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Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering
Elsevier Science B.V.
Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering

Elsevier Science B.V.

0920-4105

Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering/Journal Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering
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    A method for assessing drilling fluid induced formation damage in permeable formations using ceramic discs

    Karl Ronny KlungtvedtArild Saasen
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：When drilling an oil and gas or geothermal well, the formation's ability to produce or flow may be reduced because of exposure to the drilling fluid during the drilling operation. To evaluate such formation damage, core flooding tests are typically conducted using representative samples of rock to measure the change in the formation permeability in the zone near the wellbore. Disadvantages of core flooding tests include time and cost of a test and potential limited access to representative cores. Therefore, core flooding tests are generally not practical to use for screening and adjustment of drilling fluid compositions when a high number of tests are planned. A method has been suggested to allow for time and cost-effective testing of mass change of ceramic discs, such that a high number of tests may be completed within a limited timeframe and budget. However, so far only limited testing had been conducted to understand the potential for measuring permeability change. In the present study, the method was applied to test for change in permeability of ceramic discs following HTHP tests. A reverse flow of fluid was applied to lift off the filter-cakes and then a breaker fluid was applied. Thereafter the permeabilities to air and water and the dry disc mass was measured and compared with the original value to detect anv changes. The repeated tests showed very high correlations between changes in permeability to air, permeability to water and changes in disc mass, ranging from 0.906 to 0.984. The tests were repeated by different researchers and the results of the two test-series showed high correlations between the original and repeated test series. The overall results provide a high degree of consistency and confirmed findings in past research conducted on core flooding tests. Present study inferred that the simplified method for assessing formation damage produces consistent results and may be used as a cost-effective method for comparing different drilling fluids and methods for removing the filter cakes, ahead of potential core flooding tests.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Indoor synthesis of carbon quantum dots and its potential applications study as tracers in oilfields

    Siwei FanXinjiong ShiLiwei Yan
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Feasibility of carbon quantum dots as tracers in petroleum industry was explored in this study to provide diversified options for reservoir evaluation. A kind of water-soluble fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CA-CQDs) with high fluorescence quantum yield and an average particle size of ca. 5.6 nm was successfully prepared with citric acid as carbon source and ethylene diamine as nitrogen source by controlling hydro thermal temperature and time. Fluorescence test results demonstrated that CA-CQDs were easy to sample and analyse and present outstanding fluorescence performance at 10~(-6) g L~(-1). The stability, adsorption, compatibility and fluidity of CA-CQDs were comprehensively evaluated. Results showed that optical properties of CA-CQDs present excellent stability because they minimally changed under different temperatures, salt solutions and pH conditions. Adsorption effect of different minerals on CA-CQDs was small, and concentration retention rate was stable at above 90% after 5 days of adsorption. CA-CQDs showed satisfactory compatibility with formation water samples, and concentration deviation was maintained within 2%. It was convenient for real-time monitoring and analysis because CA-CQDs presented evident breakthrough-elution process with strong migration capacity but weak retention and adsorption capacities when flowing in the pipeline. The results of this study proved that CA-CQDs demonstrated high application potential as tracers in oilfields.
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    • NSTL

    Rheological analysis of bitumen modified by reclaim rubber pyrolytic oil residue

    Kayghobad ShamsHasan FiroozifarAbbas Kebritchi
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：Heavy fraction pyrolytic oil of waste tire reclaim rubber vacuum pyrolysed at 600 °C (HR6) was produced. Then, it was considered as a rheological modifier for road bitumen. Addition of HR6 to bitumen was increased penetration and decreased softening point. Rutting temperature and temperature susceptibility of bitumen was improved using this rheological modifier. The bitumen containing 5% of HR6 showed optimum level in comparison to different concentration was used. Ductility of modified bitumen has significantly increased. Rheological behavior of modified samples was studied through static and dynamic tests, which showed good improvement in complex viscosity, modulus and damping factor: respectively. Very good low temperature flexibility observed by bending beam rheometer (BBR) test proposing flexible behavior in winter. Moreover, the aging by rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and storage stability was studied and reported.
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    • NSTL

    Evaluation of novel microemulsion-based (O/W) drilling fluid with nonionic surfactant and shale interaction mechanisms

    Raphael R. SilvaAlfredo I.C GarnicaGiovanna L.R. Leal
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：The increasing production of hydrocarbons from unconventional reservoirs, particularly water-sensitive formations, has led to the emergence of technologies necessary to maintain wellbore stability. The drilling fluid must always be adequate to the needs presented by such formations since serious problems may be generated due to inadequate drilling fluid planning. Microemulsions appear in this scenario with advantages over the traditional fluids already used by the industry due to their thermodynamic stability, ease of preparation, and is environmentally acceptable. This work aimed to evaluate the inhibition capacity of microemulsion-based drilling fluids comprised of nonionic surfactants and pine oil, environmentally friendly components, and never before assessed in the laboratory. Initially, a shale sample from a sedimentary basin in Northeastern Brazil was characterized using XRF, XRD, TGA, and DTA. The microemulsions, base of the drilling fluids, were formulated from a ternary phase diagram, in which a water/glycerol solution (1:1 by mass) was used as the aqueous phase, pine vegetable oil as the oil phase, and two nonionic surfactants, Ultranex NP100 and Alkest Tween 80 were used separately in the formulated systems. Potassium citrate (INIB1) and potassium sulfate (INIB2) were also used to inhibit the swelling of reactive formations. In order to evaluate the behavior of drilling fluids, rheology tests, filtrate loss, filtercake thickness, and permeability were considered. Finally, drilling fluid systems were tested for shale inhibition and dispersion capability. In addition to systems composed of INIB1 and INIB2, potassium chloride (KC1) (INIB3) was evaluated, and a system without a swelling inhibitor (SI). It was observed that the shale samples presented clay minerals from the smectite group, which represent a more significant interaction with water for swelling of hydratable formations. Drilling fluids showed rheological behavior following the Herschel-Bulkley model. There is a variability of interactions in the fluids concerning the concentrations of surfactant, oil phase, and swelling inhibitor, with more significant responses associated with increased surfactant concentration in the microemulsion. The drilling fluids showed a significant swelling inhibition, especially the fluid formulated from the surfactant Ultranex NP100 and INIB2, with a 6.9% swelling variation. Excellent results concerning dispersibility were also achieved, with the NP100_INIB1 fluid being the lowest dispersion of cuttings (0.075% and 0.215%). In general, the microemulsion-based drilling fluids efficiently inhibited swelling of the shale sample, showing good rheological and filtration behavior.
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    • NSTL

    Investigation of the cutting force response to a PDC cutter in rock using the discrete element method

    Zhiyi FuMathias TergeistArmin Kueck
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：In the drilling industry, Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits with multiple fixed PDC cutters are widely applied to cut rock under high bottom hole pressure and high temperature. The bit-rock interaction is the main excitation source of drill string vibrations and needs to be understood and controlled better to improve the performance of the drilling process. Rock cutting mechanisms can be examined best for a single PDC cutter: Limitations of dynamic control and available sensors in experimental setups are eliminated in numerical simulations. Using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), deformation and strength of rock can be modeled through its full degradation in the PDC cutting process under typical environmental conditions. Stresses and strains in the rock material and on the cutter faces become available for examination. In this paper, numerical simulations of the cutting process are conducted using a modified bonded-particle model (specialized DEM), which is calibrated to a pressure series of high-strain triaxial laboratory tests. The simulation results are interpreted from the perspective of continuum mechanics providing stress and strain rate fields within the rock. These serve to identify two primary deformation modes predominant in two distinct zones moving with the PDC cutter: A crush zone below the chamfer and a shear zone ahead of the cutter face. The influences of two cutter design parameters, the back rake angle and the chamfer size, on these zones and the cutting force, are investigated. The shear angle is found to decrease with increasing back rake angle, resulting in a wider shear band. Moreover, the back rake angle has a considerable influence on the cutting forces both in the normal and tangential direction, whereas the chamfer size affects the normal cutting force predominantly. These results are in good accordance with experimental observations in the literature. Furthermore, the relationship between the cutting force and underlying rock failure mechanisms is clarified. This study enhances the understanding of the rock cutting process and gives first indications for dynamic cutting force control through cutter design.
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    • NSTL

    Evaluation of different polymeric scale inhibitors for oilfield application

    Rubens BisattoVanessa Martins PicoliCesar Liberato Petzhold
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：The current challenges in oil production involve increase in productivity for high temperature, pressure and salinity conditions. Specifically, for flow assurance, scale inhibitors injection plays a key role to control scale formation. In this work, homopolymers were synthesized by free radical solution polymerization using sulfonate monomers as sodium styrene sulfonate (NaSS), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and sodium vinyl sulfonate (SVS); phosphonic monomer as sodium vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) and carboxylic monomer as sodium acrylic acid (AA). The homopolymers were characterized by ~1H-NMR and SEC. The influence of the chemical structure and molecular weight of the polymers on scale inhibition process at different scenarios with high electrolyte concentration was evaluated by static and dynamic efficiency. AA and VPA polymeric scale inhibitors showed mainly effectiveness at short time (involved on nucleation mechanism) for barium and calcium sulfate, presented efficiency higher than 80%. NaSS homopolymers demonstrated higher efficiency (near to 75%) over time, comparing with other homopolymers specially in a multiple scale condition which presents high ionic forces (more than 200.000 ppm of total solids dissolved). These data suggest that NaSS polymeric inhibitor can act in different stages involved on scale inhibition, like as retarding nucleation, crystal modification and charge neutralization. It was observed that the best results were obtained using homopolymers from NaSS with number average molecular weight near to 13,000 Da.
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    • NSTL

    Intelligent well killing control method driven by coupling multiphase flow simulation and realtime data

    Zhi ZhangBaojiang SunZhiyuan Wang
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：The exploration and development of offshore oil and gas has greatly alleviated the tension of international energy consumption, however, the complex geological and engineering conditions of offshore drilling lead to complex downhole accidents such as overflow and kick when the wellbore pressure regulation accuracy is poor in offshore drilling. Well killing technology is the primary well control means after oil and gas well overflow and blowout And the accuracy, real-time and intelligence of wellbore pressure calculation will directly affect the construction period and even the success or failure of well killing. The existing wellbore multiphase flow model still has uncertain parameters depending on the empirical equation determined based on laboratory experiments, and generally lacks real-time interaction with the physical parameters of the drilled formation and the physical parameters of the intrusive fluid under wellbore conditions, which makes the multiphase flow model have the defect of poor pertinence to the formation characteristics and wellbore fluid information at the drilling well formation. In this paper, the differences between the simulation data of multiphase flow model under overflow and circulating well killing conditions and the trend of real-time data at drilling platform, seabed position and bottomhole monitoring points are analyzed. The key parameters of multiphase flow model relying on Laboratory experiment are corrected by real-time inversion. Based on the original universality, the annulus multiphase flow model further highlights the pertinence to the formation characteristics and intrusive fluid characteristics of the drilled section, which is of important guiding significance for the safe and effective conduct of offshore drilling.
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    • NSTL

    Virtual flow predictor using deep neural networks

    Renata MercanteTheodoro Antoun Netto
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Multiphase flowmeters are important to monitor oil wells, as they allow operators to obtain a real-time estimate of the production. However, due to its high installation cost, uncertainty, and reading errors, the oil and gas industry started to invest in virtual meters, mathematical models that can obtain the oil and gas flow forecast using the instrumentation already available in the well, such as pressure and temperature sensors. The purpose of this article is to develop a virtual multiphase flow predictor using artificial intelligence models such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gate Recurrent Units (GRU), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural networks and deep learning. As input data, this paper uses a public database available on the Oil and Gas Authority (UK) to train the models and demonstrate the possibility of predicting multiphase flow with a reasonable error margin, proving that the method is efficient in estimating well production rates.
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    • NSTL

    Experimental investigation on the dynamic tensile characteristics of conglomerate based on 3D SHPB system

    Jun WeiHualin LiaoHuajian Wang
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：The mechanical properties and failure characteristics of conglomerate, main components of gravel layer, are of great significance to the study of efficient drilling methods in gravel layer. However, there are few works published previously, especially rare in terms of dynamics. While drilling in gravel layer, the bottom hole rock is subjected to complex loads, including impact loading and in-situ stress. The static and dynamic tension behaviours of conglomerate are tested by outcrop in this paper. Based on GCTS and 3D SHPB systems respectively, the static and dynamic tensile properties are analyzed, and the energy consumption while failure and the influence of axial static load on dynamic tensile characteristics are discussed. Results show that the tensile characteristics of conglomerate have a significant strain rate correlation, and the dynamic tensile strength is significantly higher than that of static; The strength in both impact direction and axial direction increase linearly with the loading strain rate, while the failure strain decreases linearly; As there is no axial load and the strain rate is 140.31-248.95 s~(-1), the dynamic tensile strength is 75.86-109.91 MPa, and the strength growth factor is 10.55-15.29 between the dynamic and static tensile strength. Due to the energy absorbed by the specimen increases exponentially in the dynamic test, there are a great number of cracks produced accompanied by the collapse of large debris, manifested as the volume crushing failure mainly, while in the static test, there is mainly brittle splitting failure. The dynamic tensile strength can be reduced linearly by increasing the axial static load or reducing the dynamic load. The research has an important theoretical reference for the study of drilling technology and theory in the gravel-rich stratum.
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    • NSTL

    Data-driven EUR modeling and optimization in the liquid-rich Duvernay Formation, western Canada sedimentary basin, Canada

    Bing KongZhuoheng Chen
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) is one of the focuses of the feasibility assessment for oil and gas development projects. EUR is the utmost recoverable oil and gas volume under the current assumption of technology and economics. Many factors including geology, drilling, completion, operation, and commodity prices influence EUR, which makes the prediction a difficult task. Reservoir numerical simulation and production decline curve analysis (DCA) are two broadly accepted method to calculate EUR. However, the former requires substantial data and resources, while the latter is lack of causative mechanism to associate the fundamentals to productivity. This study proposes a machine learning (ML) procedure in EUR modeling, by which EUR is linked to fundamental variables from available data and the variation in EUR can be explained by various factors so that the results can be applied to optimize future projects. In the proposed procedure, the EUR was estimated using a probabilistic dual flow regime model and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. The resulting EUR in each well was then modeled using a two-level stacked ensemble ML approach, while Shapley value was used to explain feature sensitivity in the trained model. In the last, the EUR is optimized by adjusting the most sensitive factors in the trained model. The trained ML model achieved high accuracy on EUR prediction, and the Shapley value analysis showed that completion length, condensate gas ratio and fracturing fluid volume are among the most important features to EUR. The EUR optimization result showed that there is large room for improvement by adjusting the key features. This proposed approach provides a new perspective to find associations between the fundamental factors and the well EUR which improves the understanding of oil and gas production in unconventional reservoirs.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL