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Security Journal
Perpetuity Press Ltd.
Security Journal

Perpetuity Press Ltd.

0955-1662

Security Journal/Journal Security JournalSSCIISSHP
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    What is the role of private intelligence in the Slovak Republic? Legal and practical aspects of private detective services

    Boros, MartinZvakova, ZuzanaSoltes, ViktorVel'as, Andrej...
    27页
    查看更多>>摘要：The article focuses on legal and practical aspects of private detective services in the Slovak Republic (further Slovakia). The article is divided into two parts. The first part is theoretical and provides the reader with a description of the legal environment in Slovakia and explains its impact on private detective services. The section devoted to legal aspects deals with the legal environment codifying the activities of private detectives, in particular persons conducting searches but also operators of private detective services-entrepreneurs providing their clients with a specific product-information. The part which deals with practical aspects discusses development and current situation in the field of private detective services in Slovakia while this part is focused on the number of private detective service operators and their share on the private security market in Slovakia and on the findings of research which was conducted among operators of private detective services. The research aimed at supplementing information about developments in private security and identifying problems encountered by operators of private detective services. The data for the processing of the practical part were obtained by questionnaire research and interviews as well as from publicly available statistical data in the field of private security.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    'Beyond military might': Boko Haram and the asymmetries of counter-insurgency in Nigeria

    Okoli, Al ChukwumaLenshie, Nsemba Edward
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：Boko Haram insurgency has presented a peculiar theatre of unconventional warfare. The combat dynamics of the belligerents have oscillated between the asymmetries of hard and soft violence. While the insurgents have been able to sustain their violent campaign mainly through tactical opportunism based on irregular strategies, including suicide terrorism, the government forces have been locked in intractable counter-insurgency operations where their military might has often been demystified and overwhelmed by the irregular strategies of the insurgents. This has resulted in a precarious and protracted counter-insurgency scenario in which the dynamics of violence tend to have put the government forces under sapping pressure, whilst the insurgent forces have prevailed in an asymmetrical advantage. The way out of this intractable violence is for the government to be pragmatic in its current combat-offensive counter-insurgency by adopting a hybrid approach that is capable of countering both the military and non-military dimensions of the terror-insurgency conundrum.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Ambient lighting, use of outdoor spaces and perceptions of public safety: evidence from a survey experiment

    Kaplan, JacobChalfin, Aaron
    31页
    查看更多>>摘要：Observational evidence suggests that better ambient lighting leads people to feel safer when spending time outdoors in their community. We subject this finding to greater scrutiny and elaborate on the extent to which improvements in street lighting affect routine activities during nighttime hours. We report evidence from a survey experiment that examines individuals' perceptions of safety under two different intensities of nighttime ambient lighting. Brighter street lighting leads individuals to feel safer and over half of survey respondents are willing to pay an additional $400 per year in taxes in order to finance a hypothetical program which would replace dim yellow street lights with brighter LED lights. However, poor lighting does not change people's willingness to spend time outdoors or to engage in behaviors which mitigate risk. Results suggest that street lighting is a means through which policymakers can both control crime and improve community well-being.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Public perceptions of dangerous places: sources of variability in evaluating criminogenic environments

    Miethe, Terance D.Venger, Olesya
    29页
    查看更多>>摘要：Using an experimental design within a large national survey, the current study examines the impact of the physical location, its surrounding area, and situational elements in photos of urban landscapes on public perceptions of dangerous places. Both multivariate regression and conjunctive analyses indicate that these ratings are strongly influenced by nature of the location (e.g., alleys, streets, parking garages, residential areas), the level of disorder in its surrounding area, and, especially, the presence of a firearm in these urban landscapes. The gender and race of individuals within the urban settings had no significant impact on these ratings. The results of this study are discussed in terms of their implications for future research on perceptions of dangerous places, the individual and situational cues underlying these perceptions, and understanding the contextual variability in public reactions to crime and incidents of police use of force.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Post-amnesty peacebuilding and restiveness in the Niger Delta: what do grassroots narratives suggest?

    Agwu, Prince C.Nwangwu, ChikodiriOkoye, Uzoma O.
    23页
    查看更多>>摘要：The Presidential Amnesty Programme in Nigeria is perceived as a mere contrivance designed to foster the exploitation of oil resources in the Niger Delta. This is because evidence indicates that a significant number of the registered ex-militants are yet to be reintegrated into the society, while others have relapsed into militancy or other criminal activities. Although studies have interrogated some components of the amnesty programme, the reintegration phase is still problematic and has not received sufficient scholarly attention. As a result, the resurgence of environmental activism and youth restiveness underlines the need for further interrogation of peacebuilding efforts in the post-conflict Niger Delta. Moreover, the tendency to interpret the resurgence of militancy and cult violence as a reflection of the erstwhile militants' insatiability is not supported by the prevailing existential conditions and lived experiences of people in the Niger Delta. This study reinforces the claim that the surviving militant groups are not adequately integrated into the circuit of economic prosperity expected from the amnesty programme. Using qualitative-dominant data from 80 participants in Rivers State, among others, this study, a grassroots assessment of the amnesty programme, reveals that the reintegration phase of the programme remains knotty. The findings suggest that the programme has further fuelled restiveness in the region, albeit inadvertently, with its concomitant threat to security in the Gulf of Guinea.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Public parks and crimes of property: get out there and enjoy the sunshine, lock your cars, and hide your bike

    Eybergen, CoryAndresen, Martin A.
    24页
    查看更多>>摘要：Cities promote the distribution of more and better greenspaces across their urbanized areas. These spaces are not, however, well received in all quarters, and a particular category of greenspace, the public park, is often lamented for its relationship with crime.his has been found true of parks, but little has been done to disaggregate the impact of park types or their location within the city. This study conducts such an investigation to identify the effects of different types of parks and to identify any differences of those effects across space. After accounting for the unique socio-economic and demographic circumstances of different areas within a particular Canadian city, London, Ontario, it is found that only very few parks are connected with higher rates of property crime.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Using hotspot analysis to prioritize security efforts in Colombian critical infrastructure, a focus on the power grid

    Holmes, Jennifer S.Callenes, MercedezOrtiz, NeilCardenas, Alvaro...
    22页
    查看更多>>摘要：To effectively protect critical infrastructure, it is essential to identify vulnerable areas for priority protection. The use of geographic information systems has increased over the last few decades for crime activity and the identification of delinquency hotspots. This study analyzes the areas of a power grid that are exposed to a higher than the average risk of terrorist attacks. One of the concerns for operation managers and policy makers is that subversive groups may have "inside" information to perform the attacks and create a critical failure that puts more pressure on the operational condition of the power grid. We use exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and information from the Colombian power grid to prompt the question: why hotspots emerge in some parts of the power grid, but not in others? The theoretical framework of attacks in the power grid operation exists but need to be corroborated with historical events that reflect such possible way of action. To this end, we perform a Getis-Ord Gi* hotspot analysis to direct attention to areas that are both under attack and critical in terms of operational risks that could affect the reliability and provision of critical services such as power generation and distribution. This subnational case study of Colombia uses data from XM and InterColombia (managers and operators of the Colombian power grid) to identify the areas of electrical infrastructure that have been most attacked and explain the motivations at the local level that the subversive groups have had to attack these areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    A comparison of target types, weapon types, and attack types in suicide-terrorism incidents before and after 9/11 terrorist attacks

    Demir, MustafaGuler, Ahmet
    26页
    查看更多>>摘要：The empirical research on the effects of 9/11 attacks on suicide terrorism is limited. The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on attack types, weapon types, and target types in suicide terrorism worldwide and the trends in the suicide attack outcomes before and after 9/11. The data were obtained from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and included suicide-terrorism incidents between 1981 and 2018. The results of monthly interrupted time-series analyses and negative binomial regression tests comparing pre-9/11 and post-9/11 showed that the 9/11 terrorist attacks had significant impacts on the target types, attack types, and weapon types in suicide-terrorism incidents. The results, limitations, and policy implications are discussed.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    A family affair? Exploratory insights into the role of family members of those who joined jihadist groups

    Weggemans, DaanLiem, Mariekevan der Zwan, Marieke
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：Since 2012, thousands of individuals have traveled from Western countries to join jihadist groups in Syria and Iraq. While much has been written about these individuals, only sparse attention has been paid to the social environment of these jihadist travelers and, more specific, the role of family members in their radicalization, joining and returning from jihadist groups. In order to gain greater insight into the roles of the families of foreign fighters, we conducted a literature analysis and interviews with both relatives of individuals who left the Netherlands to join a jihadist group, or who had plans to do so, and dozens of professionals who had relevant knowledge and expertise. Our findings contradict the assumption that families automatically play a strong role that is either restraining or encouraging. Rather, the results indicate that the influence of family members is often rather limited and can best be understood as latent and passive. We also found that radicalized individuals themselves regularly try to recruit their family members to the cause. These insights can be an important starting point for further policy development. It highlights that the prevention of radicalization and the fostering of reintegration is a collective effort-rather than an individual responsibility of families. We also conclude that, with the coming of age of the jihadist phenomenon in the West, it is possible that in the future we will witness more cases of families who have directly encouraged a jihadist radicalization process or a journey to a jihadist combat zone in the future. While it is still very uncertain how this will develop in the next decades, more research seems warranted on the intergenerational transfer of extremist ideals and behavior within families living in Western societies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature

    Security and urban satisfaction: developing a model based on safe urban park design components extracted from users' preferences

    Gholipour, SoudabehMahdiNejad, Jamal-e-DinSaleh Sedghpour, Bahram
    30页
    查看更多>>摘要：Nowadays, the feeling of fear and the lack of security in urban environment, in particular parks, are considered as the main concerns in public health. Thus, users' characteristics should be considered for meeting the requirements for planning and designing urban parks. The aim of the study is to explain influential factors and to develop users' preferences model related to components affecting security in urban parks. Our research method is based on descriptive-survey and attitude measurement. Therefore, we extracted the variables from the distributed open-ended questionnaire among the 250 park users based on content analysis technique. Then, we determined the effective factors and criteria for the sense of security, using approaches suggested by theorists, literature reviews on urban security and interviews with experts in urban planning. We therefore developed a closed questionnaire to measure users' preferences and distributed the questionnaire to the 250 park users one more time. By analysing the extracted data using Exploratory Factor Analysis in SPSS, we obtained eight explanatory factors based on the users' preferences, including artificial elements design, control and surveillance, planting design, readability, physical accessibility, aesthetics, activity patterns, and space size and extent. The approximate share of each eight factors in explaining variance was 9.304, 7.673, 7.485, 7.310, 7.260, 6.146, 6.024, and 5.592, respectively. Finally, we extracted an empirical model from eight exploratory factors in Amos.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Springer Nature