering/Journal Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering
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    Using digital rock physics to investigate the impacts of diagenesis events and pathways on rock properties

    Yuqi WuPejman TahmasebiChengyan Lin
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Digital rock physics(DRP)has shown promising performance and more realistic results in predicting rock properties and investigating flow mechanisms in geomaterials.However,the application of DRP for studying the effects of diagenesis on rock properties using a systematic and accurate model has not been reported.During the formation of the sedimentary rocks,they may undergo various diagenesis events(e.g.,cementation and dissolution),and such events may occur along different pathways,which both make a significant effect on rock properties.With the aid of the DRP techniques,we present a comprehensive investigation of the effects of diagenesis events and diagenesis pathways on rock properties.In this paper,the original digital rock with multicomponent and irregular particles is constructed using the discrete element method(DEM).Then,the original model similarly undergoes four diagenesis events(two cementations and two dissolutions)along with two different diagenesis pathways for generating new models.The cementation and dissolution are simulated using a dilation operation and quartet structure generate set algorithm(QSGSA),respectively.Finally,some properties of pore space,transport,and elastic of all the models are analyzed and compared to investigate the effects of diagenesis events and pathways.The comparisons indicate that the final rock which experiences the cementation and then dissolution exhibits larger porosity,fractal dimension,aperture,coordination number,and permeability,and smaller tortuosity,formation factor,and elastic moduli than the one that undergoes the dissolution and then cementation.Thus,the study will help us to better understand the variations of the flow and mechanical properties of rocks without conducting extensive experiments if rocks experience different diagenesis processes along different pathways.
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    • NSTL

    Effect of reservoir characteristics on the productivity and production forecasting of the Montney shale gas in Canada:Discussion

    James M.Wood
    4页
    查看更多>>摘要：Kim et al.(2019)recently presented an analysis of the influence of reservoir and completion parameters on natural gas production from wells drilled and completed in the Montney Formation in Alberta,Canada.A key finding of their study is that one of the reservoir quality parameters,total organic carbon(TOC),has a strong positive linear relationship with peak monthly gas rate.However,their data set incorrectly includes a TOC measurement of a drill-core sample acquired from the unrelated Jurassic Nordegg Member,which unconform-ably overlies the Triassic Montney Formation.Excluding this single inapplicable Nordegg sample from the Montney data set results in peak monthly gas rate having essentially no significant correlation with TOC,and calls into question the proposal of Kim et al.that productivity in the unconventional Montney gas play can quantified and forecasted solely on the basis of organic carbon content parameters.
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    • NSTL

    Evaluation of the carbon footprint produced by conventional artificial lift systems in a Colombian field

    Catalina Useche-NarvaezErik Giovany Montes-PaezCamilo Andres Guerrero-Martin
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：In the area of hydrocarbon production,when designing an artificial lift system for a well,technical and financial criteria are taken into account,leaving aside environmental criteria,such as the carbon footprint;Hence,this research focuses on evaluating and calculating the CO2 emissions and the energy efficiency of the different conventional artificial lift systems in a Colombian field.This project's development started by searching for information related to the properties of representative type wells in the basins with the highest production in Colombia.We proceeded to design the most used artificial lifting systems in the country,and we finished with the evaluation and the calculation of the carbon footprint,the energy efficiency,and the operating costs for the selected cases.According to the calculations made,it was concluded that an artificial lift system that generates less CO2 emissions is at the same time the one that has greater energy efficiency and lower financial costs;these three parameters are directiy proportional to each other.In addition,the carbon footprint evaluation method-ology allows us to conclude that the lifting system that emits least carbon dioxide indirectly is the rod pumping,followed by the pumping by progressive cavities and the electrical sumersible pumping system,which generates the greatest carbon footprint.This research seeks to propose that in the decisions that are taken when selecting a survey system,environmental parameters be included due to the importance of CO2 emissions as a vital aspect in the fight against global warming.
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    • NSTL

    Estimating and optimizing wellbore pressure during primary cementing in low pressure and leakage formations

    Mou YangHao LuoRongxuan Xie
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：In most realistic situations,casing eccentricity and various fluids injected during primary cementing lead to a significant difference in fluid flow and circulating pressure,compared with a single fluid flowing in the concentric annulus.Ignoring the effect of eccentricity and fluid rheological model on the wellbore circulating pressure results in an inaccurate evaluation and leads to formation leakage,especially for low pressure and leakage formations.To overcome this challenge,firstly,rheological models of various fluids were analyzed using experimental data,including drilling fluid,spacer,and cement slurry.Secondly,the modified correlations of factional pressure losses for Herschel-Bulkley and Power Law fluids in the eccentric annulus were developed,using the simulation data of computational fluid dynamics software(CFD)and considering the effects of flow behavior index,pipe diameter ratio,and casing eccentricity on the frictional pressure losses.Finally,based on the developed mathematical models,the optimal method of primary cementing and evaluation results were presented,analyzed,and tested in the field with great success.The results demonstrated that the drilling fluid and spacer fluid had the highest goodness of fit for the Herschel-Bulkley model,and the cementing slurry was suitable for the Power Law model.The ratio coefficient of pressure loss in the eccentric to concentric annulus decreased with a decrease of hole size and an increase of casing eccentricity.A 50 percent reduction in frictional pressure loss was evaluated when the casing lies on the borehole wall.Comparing the calculations of the developed correlation with the published correlation in the literature reveals a more accurate evaluation of friction pressure losses in the analyzed case.Combined with the realistic situation of a test well,the density,flow rate,and returning depth of the lead cement slurry were recommended as 1.5 g/cm~3,0.5 m~3/min and 4100 m,respectively,according to the leakage pressure of 65.6 MPa that was calculated by the developed mathematical model.Most importantly,the developed method in this paper can accurately predict the variation characteristics of wellbore pressure during the primary cementing process and provide effective guidance in managing downhole pressure in low pressure and leakage formations by real-time adjustment of the most effective and controllable operation parameters.
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    • NSTL

    Abatement of scale precipitation in oilfields using green scale inhibitors

    Leila MahmoodiM.Reza MalayeriFarshad Farshchi Tabrizi
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Scale formation in upstream oil operations may cause lower production rate,higher operational costs and detrimental environmental impacts when hazardous chemical inhibitors should be used to combat scaling.Green scale inhibitors(SI)are also gaining increased attention but their utilization is still a matter of much debate with many open questions to be addressed.In this study,green SIs,i.e.,folic acid and inulin were investigated from experimental and theoretical perspectives.In the experimental part,two brines were mixed incompatibly through standard high-temperature static tests i)to examine the performance of green SIs and also ii)to discern their optimum concentrations and pH.Furthermore,SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy)and EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray)analyses were carried out to identify mechanisms under which the mitigation of scale precipitation would take place.The results revealed that folic acid and inulin could optimally be applied with concentrations of 450 mg/L(pH = 4)and 600 mg/L(pH = 6),respectively.SEM analyses also showed that the dominant inhibition mechanism for folic acid was crystal modification whereas it was threshold inhibition for inulin.Moreover,based on the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek(XDLVO)theory,the work of cohesion was calculated which confirmed that folic acid and inulin retarded calcite from getting precipitated almost %65 and 54%,respectively.Finally,the performance of a commercial phosphonated SI was also investigated for the sake of comparison with the green SIs which confirmed their comparable efficacy.
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    • NSTL

    Predicting the yield stress of oil-wax gels with long-chained n-alkanes

    Xun ZhangQiyu HuangYu Zhang
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The low ambient temperature and strong convective heat transfer during wax deposition in subsea pipelines tend to form hard wax deposits that impede the passage of the pipe pig.In this paper,a reasonable model was developed to predict the yield stress of wax deposits by its solid wax content.The model was validated by experimental results and published data of wax deposits.In addition,the long-chained n-alkanes in wax deposits were experimentally found to cocrystallize near the WAT due to their logarithmic normal distribution of carbon numbers.Based on the assumption of a single pseudocomponent in the wax deposit,the model was further derived as a function of the temperature and the average carbon number.The model prediction results are in good agreement with the experiment results.The effect of the average carbon number on the yield stress evaluated by the model is consistent with previous studies.
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    • NSTL

    Evaluation method of thermal stability of bentonite for water-based drilling fluids

    Jinliang LiuYaoze ChengFengshan Zhou
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The quality of bentonite directly affects the safety and economic benefits of oil well drilling engineering.Due to the fact that most of the qualified drilling-grade bentonite used in water-based drilling fluid under current API standards are modified by physico-chemical methods,its performance maybe extremely unstable in high temperature conditions,which implies that the viscosity of drilling fluid will decrease or increase rapidly and may subsequently lead to downhole accidents.Therefore,China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC)has proposed a new evaluation standard of bentonite Q/SY 17009-2019,which will be used to test the quality of high temperature stability through monitoring the performance of bentonite after aging at high temperature.For scientific evaluation and better understanding of this new standard,this paper focuses on researching several natural bentonite and industrial modified drilling-grade bentonite samples.Exploring their differences in performance after different aging condition under ambient temperature and high temperatures(120 ℃,150 ℃ and 180 ℃).In addition,it also investigates the rationality of drilling-grade bentonite under CNPCs'new standard.The results shown that the crystallization characteristics of natural bentonite causes it to form a network lattice structure under high temperature,leading to an increase in suspension viscosity with increasing temperature.On the contrast,the performance of industrial drilling-grade bentonite after aging at high temperature is quite different,the viscosity of some samples increases greatly,while others decrease rapidly.By analysis of experimental data,it can be concluded that the new standard Q/SY 17009-2019 is more scientific and reasonable than the old standards API SPEC-13A-2010 concerning"drilling fluids material specification".Through supplementing different grades of the performances after aging at high temperature,and then grading the bentonite,it is more suitable for the actual needs of drilling engineering,which could be considered as a more reasonable scheme to evaluate drilling-grade bentonite.
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    • NSTL

    Fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical approach to model fracture response to injection process in enhanced geothermal systems using displacement discontinuity and finite element method

    Mohammad EbrahimiMohammad Javad AmeriYounes Alizadeh Vaghasloo
    21页
    查看更多>>摘要：Assessing,predicting,and controlling injection-induced seismicity is a major challenge for developing enhanced geothermal systems(EGS)due to the complexity of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes.This study aimed to develop a fully coupled numerical model to assess the complex behavior of a low permeable matrix-fracture during non-isothermal single-phase fluid injection process.A thermo-poroelastic displacement discontinuity(DD)method combining with different forms of finite element method are implemented to encapsulate the fractured medium response and transport processes,respectively.The nonlinear characteristics of normal(changing the joint to hydraulic fracture status)and shear(changing the stick to slip fracture status)fracture deformation are taken into account through fracture constitutive relations.Developed numerical approach was applied to simulate cool water injection into fracture/matrix systems,analyzing the role of coupled processes on spatiotemporal variation of matrix-fracture stresses,temperature and pore pressure and assessing induced seismicity(slippage)and permeability alteration.Numerical simulations demonstrate a fully coupled relation between matrix dilation,shrinkage,and non-linear fracture deformation.The redistribution of dynamic and kinematic parameters along with non-linear fracture deformation showed that although the poroelastic effects are dominant in the early stages,thermoelastic effects dominate in the long-term injection stages.
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    • NSTL

    Pore structure and fluid distribution of tight sandstone by the combined use of SEM,MICP and X-ray micro-CT

    Ming ZhaLin JiangYang Su
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Tight reservoirs contain considerable hydrocarbon resources,which are characterized by complicated pore structure and heterogeneous fluid distribution in the pore network.In this study,a tight sandstone sample from the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Sag was selected for the characterization of pore structure and two-phase(brine and oil)flow experiment.Interparticle and intraparticle pores were identified and quantified by direct image analyses.Intraparticle pores,commonly smaller than 1 μm,were the dominant contributor of surface area,whereas interparticle pores contributed considerably to pore volume with minor quantity.Pore network model of the selected sample was featured by large pore throat ratio,which was also verified by low efficiency of mercury ejection(≈1.66%).The flow potential of tight reservoir was dominantly controlled by pore-throats with a diameter larger than 2 μm.Based on the results of pore-scale micro-CT flow experiments,the configuration of oil clusters in the pore space was categorized into singlet,multiple,branched and network.The size of oil clusters ranged over five orders of magnitude(10 μm~3-10~ μm~3),which followed a power-law distribution.The displacement process of water by oil in the pore space of tight sandstone was controlled by pore structure and external driving force.The well-connected pore network mainly composed of large interparticle pores was the preferential flow path,and a high proportion of singlet oil clusters was attributed to high aspect ratios of the pore network.As the external driving force increased,convergence and divergence of oil flow occurred simultaneously in the pore network.The displacement process of water by oil was suggested as a cooperative pore-filling event.
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    Characteristics of heterogeneous diagenesis and modification to physical properties of Upper Paleozoic tight gas reservoir in eastern Ordos Basin

    Yuying ZhangShu JiangZhiliang He
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：To correctly evaluate reservoir quality and determine promising tight gas zones,the characteristics of heterogeneous diagenesis and modifications to physical properties in the Upper Paleozoic tight gas reservoir in the eastern Ordos Basin(UPTGREOB)were assessed by comprehensively analyzing lithology,petrophysics,and organic geochemistry data.It was found that the types of sandstones in UPTGREOB mainly include(feldspathic)detritus sandstones and detritus feldspathic sandstone in low-ultralow porosity and permeability,with complex pore structure.Sandstone pores can be divided into two types:primary(primary intergranular and residual primary intergranular pores),secondary(intercrystalline,dissolved intragranular,dissolved intergranular,and dissolved cementing pores and microfractures).The main types of diagenesis are compaction,cementation,dissolution,and metasomatic alteration.Shiqianfeng Formation and Upper Shihezi Formation belong to period B of the syndiagenesis stage and period Ai and A2 of the mesodiagenesis stage;Lower Shihezi Formation and Shanxi Formation are entirely in the mesodiagenesis stage;Taiyuan Formation can be regarded to be in periods A2 and B of the mesodiagenesis stage and period A of the telodiagenesis stage.The original porosity of UPTGREOB was approximately 34%.Compaction was the primary destructive diagenesis rather than cementation,while dissolution was found to be the primary constructive diagenesis.The heterogeneous diagenesis played different roles in the UPTGREOB:in syndiagenesis B,the UPTGREOB began to density under the compaction and early cementation;in mesodiagenesis A,dissolution and metasomatic alteration produced massive secondary dissolved pores and intercrystalline pores,improving the porosity and permeability;in mesodiagenesis B,dissolved pores were filled by new cements,resulting in decreased porosity and permeability;in telodiagenesis A,intensified compaction and cementation made the UPTGREOB retain extra low porosity and permeability.In general,the reservoirs of Shiqianfeng Formation and Upper/Lower Shihezi Formation in the mesodiagenesis stage A have preferable physical properties for tight gas accumulation.
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    • NSTL