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Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering
Elsevier Science B.V.
Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering

Elsevier Science B.V.

0920-4105

Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering/Journal Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering
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    Oil-source correlation under the complex geological conditions: A case study of the Chaiwopu Sag, southern Junggar Basin, NW China

    Chen, XueZhang, ZhihuanZheng, RuihuiZhang, Guanlong...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Slightly (PM 1) to very strongly (PM 9) biodegraded crude oil was discovered in the reservoir of the Tashikula Formation in the eastern Chaiwopu Sag. The origin of oil in the eastern Chaiwopu Sag remains unclear due to different degrees of biodegradation and multi-stage nappe structure. In this study, the geochemical data from crude oil, source rocks and hydrocarbon inclusions are used to establish the correlations between oils and source rocks under complex geological conditions. The characteristics of biomarkers, isotopes and hydrocarbon inclusions reveal two stages of hydrocarbon charging in the eastern Chaiwopu Sag. Hydrocarbons formed during the first charging stage has low maturity and a relatively light carbon isotope composition, and its relative abundance of C20-23 tricyclic terpanes follows the sequence: C23 C21> C20. Hydrocarbons formed during the second charging stage is characterized by relatively high maturity and heavy carbon isotope composition, and the corresponding abundance of C20-23 tricyclic terpanes is C23< C21< C20. The biomarkers and isotopic characteristics of crude oil, source rocks and hydrocarbon inclusions reveal the hydrocarbons formed during the first charging stage originated from the Lucaogou Formation in the northern Chaiwopu Sag and the northern Bogeda Mountains, and those formed during the second charging stage originated from the Lucaogou Formation in the central Chaiwopu Sag. The high-quality source rocks and reservoirs of the Lucaogou Formation were deposited in the northern Chaiwopu Sag, which has great potential for tight/shale oil exploration.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effective equations for energy transport in petroleum reservoirs

    Fuentes-Ibarra, DanielCazarez-Candia, OctavioAguilar-Madera, Carlos G.
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Thermal enhanced oil recovery methods such as hot water flooding, steam drive, cyclic steam injection, steamassisted gravity drainage, in-situ combustion, and electrical heating involve multiphase and multicomponent thermal flow with phase change and thermal displacement which improves the oil mobility inside the porous rock. Mostly, these methods are modeled by applying mass, momentum, and energy balances at the macroscale assuming that fluids and rock grains get instantaneously the same temperature, namely thermal equilibrium. In this paper, the macroscale energy equations are theoretically derived via the volume averaging method, considering: (1) local thermal non-equilibrium with and without phase change (four-equations models), (2) pseudo-local thermal non-equilibrium (two-equations model), and (3) local thermal equilibrium (one-equation model). The starting point for the derivation of the equations is the governing energy equations at the microscale for a four-phase system (water, oil, gas, and rock). The different effective equations are obtained as well as the closure problems allowing the numerical computation of the associated effective coefficients, for instance, the effective thermal conductivity tensor contained in the one-equation model was numerically calculated and compared against available experimental data, getting reasonable accuracy. The aforementioned models will allow studying the effect of considering the local thermal non-equilibrium behavior on thermal oil recovery methods.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Data-driven deep-learning forecasting for oil production and pressure

    Werneck, Rafael de OliveiraPrates, RaphaelMoura, RenatoGoncalves, Maiara Moreira...
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Production forecasting plays an important role in oil and gas production, aiding engineers to perform field management. However, this can be challenging for complex reservoirs such as the highly heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs from Brazilian Pre-salt fields. We propose a new setup for forecasting multiple outputs using machine-learning algorithms and evaluate a set of deep-learning architectures suitable for time-series forecasting. The setup proposed is called N-th Day and it provides a coherent solution for the problem of forecasting multiple data points in which a sliding window mechanism guarantees there is no data leakage during training. We also devise four deep-learning architectures for forecasting, stacking the layers to focus on different timescales, and compare them with different existing off-the-shelf methods. The obtained results confirm that specific architectures, as those we propose, are crucial for oil and gas production forecasting. Although LSTM and GRU layers are designed to capture temporal sequences, the experiments also indicate that the investigated scenario of production forecasting requires additional and specific structures.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A distributed surrogate system assisted differential evolutionary algorithm for computationally expensive history matching problems

    Ma, XiaopengZhang, KaiZhang, LimingWang, Yanzhong...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Recently, surrogate assisted evolutionary algorithms (SAEAs) are widely studied and applied for history matching problems due to surrogate models can accelerate convergence. However, most of the SAEAs lose the ability of parallel sampling due to the introduction of surrogate models, in which, a small number of potential solutions are selected for evaluation in each iteration. Generally, history matching involves a large number of numerical simulations, and the role of parallel computing cannot be ignored. To address this issue, this paper proposes a distributed surrogate system assisted differential evolution algorithm, termed DSS-DE. A distributed surrogate system (DSS) based on ensemble learning techniques is first developed, which builds a large number of basic learners before optimization, to effectively approximate different regions in the search space. Following that, performing multiple differential evolution (DE) optimizers with different mutation operators concurrently to sample a set of solutions to find as many as possible local or global optima of the data mismatch objective function. Moreover, based on the DSS prediction, a parallel infill strategy is designed to screen the potential promising solutions. Combined with the convolutional variational autoencoder (CVAE) based parameterization technique, a history matching workflow is developed. Empirical studies on two multimodal benchmark functions demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can obtain high-quality solutions on a limited computational budget. Furthermore, the proposed history matching workflow is validated on three synthetic waterflooding reservoir case studies with different geological characteristics. The test results show that the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for history matching problems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Dynamic proppant-carrying performance of VES-CO2 foam fracturing fluid in the pipeline and the fracture

    Feng, ChenchenMa, XuruiJing, Zefeng
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：A viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid blends with CO2 to form the foam fracturing fluid. To obtain the dynamic proppant-carrying behaviors of the VES-CO2 foam fluid, an experimental system with a horizontal transparent tube and a visual fracture is built. In the horizontal pipeline, it is displayed that the critical settling flow velocity of the ceramsite proppant in the flowing VES-CO2 foam fluid increases with the temperature. Further, the critical settling flow velocity initially decreases and then increases with both the increases of the foam quality and the proppant ratio, and its transition points are at the foam quality of 0.75-0.80 and at the proppant ratio of 0.25, respectively. In addition, considering the influencing parameters in the experiments, we obtain a correlation equation of the critical settling flow velocity. In the experiments of the fracture observation section, the height of the equilibrium sand bank and the angle of repose are mainly investigated. Both of these two parameters decrease as the foam quality, as well as the injection flow velocity, is increased. Especially, it is found that the angle of repose is below 20 degrees at larger injection flow velocity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Regulation of oil and gas reserves reporting in Saudi Arabia: Review and recommendations

    Weijermars, RuudAl-Shehri, Dhafer
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：The regulatory framework and guidelines for reserves reporting in Saudi Arabia are reviewed - the ongoing privatization process of the national oil company (Saudi Aramco) will benefit from the establishment of transparent asset appraisal rules. Previously, Saudi oil reserves were exclusively reported to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) as mandated by confidential considerations and internal policies of the Saudi government. Truly independent appraisal of oil and gas reserves as commonly performed by oil and gas investment analysts becomes increasingly relevant when national oil and gas companies are seeking to privatize and must gain the trust of the international investment community. Under such scenarios the regulation of - and compliance with - the governing reserves reporting guidelines need to be conducted with the utmost transparency. Successful monetization of the corporate asset value via bond issues and initial public offerings (IPO) to potential new shareholders critically depends on independent reserves appraisals. Some of the complexities of reserves estimations for a national oil company, such as Saudi Aramco, making the transition - from a formerly wholly state-owned enterprise to a public-private-partnership company - are highlighted. Recommendations are given for improved reserves reporting governance.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Determination of pores properties in rocks by means of helium-3 NMR: A case study of oil-bearing arkosic conglomerate from North belt of crude oil, Republic of Cuba

    Safiullin, KajumKuzmin, VyacheslavBogaychuk, AlexanderAlakshin, Egor...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：The developments of helium-3 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique to assess porous media properties such as porosity and pore size distribution (PSD) are reported. The method is suitable for use to characterize unconventional extra-heavy oil reservoirs, has a potential in application to tight shales and other unconventional formations, and has several advantages over conventional water NMR. It is based on He-3 nuclear magnetic relaxation measurements for different pore loadings and inverse Laplace transform of the data. The relation between different pore types as well as their mean radii are found within the models of spherical, cylindrical and planar pores. The method was applied to study porosity and PSD of rock samples acquired at the North belt of crude oil, Republic of Cuba, the unconventional formation known for its complexity. The obtained pore sizes and porosities are in a good agreement with conventional methods which validates the proposed He-3 NMR approach for porous media studies. Advantages of the He-3 liquid and gas as probes are discussed.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    An ANN model to predict oil recovery from a 5-spot waterflood of a heterogeneous reservoir

    Kalam, ShamsYousuf, UsamaAbu-Khamsin, Sidqi A.Bin Waheed, Umair...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Waterflooding is a secondary oil recovery technique in which water is injected into an underground oil reservoir to maintain the reservoir pressure and boost oil recovery. The performance of a waterflood depends on several factors such as reservoir heterogeneity, reservoir fluid properties, flood pattern, etc. Most of the models developed to predict waterflood performance are either for linear systems or involve simplified assumptions for nonlinear systems. In this study, we propose a novel, artificial neural network (ANN) model comprised of two hidden layers with 256 neurons each for the performance prediction of a 5-spot pattern waterflood in a heterogeneous reservoir at and beyond water breakthrough. The proposed model can be applied to estimate movable oil recovery efficiency of the waterflood (RFM) as a function of Dykstra-Parsons permeability variation coefficient (V), mobility ratio (M), permeability anisotropy ratio (kz/kx), production water cut (fw), a simple indicator of wettability (WI), and oil/water density ratio (DR) within reasonable accuracy. The MAPE of the proposed model was -4% and -5% using training and testing data, respectively. Our ANN model recommendation is based on a detailed comparative study against other popular soft computing models, such as adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and support vector regression (SVR). Based on the accuracy and computational efficiency, the ANN model outperforms ANFIS and SVR. AIC and BIC of the proposed ANN model were also the lowest among all applied soft computing tools. The proposed model is tested on two real field cases and compared with a semianalytical model and an empirical correlation. The presented model shows good agreement with the real field data. The trained ANN model, proposed here, saves computational time in forecasting the waterflood performance compared to a reservoir simulator.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Geochemistry of formation waters and crude oils in the Shulu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, NE-China, to assess quality and accumulation of hydrocarbons

    Cai, ChuanQiu, NanshengLiu, NianLi, Zhenming...
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Geochemical fingerprinting of formation waters and hydrocarbons can be utilized to track the migration, accumulation, and preservation of hydrocarbons. The present case study from the Shulu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, NE-China analyzes the origin of the formation waters and the relationship between water chemistry and hydrocarbon preservation by combining the geochemical characteristics of formation waters and crude oils. There are three geochemical groups of formation waters with different origins, which represent different hydrodynamic environments and hydrocarbon preservation conditions. Group 1 waters are related to meteoric water with the lowest total dissolved solids (TDS), gamma(Cl-Na)/gamma Mg and the highest gamma Na/gamma Cl, representing an open environment with poor hydrocarbon preservation conditions, accompanied by super heavy oils. Group 3 waters are connate water with the highest TDS, gamma(Cl-Na)/gamma Mg and the lowest gamma Na/gamma Cl, representing a closed environment with the best hydrocarbon preservation conditions, accompanied by light oils. Group 2 waters are intermediate between Group 1 and Group 3 waters, representing a semi-open environment with intermediate hydrocarbon preservation conditions, accompanied by light, medium, and heavy oils. The clear corresponding relationship between oil quality and associated water type shows that water chemistry significantly affects the oil quality and accumulation in the Shulu Sag through secondary changes. Biodegradation is the dominant effect in the strata above 2100 m. Water washing is dominant in the depth range of 2100-3400 m, and there are no noticeable secondary changes in the strata below 3400 m. A model for the origin, evolution, and flow of formation waters in the Shulu Sag is established to analyze the hydrocarbon accumulation process. Meteoric waters flow into the buried hills from Ningjin Uplift as a result of gravity flow, resulting in modification of oil composition, destruction of the oil reservoirs, and the formation of Group 1 waters. During the hydrocarbon charging, the centrifugal flow driven by overpressure flows in two directions from the source rocks, one is to the western slope and mixes with meteoric waters to form Group 2 waters and heavy oil reservoirs, and the other is to the paleo-uplift to form Group 2 and Group 3 waters and light oil reservoirs. Water chemistry is sensitive to the hydrodynamic environment change and can be an important reference for oil and gas exploration. Buried hills with Group 3 waters should be the highest priority for further exploration, whose oil reservoirs are dominated by light oil with high commercial value. Although the oil quality is poor, buried hills with Group 2 waters in the slope can be secondary targets. In comparison, the buried hills with Group 1 waters should be avoided for oil and gas exploration. The geochemistry of formation waters helps understand the origin and evolution of formation waters, predict oil quality and distribution, and further aids oil and gas exploration.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Thermoporoelastic model for the cement sheath failure in a cased and cemented wellbore

    Valov, A. V.Golovin, S. V.Shcherbakov, V. V.Kuznetsov, D. S....
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：In the paper, we analyze factors that can lead to a failure of the cement sheath of a cased wellbore. By using a fully coupled linear thermo-poro-elastic model, we describe mechanical compression of the casing by fluid pressure and inhomogeneous geological stresses together with heating or cooling of the casing relative to the reservoir temperature. Due to the characteristic small ratio of the well diameter to its length, we observe the 2D problem in the section perpendicular to the well axis by adopting the plane strain approximation. We model the construction of single-or double-casings of the well, at that, both casings can be non-centered relative to the well axis. The cement sheath can be loaded by a prestress appeared during the cement hydration. The model is implemented numerically using the finite element method (FEM). Although many articles consider individual factors of the cement sheath failure, in our paper all these factors are modeled in a complex. Among the triggering effects for the failure we distinguish the strong contrast of geological stresses, the prestress in the cement sheath coupled with the action of the temperature variation. We also found that the thermo-poroelastic coupling may lead to the significant growth of the pore pressure due to temperature changes when the pore pressure cannot dissolve either in the case of the very low permeability of cement or for the double-cased wellbore. In many situations, it is a combination of various factors that causes the failure of the cement sheath of the well, and not each factor separately.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier