查看更多>>摘要：<![CDATA[<ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0005" xml:lang="en" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0005">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0005" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0080" view="all">This study investigates the influence of ethylene-vinyl acetate/vinyl ester of versatic acid (EVA/VE), a redispersible polymer powder, on the mechanical, chemical, and microstructural properties of sulfidic and non-sulfidic cemented paste backfill (CPB). Different EVA/VE amounts (7.5 to 20wt% of cement mass) are examined in CPB mixtures. To assess the influence of EVA/VE on the CPBs consistency (fresh state), slump height was measured using a small Abram's cone. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) testing was conducted to determine the influence of polymer powder on the mechanical strength development of CPBs, and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) were used to determine the influence of polymer powder on the microstructure and mineralogy of hardened CPBs. The achieved results implicated the dependency of polymer powder effectiveness on the tailings type. Of the different polymer powder proportions used in this study, the addition of 15% EVA/VE (based on the mass of binder) was only effective in improving UCS values of sulfidic tailings. The MIP, DTG, and SEM results also indicate that the addition of 15% polymer powder was beneficial for chemical and microstructural improvement of sulfidic CPBs only.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0010" class="author-highlights" xml:lang="en" view="all"><ce:section-title id="st0010">Highlights</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0010" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0085" view="all"><ce:list id="l0005"><ce:list-item id="li0005"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0005" view="all">Influence of redispersible polymer powder is discussed on cemented paste backfill.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0010"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0010" view="all">The positive influence of polymer powder appeared when used at 15% and only with sulfidic tailings.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0015"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0015" view="all">The addition of polymer powder did not improve the performance of non-sulfidic paste backfill.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0020"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0020" view="all">Any improvement was not observed in flow behavior of paste backfill by using polymer powder.</ce:para></ce:list-item></ce:list></ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract>]]>
查看更多>>摘要：<![CDATA[<ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0005" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0005">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0005" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0045" view="all">The hydrophilicity is an important parameter in characterizing the floatability of coals in floatation. To quantify the hydrophilicity, the quantum chemistry calculation was used to calculate the hydrogen bonding energies in the wetting process by DFT B3LYP 6-31G. It is known that the floatability of lignite is much lower than that of the high-volatile bituminous coal from the natural floatability test. Besides, the hydrophilic sites were mainly oxygen functional groups. From XPS results, it is indicated that there were four kinds of oxygen functional groups, including OH, CO, CO and COOH in lignite, while there were three kinds of oxygen functional groups, containing OH, CO and CO in the high-volatile bituminous coal. On the other hand, the simulation results showed that the hydrogen bonding energy of these hydrophilic sites are in the following order?<ce:italic>COOH</ce:italic>>?<ce:italic>OH</ce:italic>><ce:italic>C</ce:italic>?<ce:italic>O</ce:italic>><ce:italic>C</ce:italic>=<ce:italic>O</ce:italic>. The released hydrogen-bonding energies were calculated to be 2.36kcal/mol for lignite and 1.31kcal/mol for high-volatile bituminous coal, respectively. In addition, the calorimetric experiments also showed that the wetting heats were 105.37J/g (lignite) and 47.00J/g (high-volatile bituminous coal). The hydrogen bond energy distribution of each hydrophilic sites showed that all the four kind hydrophilic sites impacted the lignite hydrophilicity remarkably whereas only OH and CO affected the hydrophilicity of high-volatile bituminous coal. It was revealed that the difficulty in lignite flotation was dominated by the complex contribution to hydrophilicity of the oxygen functional groups.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0010" class="author-highlights" view="all"><ce:section-title id="st0010">Highlights</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0010" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0050" view="all"><ce:list id="l0005"><ce:list-item id="li0005"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0005" view="all">The quantum chemistry calculation was used to quantify the hydrophobicity.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0010"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0010" view="all">The calculated wetting energy of forming hydrogen bond was verified by the calorimetric experiments.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0015"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0015" view="all">The real reason of hard-to-float of lignite was dominated by the complex hydrophilic sites.</ce:para></ce:list-item></ce:list></ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract>]]>
查看更多>>摘要：<![CDATA[<ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0005" xml:lang="en" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0005">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0005" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0150" view="all">Substantial progresses have been made over the past decade in using machine vision for automatic control of the froth flotation process. A machine vision system is able to extract the visual features from the captured froth images and present the results to process control systems. The current research work is concerned with the development and implementation of a machine vision system for real time monitoring and control of a batch flotation system. The proposed model-based control system comprises two in-series models connecting the process variables to the froth features and the metallurgical parameters along with a stabilizing fuzzy controller. The results indicate the developed machine vision based control system is able to accurately predict the metallurgical parameters of the existing batch flotation system from the extracted froth features and efficiently maintain them at their set-points despite step disturbances in the process variables. Furthermore, the proposed control system leads to higher target values for the metallurgical parameters than the previously developed system (R<ce:inf loc="post">Cu</ce:inf>=91.1%;G<ce:inf loc="post">Cu</ce:inf>=11.2% vs. R<ce:inf loc="post">Cu</ce:inf>=87.6%;G<ce:inf loc="post">Cu</ce:inf>=8.1%).</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract>]]>
Leili Tafaghodi KhajaviDavid B. DreisingerMehmet Hakan Morcali
8页
查看更多>>摘要：<![CDATA[<ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0005" xml:lang="en" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0005">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0005" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0105" view="all">The diminishing availability of nickel sulfide ores and the increasing demand for nickel and its compounds have led to a growing interest in laterite deposits as an alternative source for producing nickel. However, extracting nickel from laterite ores differs from sulfides because nickel contained minerals are generally disseminated throughout the ore. Laterites cannot be concentrated using classic mineral processing techniques such as flotation.</ce:simple-para><ce:simple-para id="sp0110" view="all">The present study proposes a new smelting process for limonitic nickeliferous laterite ore in order to separate nickel and cobalt from the ore and produce a nickel matte at lower smelting temperature compared with the current industrial techniques. The nickel and cobalt recoveries were evaluated at various flux additions. The highest recovery condition for Ni (98% Ni recovery with Ni content of 10wt%) was achieved with the addition of 27g of flux (50%Na<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>CO<ce:inf loc="post">3</ce:inf>+35%Na<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>B<ce:inf loc="post">4</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc="post">7</ce:inf>·10H<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>O+15%SiO<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>), 0.8g coke and 5g elemental sulfur to 25g of the roasted ore. The above conditions led to achieving 95% Co recovery with 0.06% Co.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract>]]>
Rosa Malena Fernandes LimaAna Carolina Arantes Araújo
7页
查看更多>>摘要：<![CDATA[<ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0005" xml:lang="en" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0005">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0005" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0065" view="all">This study aimed to determine the conditions required for selective flotation between smithsonite and dolomite using sodium oleate and sodium silicate. Microflotation test results demonstrated recoveries of 95% and 5% for smithsonite and dolomite, respectively, from 2.5×10<ce:sup loc="post">?5</ce:sup>M sodium oleate and 50mg/L sodium silicate at pH9.5. The smithsonite was depressed by the cations Ca<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>and Mg<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>and, the dolomite was depressed by Zn<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>cations, which was probably caused by the reaction of these cations with the oleate anions in the solution, decreasing the concentration of collector available for adsorption onto the minerals. The powerful depression of smithsonite caused by Ca<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>cations compared with that caused by Mg<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>cations can be considered to have occurred because of the higher concentration of Ca<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>in the solution. From the zeta potential measurements at pH9.5, we concluded that the predominant species of oleate and of sodium silicate were adsorbed onto both minerals, and the silicate species prevented the adsorption of oleate anions onto dolomite. The decrease in the negative zeta potential of both minerals after cation conditioning can be related to the electrostatic attraction between the cations and the negative sites on their surfaces. The negative zeta potential of smithsonite increased at a concentration of 1×10<ce:sup loc="post">?6</ce:sup>M Ca<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>and Mg<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>, whereas the potential decreases at a concentration of 1×10<ce:sup loc="post">?3</ce:sup>M, which can be related to a lower concentration of oleate anions being available for adsorption.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0010" class="author-highlights" xml:lang="en" view="all"><ce:section-title id="st0010">Highlights</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0010" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0070" view="all"><ce:list id="l0005"><ce:list-item id="li0005"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0005" view="all">Sodium oleate had a higher affinity for smithsonite than dolomite at pH9.5.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0010"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0010" view="all">Sodium silicate is stronger depressant for dolomite compared with smithsonite.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0015"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0015" view="all">The ion Ca<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>at pH9.5 was more effective in smithsonite depression than Mg<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>and MgOH<ce:sup loc="post">+</ce:sup>.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0020"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0020" view="all">There is competition of Ca<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>in solution with oleate and surfaces of smithsonite and dolomite.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0025"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0025" view="all">Selective separation between smithsonite and dolomite is possible up 1.0×10<ce:sup loc="post">?6</ce:sup>M of ions Ca<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>and Mg<ce:sup loc="post">2+</ce:sup>.</ce:para></ce:list-item></ce:list></ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract>]]>
查看更多>>摘要：<![CDATA[<ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0005" xml:lang="en" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0005">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0005" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0080" view="all">The wear problem on the internal lining of bins and chutes needs to be addressed before any significant efficiency gains during iron ore mining operations. This study aims to investigate the factors determining the wear resistance of common lining materials used in iron ore mining operations. A purposely designed experimental system was utilised to quantitatively assess the wear resistance of a suite of wall lining materials against an iron ore abrading medium, from which a wear rate for each liner is determined. Results suggested that the hardness of a lining material can be utilised to indicate its abrasion wear resistance. From experimental results, prediction models of the service life of selected lining materials in bins and chutes are also obtained.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0010" class="graphical" xml:lang="en" view="all"><ce:section-title id="st0010">Graphical abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0010" view="all"><ce:simple-para>Display Omitted</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0015" class="author-highlights" xml:lang="en" view="all"><ce:section-title id="st0015">Highlights</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0015" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0090" view="all"><ce:list id="l0005"><ce:list-item id="li0005"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0005" view="all">The abrasion wear testing system can quantify wear rate for a lining material to an abrading agent.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0010"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0010" view="all">The Knoop hardness test can predict the ranking of abrasive wear resistance for wear liners.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0015"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0015" view="all">The developed prediction model can assess wear profile and service life for bins and chutes.</ce:para></ce:list-item></ce:list></ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract>]]>
查看更多>>摘要：<![CDATA[<ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0005" xml:lang="en" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0005">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0005" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0115" view="all">The influence of acid surface dissolution as a pretreatment method on the improvement of ilmenite selective flotation from olivine-pyroxene was studied by carrying out the flotation experiments in micro and laboratory (flotation cell) scales. The microflotation experiments show that after surface dissolution, the flotation recovery of ilmenite improves from 73.5% to 92.1% at a pH of 6.3, while that of olivine-pyroxene decreases from 59.6% to 44.6%. The improvement of ilmenite floatability is in good accordance with the relative content of Fe<ce:sup loc="post">3+</ce:sup>in ilmenite surface which increases from 48.5% to 59.8% after surface dissolution as evidenced by XPS analysis. This conversion increases the formation of an insoluble layer of ferric iron oleate, and enhances ilmenite hydrophobicity. FTIR spectra and zeta potential measurements indicated that the adsorption of oleate ions on the surface of olivine-pyroxene decreases significantly after surface dissolution. As evidenced by ICP analysis, this can be due to the dissolution of Fe cations as the active sites from the olivine-pyroxene surface. The cell flotation experiments show that before surface dissolution, an optimal concentrate with 21.2% TiO<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>and 78.3% recovery is achieved using 1000g/t sodium oleate, 100g/t Pb(NO<ce:inf loc="post">3</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>(activator) and 80g/t quebracho (depressant). After surface dissolution, the best concentrate containing 25.6% TiO<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>and 80.6% recovery is obtained in the presence of 1000g/t collector and 100g/t activator without any depressant agent. As a general result, the acid surface dissolution pretreatment enhances the selectivity of ilmenite flotation and its separation efficiency.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0010" class="graphical" xml:lang="en" view="all"><ce:section-title id="st0010">Graphical abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0010" view="all"><ce:simple-para>Display Omitted</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract>]]>
查看更多>>摘要：<![CDATA[<ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0005" xml:lang="en" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0005">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0005" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0080" view="all">In this paper, the influence of 2-ethylhexanol used as a modifier/emulsifier on the surface chemical property of low rank coal and its flotation performance was investigated. According to the FTIR analysis, it showed an obvious decline in the hydrophilic groups while an increase in the hydrophobic groups on the surface of coal after pretreatment by 2-ethylhexanol solution for 12 h, resulting in the increase of contact angle from 74.9° to 95.4°. Whereas the induction time showed a significant decrease from 246.0ms down to 85.4ms, which meant the better hydrophobicity and floatability of coal particles after the pretreatment. As a result, a better flotation efficiency of low rank coal was attained after the pretreatment. Additionally, the oily bubble flotation combining 2-ethylhexanol was employed to enhance the flotation of coal samples. The results indicated that the mixture of diesel oil and 2-ethylhexanol improved the collecting power and selectivity of oily bubbles, with the oil contact angle for coal samples decreasing from 17.8° to 14.5° and the induction time from 50ms down to 19.7ms. The performance of oily bubble flotation, especially using the mixed diesel oil bubbles, was much better than that of conventional flotation, and the recovery of combustible matter and flotation efficiency index increased from 43.42% and 29.52% up to 89.27% and 59.91% respectively. Consequently, the flotation performance of low rank coal may be enhanced by the surface modification of 2-ethylhexanol as well as the novel oily bubble flotation technology.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0010" class="author-highlights" xml:lang="en" view="all"><ce:section-title id="st0010">Highlights</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0010" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0085" view="all"><ce:list id="l0005"><ce:list-item id="li0005"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0005" view="all">The hydrophobicity of coal increased after pretreatment by 2-ethylhexanol solution for 12h, with the contact angle increasing from 74.9° to 95.4° while induction time decreasing from 246.0ms to 85.4ms.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0010"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0010" view="all">2-ethylhexanol used as a surfactant/emulsifier was found to greatly enhance the properties of oily bubbles, making its collecting power increased.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0015"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0015" view="all">The flotation performance of low rank coal could be enhanced by the surface modification of 2-ethylhexanol as well as oily bubble flotation.</ce:para></ce:list-item></ce:list></ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract>]]>
查看更多>>摘要：<![CDATA[<ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0005" xml:lang="en" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0005">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0005" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0150" view="all">In this paper, a novel process was studied for the recovery of iron and titanium from ilmenite concentrate. The ilmenite powders first underwent an oxidation pretreatment and were reduced isothermally at 1350–1450°C by graphite with the addition of Na<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>SO<ce:inf loc="post">4</ce:inf>. The influence of temperature, C/O molar ratio and the dosage of the added Na<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>SO<ce:inf loc="post">4</ce:inf>on the metallization ratio, phase transformation and titanium grade were studied. The results demonstrated that Na<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>SO<ce:inf loc="post">4</ce:inf>not only significantly promotes the aggregation and growth of metallic iron-grain particles but also enhances the reduction ability. Under the promotion of added Na<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>SO<ce:inf loc="post">4</ce:inf>, the highest metallization ratio reached 94%, and the theoretical calculation of the highest grade of titanium dioxide is approximately 75%. The Na<ce:inf loc="post">2</ce:inf>SO<ce:inf loc="post">4</ce:inf>additive decreases the melting point of the slag and metal, resulting in the effect of semi-melting reduction. The carbothermic reduction order of phase transitions of pre-oxidized ilmenite concentrate was also discussed.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0010" class="author-highlights" xml:lang="en" view="all"><ce:section-title id="st0010">Highlights</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0010" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0155" view="all"><ce:list id="l0005"><ce:list-item id="li0005"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0005" view="all">A new process has been proposed for recovery of iron and titanium by reducing pre-oxidized ilmenite concentrate.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0010"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0010" view="all">The isothermal reduction behavior of pre-oxidation concentrate with graphite and sodiumsulphate additive was studied.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0015"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0015" view="all">The influence of reduction conditions on the metallization ratio and grade of the titanium dioxide was studied.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0020"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0020" view="all">The carbothermic reduction order of phase transitions of pre-oxidation ilmenite concentrate was also discussed.</ce:para></ce:list-item></ce:list></ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract>]]>
查看更多>>摘要：<![CDATA[<ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0005" xml:lang="en" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0005">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0005" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0065" view="all">We present here a study of three baffled tanks, 0.15m, 0.20m and 0.30m in inner diameter, agitated by Rushton turbine, with reference to scaling up the flocculation kinetics. A clay slurry was used as a model wastewater. The experiments were carried out at mixing intensity 40W/m<ce:sup loc="post">3</ce:sup>and clay concentration 0.58g/L. The model wastewater was flocculated with the Sokoflok 16A organic flocculent (solution 0.1wt%) in the range of dimensionless flocculent dosage D<ce:inf loc="post">F</ce:inf><ce:sup loc="post">?</ce:sup>from 0.448 to 5.241mg/g. The flocs that formed were separated by means of sedimentation. The operational conditions were designed according to following proposed scale-up rules: i) P/V=const., ii) t<ce:inf loc="post">F</ce:inf><ce:sup loc="post">?</ce:sup>=N·t<ce:inf loc="post">F</ce:inf>=const., iii) D<ce:inf loc="post">F</ce:inf><ce:sup loc="post">?</ce:sup>=const. and iv) u<ce:inf loc="post">sed</ce:inf>=const. Applying the proposed scale-up rules, the flocculation efficiency was found to be practically the same irrespective of vessel size and flocculation dosage. For the given flocculated system and process conditions, the maximum degree of turbidity removal Z<ce:inf loc="post">e</ce:inf><ce:sup loc="post">?</ce:sup><ce:inf loc="post">max</ce:inf>=96.1±0.6% was found for dimensionless flocculation time 1916±5% and dimensionless flocculent dosage D<ce:inf loc="post">F</ce:inf><ce:sup loc="post">?</ce:sup>=3.128mg/g±8%, regardless of vessel size. The approach to scale-up proposed by Camp (1955) is discussed and criticized in the light of present-day mixing theory, and an explanation is offered of the shortcomings of this approach, and why it gives incorrect scale-up results.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" id="ab0010" class="author-highlights" xml:lang="en" view="all"><ce:section-title id="st0010">Highlights</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0010" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0070" view="all"><ce:list id="l0005"><ce:list-item id="li0005"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0005" view="all">Scale up of flocculation was investigated in three vessels of different size.</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0010"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0010" view="all">Scale up of complex process such as flocculation requires multidimensional approach</ce:para></ce:list-item><ce:list-item id="li0015"><ce:label>?</ce:label><ce:para id="p0015" view="all">Camp number cannot be used for design of flocculators.</ce:para></ce:list-item></ce:list></ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract>]]>
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