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Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering
Elsevier Science B.V.
Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering

Elsevier Science B.V.

0920-4105

Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering/Journal Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering
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    Structural evolution and sediment depositional system along the transform margin-Palar-Pennar basin, Indian east coast

    Dasgupta, SwagatoBiswas, MeryMukherjee, SoumyajitChatterjee, Rima...
    21页
    查看更多>>摘要：Continental transform margins are characterized by sub-vertical strike-slip faults and rapid change in thermal gradient across the margin from continental to oceanic crust. The continental crust terminates abruptly along such sheared margins. Tectonic evolution associated with sedimentation in continental slope of the Palar-Pennar transform margin is inadequately understood due to limited seismic data and/or poor imaging with few well controls. Exploratory drilling attempts for hydrocarbon presence have resulted in some promising outcomes in the Palar-Pennar basin. The Palar-Pennar graben in onland is bound by steep normal rift faults, which reactivated by strike-slip movement during late syn-rift time as Antarctica separated along the NNW to similar to N-trending Coromandal transform margin in the offshore part. The pre-existing Precambrian shear zones and lineaments in the basement have played a governing role in the basin development. The onland drainage pattern is structurally controlled as observed from its rectangular drainage pattern, tectonic index and sinuosity index. In offshore area of the basin, seismic interpretation identifies distinct pull-apart rift basin along the Coromandal transform margin with syn -rift deposits in the lower continental slope portion. Strike-slip movement uplifted the fault blocks in the southern part of the pull-apart basin. This has also reactivated some of the rift faults in the syn-rift section. Such reac-tivation results in early post-rift seal breach. This tectonic event has implication in the depositional sequences, which has been portrayed by seismic stratigraphic analysis and construction of chronostratigraphic section across the transform margin in this work. Thickening of post-rift deposition towards E-SE, major hiatus, large scale mass transport complexes and erosional events have been identified from such analysis. On this basis, seven distinct tectonic sequences, M1 to M5 in Mesozoic and T1 and T2 in Tertiary, have been identified. The chro-nostratigraphic section can help in deciphering the relative sea level changes based on the nature of stratal terminations, extent of erosion and non-deposition. This study emphasizes the tectonic-controlled drainage system and geometry as well as sedimentation pattern in onland and offshore deepwater area of Palar - Pennar basin alongside the Coromondal transform margin.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Mechanical properties of marine shale and its roof and floor considering reservoir preservation and stimulation

    Wang, LeiGuo, YintongZhou, XiaoguiYang, Guangguo...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The mechanical differences between reservoir rock and its overlying (roof) and underlying (floor) rocks have significant influence on oil/gas preservation and hydraulic fracture propagation, which is still lack of adequate research in marine shale gas formation. In this work, homogeneous intact specimens of roof siltstone, reservoir shale and floor limestone were prepared from representative outcrops, and the corresponding siltstone-shalelimestone composite samples were also fabricated with strong/weak interface cementation properties. Mechanical parameters, fracture morphology, brittleness, and failure mechanism of marine shale and its roof and floor in tri-axial compressive state were comparatively investigated. Results show that reservoir shale had relatively low compressive strength, Young's modulus, internal frictional angle, and cohesive strength, making it more susceptible to rupture, compared with the roof and floor. The floor limestone had relatively high strength and low brittleness, which were beneficial for maintaining its integrity and the preservation of shale gas during tectonic movement. Considering the high brittleness of roof siltstone, more attention should be given to the integrity of the roof, where fractures induced by tectonic movement could provide as a pathway of gas escape. Interface cementation property played a key role in the fracture propagation behavior at lithologic boundaries. Interfaces with weak cementation tended to arrest extending fractures, which was advantageous to gas preservation or fracture height control in reservoir stimulation. Whereas fracture would probably cross over strong cementation interfaces, leading to the threat of oil/gas leakage or incontrollable hydraulic fracture propagation in vertical direction.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Oil sources and accumulation processes of the Neoproterozoic Luotuoling Formation reservoirs (-930 Ma) in North China Craton

    Xiao, HongWang, TieguanLi, MeijunChen, Dongxia...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Oil sources and accumulation processes of the Neoproterozoic Luotuoling Formation (-930 Ma) in the Liaoxi Depression are investigated using integrated fluid inclusion, basin modelling and oil-source rock correlation analyses. In the upper Luotuoling Formation sandstone reservoir in Han-1 well, abundant bitumen inclusions and white fluorescent bitumen-bearing oil inclusions were observed. Combined with microthermometry of aqueous inclusions and burial history analysis, the oil charge time of the upper Luotuoling Formation sandstone reservoir took place at approximately 465-455 Ma. This oil was derived from the Gaoyuzhuang Formation source rock according to biomarkers and isotope compositions. However, oil generation of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation had already ended before 455 Ma, so the oils cannot be generated directly from the Gaoyuzhuang Formation source rocks, but definitely migrated from the destroyed paleo-oil accumulations in the Wumishan or Tieling formations. In addition, the lower Luotuoling Formation sandstone reservoir contains mainly yellowish orange fluorescent oil inclusions. The oil in the lower Luotuoling Formation sandstone reservoir was directly generated from the Hongshuizhuang source rock at 240-230 Ma. The study on oil accumulation history of the Neoproterozoic Luotuoling Formation reservoir is significant for further exploration of Proterozoic petroleum resources in the Liaoxi Depression, North China Craton.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Permeability and porosity in damaged salt interlayers under coupled THMC conditions

    Tao MengPei JianliangGan FengHu, Yaoqing...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Salt rock is a potential medium for the underground storage of hydrocarbons and nuclear waste. In China, salt deposits are typically composed of layered rocks, usually sandwiched by insoluble interlayers. These salt rock -gypsum interlayers significantly affect the integrity of bedded salt caverns. Therefore, it is important to assess how the permeability and porosity of salt interlayers in an excavation damage zone (EDZ) evolve at high temperatures and triaxial stress/seepage pressures. To address this, in this study, we have developed a triaxial testing system that uses thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) coupling. Then, the permeability and porosity of salt rock-gypsum interlayers with 0.6-0.9 degrees of damage (i.e.after being subjected to a triaxial stress of 60-90% of the triaxial compressive strength; the confining pressure is 25 MPa and experimental temperature is 20 degrees C) under a coupled THMC environment were measured. The results show that the permeability and porosity of gypsum with the four different damage degrees do not increase monotonically with increasing temperature under the coupled THMC condition. Especially for the 0.6 and 0.8 damaged gypsum specimens, the permeability and porosity tend to decrease in the temperature range of 300-500 degrees C. For the 0.8 and 0.9 damaged gypsum specimens, a vertical and catastrophic increase in permeability and porosity is observed at 550 degrees C and 300 degrees C, respectively. The variation trends of the permeability and porosity of the damaged specimens are closely related to the combined effects of the triaxial stress, seepage pressure, thermal stress, and degree of damage.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The influence of depositional and diagenetic processes on rock electrical properties: A case study of the Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin

    Zhang, BingWen, HuaguoQing, HairuoYang, Kai...
    21页
    查看更多>>摘要：Primary depositional and diagenetic processes exert very important influences on shale gas reservoirs. Rock electrical properties are an important basis for making reservoir prediction using the electromagnetic method (EM). However, there is still a lack of understanding about the impact of the sedimentary diagenesis process on shale electrical properties, this study focuses on the impact of diagenesis on rock properties. In this study, rock electrical properties are studied based on electromagnetic experiments. We systematically studied the lithofacies of different depositional paleoenvironments and diagenetic processes, and the influence of diagenetic evolution on the rock electrical properties was discussed, by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (LTNA), and trace element (TE) geochemical analysis. Based on the study of mineral composition, grain assemblages and pore systems, we identified four lithofacies in the Longmaxi Formation: siliceous shale, siliceous-argillaceous mixed shale, silty shale and argillaceous shale. Redox proxies (U/Th, V/Cr, and Ni/Co) indicate that the siliceous shale was deposited in a relatively anoxic and reducing environment, indicating a deep-water shelf depositional paleo-environment. The siliceous-argillaceous shale, silty shale and argillaceous shale were deposited under a relatively dysoxic-oxic environment, indicating a shallow-water shelf depositional paleoenvironment. The order of re-sistivity values of the lithofacies within the Longmaxi Formation is 36.78 omega m (siliceous shale), 66.81 omega m (siliceous-argillaceous mixed shale), 79.54 omega m (silty shale), and 107.00 omega m (argillaceous shale), and the re-sistivity decreases with an increase in porosity. The siliceous shale has the most abundant authigenic quartz, which filled the primary pores forming a rigid framework during the gas window, inhibited compaction, increased the distribution of organic matter (OM), and enhanced the development of OM pores. The high TOC content and high maturity of siliceous shale at the bottom of Longmaxi Formation make the OM pores more developed. Pyrite, conductive fluid and pore network under the main control of OM pores in shale form a conductive circuit when AC voltage is input, which increases the exchange capacity of cations and leads to the phenomenon of low resistivity. The interconnected OM pore network, both depositionally and diagenetically derived, affects the electrical properties of the Longmaxi shale. This study reveals that electrical properties of shale rocks and its variations can be impacted by the depositional environment and diagenetic processes. This work provides resistivity parameters for the electromagnetic exploration of shale gas under complex terrain conditions and provides a theoretical basis for later interpretation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Pore level characterization of Micro-CT images using percolation theory

    Masihi, MohsenShams, RezaKing, Peter R.
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Flow through porous media depends strongly on the spatial distribution of the geological heterogeneities which appear on all length scales. We lack precise information about heterogeneity distribution on various scales, from pore level to reservoir scale. However, some sources provide suitable information. At pore scale, for example, the micro-CT images show considerable insights into pore space structures and play valuable role in porous media characterization. The consequence of all geological heterogeneities is a great deal of uncertainty in dynamic performance of porous media which can be investigated using percolation theory. The main percolation quantities include the connected pore fraction; P, the backbone fraction; B, the dangling ends fraction; D, and the effective permeability; K-eff. By finite size scaling within percolation theory, these quantities (i.e. P, B, D, K-eff) become some functions of total pore fraction; p, and the system dimensionless length; L. In this work we examine the functional forms of percolation quantities on two-dimensional micro-CT images and develop new correlations for such quantities in three-dimensions. The results show good agreement on micro-CT samples with different pore size distribution and wide level of connectivity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluation of volcanic reservoir heterogeneity in eastern sag of Liaohe Basin based on electrical image logs

    Liu, ZongliWu, HuanpingChen, Renjie
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：The volcanic rocks of the Es3 (third member of the Shahejie) formation in the eastern sag of the Liaohe Basin are composed of basalt and trachyte, and the reservoir characteristics indicate complex reservoir space and strong heterogeneity. The latter is closely related to oil and gas reserves, and is important for evaluating reservoirs and predicting their oil and gas production. Electrical imaging data are obtained during such analysis and are subsequently transformed into a porosity map to obtain the porosity spectra and bin distribution. The results can then be used to qualitatively study the heterogeneity of the reservoir. In the present study, however, quantitative analysis is applied to evaluate the reservoir diversity of these volcanic rocks by calculating four heterogeneity parameters: the sorting index and the porosity variation coefficient, porosity ratio, and the heterogeneity coefficient. Combining the porosity spectra and porosity bin features enables the reservoir heterogeneity to be divided into three categories. The first is weak heterogeneity, which has both a sorting index and variation coefficient of <0.15, a porosity ratio of <2, and a porosity heterogeneity coefficient of 1.5. The second is moderate heterogeneity, with both a sorting index and porosity variation coefficient of 0.15-0.25, a porosity ratio of 2-4, and a porosity heterogeneity coefficient of 1.5-2.0. The third is strong heterogeneity, with both a sorting index and porosity variation coefficient of 0.25, a porosity ratio of >4, and a porosity heterogeneity coefficient of >2.0. In these three cases, the porosity spectra are dominated by unimodal distributions, bimodal distributions with tails, or multimodal distributions with tails, respectively. The heterogeneity of the volcanic reservoir was controlled by the lithology. The trachyte, from which most oil and gas is presently produced, is characterized mainly by weak heterogeneity, and the basalt is characterized mostly by moderate or strong heterogeneity. Thus, exploration conducted in the basalt layer should consider reservoirs with moderate heterogeneity and large pore sizes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The continuous pack-off technology: A novel water-control method and application to offshore horizontal wells of limestone reservoir

    Yang, YongLi, FengZhang, WeiLi, Xiaodong...
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Water-control for horizontal wells is a worldwide problem, while it is even harder for limestone reservoir because of the developed fractures and caves. The formation water can be connected to the wellbore by fractures or caves directly or indirectly. Make the wells easily water flooded. Segmented water-control is the consensus of the current mainstream mechanical water-control technologies for horizontal wells, the segments confine the water break-through influence scope to the segment where the water break-through formed. In order to achieve that, all the potential water break-through fractures and caves connected to wellbore should be concentratedly divided into less segments, but that depends on the distribution of fractures and caves. Otherwise, the number and the sealing location of the packers are also relying on the engineering technology and the well status. Fracture/cave axial channeling inside the formation is another problem. The fractures and caves interwoven inside the formation. The formation water can easily flow around the packers by fractures/caves and cause the sealing failure of packers and invalid segment. Meanwhile the conventional mechanical water-control methods have no ability to limit the flow conductivity of fractures and caves. In the segments with fractures/caves developed, the producing degree of the matrix will be low. As a result, the application effect of conventional water-control methods in limestone reservoir horizontal wells is limited. To conquer the fracture/cave channeling and achieve the water-control effect at the meantime, the article proposed a novel mechanical water-control method which combined particle-filling with inflow control device screens. The particle-filling is not an absolute sealing, but a limitation of flow rate in the pack area. Calculations show that the flow conductivity of a 5 mm fracture will decreased to 0.1% of the original after particle-filling. The particles filled into the annulus between the screens and the borehole wall can limit the axial annulus flow enormously, replaces the traditional packer sealing. The particles filled into the fractures will reduce the flow conductivity sharply, and no need to concern about the channeling inside the fractures and caves interwoven. Inflow-control devices are utilized to control radius flow rate and balance the production profile near well. The novel water-control method obtained the outstanding application results especially in the limestone reservoir, with the function of deep production profile control combined with wellbore water control, has the advantage of both chemical water shut-off and mechanical water-control methods. Successful application in reef limestone reservoir demonstrates the excellent feasibility of this novel water control method. The oil rate increased 3.9 times after application to well A4A in Liuhua oil field South China Sea. For well A3, the initial water-cut is only one third of the average value compared with wells drilled in recent years at the same layer. It is found that the production effect of oil wells is positively correlated with overfilling amount. For higher overfilling amount, filling process optimization is carried out, and micro-fracturing is formed by increasing filling rate to the target reservoir. The max filling rate of oil well reached 292% by the improvement of filling technology.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluation of circulating temperature in wellbores using drilling microchips: Modeling and case studies

    Dokhani, VahidLi, BodongGooneratne, ChinthakaZhan, Guodong...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Using cost-effective drilling microchips to collect real-time temperature distribution while drilling is advantageous to accurately predict the variation of drilling fluid density and rheological parameters in wellbore. This study introduces a methodology for analysis of measured temperature of drilling microchips. Multiple sets of drilling microchips were deployed into two wells to measure the distribution of circulating temperature in tubular and annular space. An iterative algorithm is developed to calibrate the time-scale of drilling microchips to depth-scale considering variable pump rates, transit times and slippage of drilling microchips. A transient thermal model is modified to simulate the variation of wellbore temperature during circulation of tracers. It is shown that the velocity of tracers in each interval depends on the flow regime and rheological properties of drilling fluid. Comparing the predicted and actual transit times of tracers, it is realized that the maximum fluid velocity in each interval is a better choice to represent the velocity of tracers. It is shown that predictions of the transient model strongly depend on temperature distribution of the wellbore prior to deployment of tracers. This study provides new insights about the temperature distribution in wellbore while drilling and elaborates on the necessity to address the transient processes particularly during startups in wells with critical downhole conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Experimental verification of the effects of three metal oxide nanoparticles on mass transfer at gas-liquid interface

    Wang, LanLi, ZhipingLu, TingLai, Fengpeng...
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：The application of nanomaterials in petroleum industry is becoming common. Nanofluids are used as the water phase in the process of water alternating gas injection. Previous studies mainly focused on the effect of nano particles on the pore throat properties of porous media or the effect of nanofluids on crude oil emulsification. However, in the process of water gas alternating displacement, the relative flow of water and gas affects the displacement front and gas breakthrough time. Therefore, it is significant to study the effect of nanoparticles on mass transfer at gas-liquid interface. Based on the good dispersion and unique physical properties of nano particles in the base solution, in the process of alternating injection of CO2 and water, water is used as the base solution and nanoparticles are added to form a uniformly dispersed nanofluid. In this study, the enhancement of mass transfer by nanoparticles at the gas-liquid interface was studied. The theoretical model of the micro mass transfer at the gas-liquid interface during the percolation of nanofluid and CO2 in porous media was deduced. Combined with the absorption experiment of CO2 mixture, the enhancement effect of nanoparticles on mass transfer process was verified. Different factors affecting CO2 absorption were also compared. The main fluids used in the experiment were deionized water, SiO2, TiO2 and Al2O3 nanofluids. The experimental results of different nanofluids show that TiO2 nanoparticles enhance the mass transfer most obviously, and SiO2 inhibits the mass transfer when the content exceeds a certain content. In addition, the optimum absorption concentrations of the three nanoparticles are in the range of 0.06-0.08 wt parts per thousand. Combined with the relative permeability experiment, the influence of nanoparticles on the law of gas-liquid relative permeability is further revealed. This experimental result provides a theoretical guidance for the application of nanoparticles in enhancing oil recovery.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier