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Journal of loss prevention in the process industries
Butterworth-Heinemann Turpin Transactions Ltd.
Journal of loss prevention in the process industries

Butterworth-Heinemann Turpin Transactions Ltd.

0950-4230

Journal of loss prevention in the process industries/Journal Journal of loss prevention in the process industriesSCIISTPEI
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    A paradigm shift in Natech risk management: Development of a rating system framework for evaluating the performance of industry

    Suarez-Paba M.C.Cruz A.M.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：An increasing trend in the number of reported natural hazard-triggered technological accidents (Natechs) worldwide has led to the development of contributions in Natech risk assessment and management, risk reduction and emergency response strategies, risk communication, risk perception, and risk governance. Yet, although some studies have underscored the need for resilient industries, only recently researchers have called for an area-wide perspective, where a paradigm shift in Natech risk management fosters a holistic systems approach. That approach should contemplate the facilities and their surrounding environment, and encourage multi-stakeholder interaction to advocate for more resilient societies. However, there are currently no methodologies for evaluating, rating, and certifying industrial facilities' level of preparedness to Natech risk; nor are there any tools available to inform the governments and the public, on industry's Natech risk management practices. In response to this need, we propose Natech RateME, a comprehensive, area-wide risk management, and rating system framework. The proposed framework is premised on a probabilistic risk assessment methodology, that can support industrial facilities' management of onsite and offsite risk from complex events and that rates their performance in terms of minimum life losses. By evaluating their safety performance, their engagement to develop cooperation mechanisms with local authorities and neighboring communities, and their commitment to disclose risk information, among other aspects, the framework, and the rating system, seek to contribute to overall territorial resilience. To do so, Natech RateME considers the interaction between infrastructure systems present at industrial parks, the technical and organizational systems, governance, risk communication, and community participation, constituting the first approach to support the strengthening of prevention and mitigation measures by enhancing facilities' and governments' abilities to manage Natech risk comprehensively.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Modified FMEA hazard identification for cross-country petroleum pipeline using Fuzzy Rule Base and approximate reasoning

    Hassan S.Wang J.Kontovas C.Bashir M....
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：The pipeline industry's existing and new safety challenges require flexible and powerful techniques for performing a risk-based analysis of cross-country petroleum product pipeline systems. One of the traditional tools for the prediction of pipeline failure is the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) technique due to its ease of application. However, many limitations have been identified in its application especially for cross-country pipelines in developing countries. Firstly, failure data is often either unavailable or unreliable, therefore identification of the risk priority numbers for the three failure factors (i.e. probability of failure, severity and detection) relies on experts' elicitation. Secondly, domain experts often provide diverse opinions and knowledge, which could produce different assessment rankings and it is often difficult to harmonise due to the multidisciplinary nature of the FMEA team. Thirdly, there is a lack of a systematic way of accounting for the relative importance of individual failure factors, which carries the risk of the assessment results not representing the true risk picture of the assessed system. Consequently, this paper proposes a new approach, called the modified FMEA, by integrating the noted benefits of hybrid FMEA with Fuzzy Rule Base (FRB) and FMEA with Grey Relations Theory (GRT) in order to overcome the identified drawbacks. The study utilises both the fuzzy and the grey theory to include experts' diverse opinions and to assign a relative weighting to each assessment factor in the risk assessment. The results of the risk assessment are then used to determine the risk priority and rank the failure modes under different types of conditions. A case study of Nigeria's petroleum product pipeline system 2 B is conducted to examine the applicability and validity of the new approach. The results show the practical application of the methodology in this new domain. The new approach offers a more effective method for identifying product pipeline system hazards and risk analysis in geographies with limited or unreliable data. The application of this new methodology in the oil and gas cross-country pipeline domain will aid decision making under uncertainty for pipeline inspection and maintenance.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Correlation between the electrical power of a slow contact break discharge and the ignition of an H2/air mixture

    Uber C.Hilbert M.Lienesch F.Barbu B....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Contact break discharges generated by electrical equipment in potentially explosive atmospheres are typically obtained at low voltages below 30 V and low currents between 30 mA and 100 mA are a relevant ignition source. The electrical characteristics of these discharges, which are dominated by metal vapor, have been presented in previous works. However, the transition phase from a discharge to a thermochemical ignition has not yet been properly analyzed. This prevents a multiphysical model from being developed and evaluation criteria from being defined for the non-ignition or ignition of a discharge. Here, the correlation between the electrical power of the discharge and the ignition is analyzed and estimated with the aim of correcting this shortcoming. The development of the discharge and its ignition, which depend on the electrical power input and its temporal and spatial distribution, are monitored and data for the ignition limit is determined. Initial estimations are made for the ignition limit by considering two models. The first model computes the ignition limit in a simplified manner by using the measured power input and certain empirical coefficients, while the second approaches regards the discharge in a more physical manner and implements a simplified but more detailed thermodynamic model. However, further investigations are necessary in order to ensure statistical significance for the results presented here.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Laboratory development and pilot-scale deployment of a two-part foamed rock dust

    Perera I.E.Harris M.L.Chasko L.L.Addis J.D....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 30 CFR 75.402 and 75.403 require 80% total incombustible content to be maintained within 40 feet of the coal mine face via the liberal application of rock dust. Unfortunately, this application of rock dust limits miners' visibility downwind and can increase the miners' exposures to a respirable nuisance dust. Wet rock dust applied as a slurry is, at times, used to negate these negative effects. Although this aids in meeting the total incombustible limits, the slurry forms a hard cake when dried and no longer effectively disperses as needed to suppress a coal dust explosion. As a result, a dry rock dust must be reapplied to maintain a dispersible layer. Therefore, researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have been working towards finding and testing a foamed rock dust formulation that can be applied wet on mine surfaces and remain dispersible once dried which minimizes the likelihood of mine disasters, including mine explosions. The initial tests were aimed at discerning dispersion characteristics of three different foamed rock dusts via the NIOSH-developed dispersion chamber and led to identification of a two-part foam with adequate dispersion characteristics. The current study was conducted to assess the robustness of the two-part foamed rock dust. Through a series of laboratory-scale experiments using the dispersibility chamber, the effects of testing conditions and product formulations on the foam's dispersibility was determined. Some of the tested variables include: exposing the foam to high humidity, varying the component levels of the foamed rock dust, altering the rock dust size distribution, and varying the rock dust types. Further pilot-scale tests examined the atmospheric concentrations of dust via personal dust monitors downwind of foamed rock dust production and application. Additionally, product consistency was recorded during pilot-scale testing at key points in the formulation and application. The results of these experiments will be discussed in this paper.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    An integration method using distributed optical fiber sensor and Auto-Encoder based deep learning for detecting sulfurized rust self-heating of crude oil tanks

    Zhu Z.-C.Chu C.-W.Bian H.-T.Jiang J.-C....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Sulfurized rust is the production of corrosion in crude oil tanks. It will be oxidized and self-heating when contacting with air, and the rise of temperature can cause severe accidents. This paper focuses on the temperature measurement of distributed optical fiber sensor (DOFS) and the research on anomaly detection methods aided by deep learning. An experimental apparatus was set up to simulate the temperature change during sulfurized rust self-heating, then some artificial ambient temperature was added to interference anomaly detection. The DOFS returned normal temperature, artificial ambient temperature and self-heating temperature data for analysis. Furthermore, four Auto-Encoder (AE) based algorithms and several traditional machine learning methods were tested on the collected temperature data for anomaly detection. Test revealed that Convolutional Neural Networks Auto-Encoder (CNN-AE) was successful in detecting the anomaly situations at an accuracy level of 0.98. The study demonstrates that DOFS and deep learning would be a potential solution for detecting anomaly temperature change to prevent self-heating accident caused by sulfurized rust.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A barrier risk-based evaluation model for drilling blowouts

    Razavian F.Nakhaee A.Moradi Ghiasabadi B.Gholamnia R....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Blowout is one of the most serious accidents in the drilling operation as it can lead to catastrophic consequences. The findings of blowout investigations indicate a chain of failures in Well Barriers (WBs) leading to a blowout. There is an urgent need to address the measuring of the performance of WBs and improve their safety to prevent blowouts. This study proposes a quantitative barrier risk-based evaluation model for drilling blowout using a set of WB performance indicators. The methodology of the proposed model is outlined in two sections. In the first section, policymaking, operational, personal, and mechanical factors are identified and described as WB performance indicators using a bow-tie approach. In the second section, the process safety performance indexing system in the chemical industries is developed for the management of maintaining integrity in WB indicators. In this section, a set of leading indicators are identified and proposed for the evaluation of WB performance. Finally, the safety benchmark of WB performance indicators is calculated comprehensively using a weighted aggregation approach based on the DEMATEL-based ANP (DANP) method. A blowout accident is used as a case study to show how this model can evaluate the level of drilling safety. The result of this study shows:(i) how DANP can be applied to determine the relative weight of WB performance indicators for the proposed model based on analyzing the interdependency among their indicators; (ii) how DANP is able to assist decision makers in selecting an influential strategy for the risk mitigation of a blowout; (iii) how the proposed approach can quantitatively model the performance of WBs from the well planning process to the drilling operation using leading indicators and (iv) how policymaking, as one of the main risk controlling factors described in this model, can be applied in improving the performance of process safety.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Safety evaluations on unignited high-pressure methane jets impacting a spherical obstacle

    Parisi A.Rota R.Busini V.Colombini C....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Nowadays methane is a fossil fuel widely used both in industries and in civil appliances. From the safety point of view, due to its flammability, its use implies hazards for people and assets. The hazardous area related to a high-pressure jet of methane arising from an accidental loss of containment requires the estimation of the distance at which the methane concentration falls below the Lower Flammability limit. Such a topic is well covered in the literature when considering free jet conditions, i.e., jets that do not interact with any equipment or surface. The same cannot be said for high pressure jets impacting an obstacle. In this context, the present work focuses on studying high pressure methane jets impacting spherical obstacles by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics with the aim of giving some insights about such a jet-obstacle interaction, possibly providing a brief by-hand procedure that, only based on known scenario information, allows to estimate the maximum extent of the unignited high-pressure jet when interacting with a spherical obstacle.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Analysis of accidents at municipal wastewater treatment plants in Europe

    Travnicek P.Junga P.Vitez T.Kotek L....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The article deals with the still not much described issue of the process safety of municipal wastewater treatment plants. An author's database describing 232 accidents was created. These accidents were firstly classified into categories. Basic statistics, including an analysis of the number of accidents, were subsequently implemented for these categories. The potential consequences of accidents on human lives, the environment, and property have been referred to. An important part of the article is a description of the causes of accidents, which also points out the possibilities of how to prevent the respective accidents. Special attention is paid to the storage and handling of hazardous chemicals. The analysis of the information contained in the database shows that the environment is most often damaged in the event of an accident at WWTP; this occurs in 58% of cases, the most common cause being device or structural failure. It also transpires that a significant number of accidents at WWTPs are caused by extreme weather conditions, such as torrential rains, floods, etc., totalling 13% of all accidents. It can be estimated that, due to the higher frequency of extreme weather conditions, the number of such accidents will increase. WWTP operators should be prepared for this.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Integrating flare gas with cogeneration system: Hazard identification using process simulation

    Sarkar S.Quddus N.Mannan M.S.El-Halwagi M.M....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Flare gas integration with a cogeneration plant benefits from utilizing waste gases containing high heating value hydrocarbons as a supplemental fuel to the boilers. A key challenge in integrating flare gas with a cogeneration system is the need to ensure operational safety and satisfactory performance. Conventional hazard identification techniques require collective team knowledge, experience, and information about the process. Because of the limited information on a new flare gas integrated cogeneration plant, unawareness of warning signals, inability to predicts specific atypical scenarios, or general limitations in organizational systems, it is possible for the evaluation team to miss potential risks associated with the process. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a model to identify process hazards through process simulation, sensitivity analysis, and data evaluation during the initial stages of process design. The model uses commercial software Aspen HYSYS for process simulation. In sensitivity analysis, manipulated variables are systematically selected based on scenario predictive methods, and the variations in the processes are analyzed using linear regression models to develop quantitative insights without information loss. The model investigated the effect of variable flare gas conditions and their quality on the existing fired gas boiler. Results showed that the flare gas temperature has a nominal effect on the process. However, changes in flare gas composition - high hydrogen carryover (above 70 mol% with CH4 or above 40 mol% with C2H4) can affect the boilers radiation zone temperature and combustion profile inside the firebox. If not prevented, these events can further amplify to loss-control events such as flame impingement, firebox instability, steam explosion, and tube rupture.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A computational framework for electrification of liquid flows

    Calero M.Papalexandris M.V.Grosshans H.
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Flow electrification constitutes a significant hazard to operational safety in industry and for this reason it has been studied in detail over the years. It is generally accepted that the impact of turbulence on the electrification of liquids is of paramount importance. More specifically, at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers and for low-conductivity liquids such as hydrocarbons, the thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary layer can become comparable to that of the electrical double layer. This can lead to increased charge diffusion towards the bulk of the flow and, subsequently, flow electrification. However, quantitative information of the underpinning mechanisms of this phenomenon is still lacking. In this paper we present a computational framework for the study of electrification of liquid flows via numerical simulations. In the first part of the paper, we present the governing equations and describe the proposed algorithm and its implementation in pafiX, which is a computational tool for the simulation of fluid flows related to explosion protection. In the second part, we present results from numerical tests that we performed in order to access the efficiency of the proposed computational framework.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier