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Agricultural Water Management
Elsevier
Agricultural Water Management

Elsevier

0378-3774

Agricultural Water Management/Journal Agricultural Water ManagementSCIISTPEI
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    Physical, chemical and biological emitter clogging behaviors in drip irrigation systems using high-sediment loaded water

    Shen Y.Li M.Xiao Y.Li Q....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.High-sediment water in drip irrigation (HSWDI) technology offers the opportunity to alleviate water shortages in agricultural irrigation. Emitter clogging, caused by active suspended particles, salt ions, and microorganisms present in water with high sediment load, poses considerable technical challenges to HSWDI. To date, emitter blockage of HSWDI is attributed to physical clogging, little is known about the physical, chemical, and biological clogging behaviors and their interactions for HSWDI. Here, X-ray diffraction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were applied to determine the physicochemical minerals and microbial community structure of the foulants for HSWDI, using three types of flat emitters and two fertilization modes (no-fertigation and fertigation with ammonium polyphosphate, APP). Results indicated that HSWDI emitter clogging was not only caused by physical clogging (induced by particulates) but also caused by chemical clogging (i.e., precipitates) and biological clogging (i.e., biofilms). The main particulates in HSWDI were found to be quartz (accounting for 41.8–56.3% of total clogging foulants) and feldspar (13.6–21.1%), while the precipitates that contained calcite, dolomite and aragonite contributed 14.6–26.7%. The dominant flora in foulants were Proteobacteria (relative abundance ranged: 41.7–53.9%) and Bacteroidetes (13.6–17.3%). Moreover, the coupling effect of three types of fouling was the main reason affecting clogging (accounting for 36.3%), while the effect of two or single fouling was less (accounting for 14.4–25.3% and 0.7–2.6%). In addition, APP application caused the increase in microbial diversity and the proliferation of microorganisms, resulting in the interactions between biofilm and other two foulants (i.e., precipitates and particulates) were exacerbated, thus aggravating emitter clogging. This study opens a frontier for the investigation of physical, chemical, and biological clogging behavior, in-depth clogging mechanisms, and anti-clogging measures for HSWDI, which will facilitate the utilization of high-sediment water in agricultural irrigation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Increased profitability and energy savings potential with the use of precision irrigation

    Souza S.A.Rodrigues L.N.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Energy is currently one of the main production costs in irrigated agriculture and its cost must always be considered in irrigation projects. In regions such as the Brazilian Cerrado, where there is a continuous growth of irrigated agriculture, it is important to evaluate technologies that can increase the efficiency and viability of irrigation. Precision irrigation has great potential to increase the economic return on rural properties with a reduction in electricity consumption. The present work aimed to evaluate the increased profitability and energy savings potential of the soybean crop using precision irrigation with a center pivot. To evaluate the potential benefits of precision irrigation (PI), irrigation demand was simulated through modeling. The irrigation computer model was developed in Python language. The study was carried out in the area of two center pivots with soils with different hydro-physical characteristics. Soil available water capacity (AWC) was calculated based on field capacity, permanent wilting point and bulk density data. The irrigation management under homogeneous soil conditions was carried out considering the lowest, the average, and the highest AWC value. The management under variable conditions was carried out individually for each pixel, considering the real AWC value of the pixel. Also, four sowing dates of the soybean crop were considered in a rainy year and a dry year. The results indicated an average energy savings potential (ESP) of 5.0% in the rainy year and 4.5% in the dry year. The average potential for increasing profitability (IPP) was 20.4% in the rainy year and 12.5% in the dry year. The use of PI can reach ESPs of up to 25.3% and IPPs of up to 106.2%. The benefits documented here are an important step towards the development of precision irrigation as an efficient irrigation management strategy.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Response of yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes to water and salt stresses and biochar addition in Northwest China

    Wu Z.Qiu Y.Hao X.Li S....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Improving productivity of saline soils under drought condition is critical for sustainable agricultural development in arid areas. Whether biochar addition can interact with drought and salinity on fruit yield and quality remains unclear. A pot study was conducted to examine the effects of water, salinity and biochar addition on tomato yield and quality in a solar greenhouse of northwest China. There were twelve treatments combining two irrigation levels of high (W1) and low irrigation (W2 = 2/3 W1), three salinity levels with 0%, 0.3% and 0.6% of soil dry weight salts, referred to S0, S1, and S2, respectively, and two biochar addition levels with 0 (B0) and 1% (B1) of soil dry weight. Biochar, water, salinity, and the interaction between water and salinity were found significant affecting yield and irrigation water productivity (IWP). Biochar addition reduced yield and IWP, ranging from by 7% of W2S0 to 43% of W1S2. The difference in yield and IWP between W1 and W2 was greater for lower salinity treatments. The reduction percentage of W2, relative to W1, was 70%, 38%, and 29% for yield, 58%, 14%, and 0.9% for IWP under S0, S1, and S2, respectively. The effects of water, salinity and biochar treatments was found inconsistent for different quality parameters. Adding biochar had no significant effect on firmness, and slightly increased total soluble solids (TSS) and Vitamin C (VC) at both irrigation levels, while lower irrigation and higher salinity generally led to higher TSS and VC. The absolute slope value of the linear regression of yield and quality parameters with soil electrical conductivity was smaller under W2, relative to W1, indicating that the salinity effect was less pronounced when water stress was greater. The results are valuable in developing and evaluating remedy measures for improving saline soil productivity in arid areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Quantifying the impacts of agricultural alteration and climate change on the water cycle dynamics in a headwater catchment of Lake Urmia Basin

    Rahmani J.Danesh-Yazdi M.
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The rapid shrinkage of Lake Urmia over the past two decades has raised serious environmental concerns. Several restoration plans have been proposed to reduce agricultural water consumption to supply a remarkable fraction of the lake's environmental flow requirement. However, an accurate and realistic evaluation of the effectiveness of these plans in reducing agricultural water consumption across the basin is still poorly understood. This study assessed the water-saving potential of agricultural alteration in a snow-dominated catchment in the Lake Urmia Basin. In particular, we explored the impact of crop pattern alteration via reducing the cultivation area and employing different irrigation systems. We further studied the degree of extra stress on the agricultural water demand under the future trends of air temperature and precipitation due to climate change. To this end, we developed a three-dimensional physically-based hydrological model that simulated the main processes involved in the water and energy cycles. In this setting, a surface-groundwater model was coupled to a land-surface model that integratively computed the spatiotemporal variability of evapotranspiration, snowmelt, groundwater, and soil moisture in the root zone, among other processes. Pumping from wells and different irrigation systems were also included in the model. The results showed that a reduction in the cultivation area does not necessarily lead to a significant saving in the total water loss due to evapotranspiration, which strongly depends on the trade-off between the decrease in transpiration and the increase in soil evaporation. We further found that saving in agricultural water consumption is partly controlled by topography and the vertical distribution of soil moisture. Also, the drip irrigation system showed lower evapotranspiration rates than the spray irrigation system. Finally, the study of the future impacts of climate change revealed that the agriculture sector would be under more intensive stress, which poses a severe threat to the long-term restoration of Lake Urmia if effective agricultural management practices are not taken into consideration. The findings of this study highlight important issues for the Lake Urmia restoration plans on agricultural water management. Given the fragility of the lake ecosystem, this study suggests a reliable modeling framework for water and agricultural managers to identify the most appropriate regions in the basin that would yield the highest saving in agricultural water consumption by improving the current crop patterns and irrigation systems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Biocrusts as a nature-based strategy (NbS) improve soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and maize productivity in semiarid environment

    Wang W.Wang B.-Z.Zhao Z.-Y.Wang P.-Y....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Biological soil crust (BSC) as a nature-based strategy has a great potential to restore soil and water in arid and semi-arid natural ecosystems. Yet, little is known about its effects on soil fertility and productivity as affected by the BSC inoculation in agroecosystems. We hypothesis that BSC inoculation can improve soil quality, while increasing crop productivity and economic benefits in semiarid rainfed region. To address this issue, we carried out field experiment using forage maize (Zea mays L.) from 2018 to 2019, with four treatments as follows: 1) conventional flat planting (control, CK), 2) flat planting with the inoculation of BSC (BSC), 3) ridge-furrow planting (RF), and 4) sectional ridge-furrow planting (SRF). The results showed that BSC inoculation significantly enhanced maize shoot and root biomass by 53–63 % and 30–67 % accordingly (P < 0.05), compared with CK in two growing seasons.Also, BSC treatment slightly increased soil water content and soil temperature, while significantly decreasing soil pH and soil bulk density, relative to CK, RF and SRF (P < 0.05). Compared with CK, the BSC inoculation markedly improved soil microbial biomass carbon by 54 % and nitrogen by 52%, soil organic carbon by 21 %, and total nitrogen by 30% respectively (P < 0.05) Critically, the contents of above four parameters were 42 %, 32 %, 19 % and 32 % greater in BSC than RF and SRF, respectively (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, the BSC significantly decreased soil C/N ratio by 7 %, while SRF and RF slightly decreased C/N ratio by 0.2 % and 2 % only, in comparison with CK. Interestingly, soil C&N mineralization efficiency were significantly greater in the BSC treatment than CK, RF and SRF (P < 0.05). In addition, the economic benefit under BSC was the highest relative to other three planting systems In conclusion, BSC can be used as a nature-based strategy (NbS) to improve soil properties, promote microbial C&N uptake and utilization via enhancing C&N mineralization and lowering C-N ratio. In conclusion, BSC can act as a green solution to achieve high productivity and promote soil fertility in semiarid agricultural ecosystem.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effect of drip-line layout and irrigation amount on yield, irrigation water use efficiency, and quality of short-season tomato in Northwest China

    Guo L.Cao H.Wu X.Li H....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Greenhouse tomato cropping with under-mulch drip irrigation is common in arid and semi-arid Northwest China. To investigate the influence of drip-line layout and irrigation amount on yield, fruit quality, irrigation water use efficiency, and comprehensive benefit of tomato production, the experiment was conducted during two cropping seasons of spring to summer in 2015 and winter in 2015 to spring in 2016. In these two cropping seasons, two drip-line layout types were conducted, including a one drip-line for each plant-row and a one drip-line for two plant-rows, with four levels of irrigation amount, i.e., 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 times of accumulated evaporation of a 20 cm standard pan. The results showed that one drip-line for two plant-rows outperformed one drip-line for each plant-row in achieving higher yield and irrigation water use efficiency with the same irrigation amount. In these two drip-line layouts, tomato yield increased at first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation amount; while irrigation water use efficiency decreased all the way with the increase of irrigation amount. A principal component analysis demonstrated that the combination of one drip-line for each plant-row and 1.0 times of pan evaporation obtained the highest comprehensive fruit nutritional quality among all combinations of drip-line layout and irrigation amount in spring-summer season; while the combination of one drip-line for two plant-rows and 0.8 times of pan evaporation had the highest comprehensive fruit quality in winter-spring season. To purse high comprehensive benefits, combinations of one drip-line for two plant-rows and 0.8 times of pan evaporation, and one drip-line for each plant-row and 0.6 times of pan evaporation should be recommended for spring-summer and winter spring cropping seasons, respectively. The findings of this study can provide irrigation guidance for greenhouse tomato growing in Northwest China.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Improving fertigation efficiency by numerical modelling in a lettuce subsurface drip irrigation farm

    Nayebloie F.Kouchakzadeh M.Ebrahimi K.Homaee M....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Management strategies that lead to efficient fertigation are essential to minimize nitrate (N) leakage and environmental issues and to optimize crop yield. A helpful way for agricultural water and nutrient management is studying the water and solute movement by models. The objective of this study is to use the Hydrus-2D model to evaluate different nitrate fertigation strategies for improving fertigation management efficiency. The model was calibrated and validated for 2-years field unpublished data with Iceberg Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) for Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) system under wastewater strategies. The validation of the water content model showed that the maximum and average of RMSE are equal to 1.2 and 0.7 cm3/cm3, respectively. Also, the Hydrus model performance was acceptable to simulate soil water content. The results of the soil Nitrate movement model showed the average RMSE is 2.77 mg/l with R2 = 0.97. Different scenarios in fertigation intervals, fertigation time, replacement of drip line, nitrate concentration of wastewater, different nitrate concentrations, and times of fertigation through the growing season were defined. The results of these scenarios analyze to find maximum water uptake and minimum deep percolation, which help to achieve a drip irrigation design with minimal losses and the best efficiency. Scenario results showed that reducing fertigation time by 60% and halving the fertigation interval increase the uptake of water and nitrate by 3.89% and 11.55%, while the rate of deep percolation decreased by 27%. The results of dripline replacement scenarios showed that the depth of 12 cm, without moving in the horizontal direction, has created more favorable conditions. The result of increasing nitrate concentration shows that up to 24.2 mg/l nitrate concentration, increment the plant nitrate uptake by 63.25%, however increasing more than 36.6 mg/l of nitrate concentration had no significant effect on plant nitrate uptake. For finding the best time of fertigation through the growing season, 42 scenarios were defined. All applied nitrate injected into 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 11 irrigation events equally, form 6 fertigation strategies of F, B, T, Q, E, and C respectively. Based on which irrigation number, fertigation strategies start, indices 1–11 are assigned to these 6 fertigation strategies. Based on the results, the best fertigation strategies in this study, were F5, B4, T3, and Q3, which have minimum nitrate leaching losses of 17.79%, 19.9%, 20.8%, and 20.0%, respectively, while had high root nitrate uptake equal to 25.1%, 26.3%, 26.6%, and 26.6%, respectively. Therefore, fertigation of lettuce is most efficient at 22–30 days after planting, equal to 30–38 days before harvesting for the silty clay loam lettuce farm, under SDI at 12 cm depth conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Spatial and temporal variations of maize and wheat yield gaps and their relationships with climate in China

    Li X.Zhao C.Li N.Gao Y....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.With the growth in population over the past decades, China's food demand has been increasing. However, crops are facing greater water stress with the rising temperature and increasing drought in future. Therefore, identifying potential crop yield and its driving factors is necessary to ensure continued food production. In the present study, we estimated the potential yields of maize and wheat in China, with and without water limits, from 1985 to 2015 using a simple generic crop model (SIMPLE). We then investigated how climate factors (temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation) drove the spatial and temporal variation of yield gaps (quantified as the difference between potential yields with and without water limits). We found an increasing trend in the water limited yield gap of maize in northern China (3.9 ± 4.3 kg ha-1 yr-2) and wheat in central China (2.6 ± 2.4 kg ha-1 yr-2). The temporal trends of maize and wheat yield gaps in China were mainly related to precipitation and temperature. However, the spatial variation in maize yield gap trends was mainly related to the variations in precipitation, whereas for wheat it was attributed to changes in temperature or solar radiation. Upgrading irrigation infrastructure and management techniques or spatially adjusting crop types could help closing the yield gap of wheat in some zones.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Multi-scale ecological operation model of reservoir group coupled with ecological infiltration irrigation

    Liu D.Deng M.Bai T.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Aiming at the extensive management problems in ecological operation and ecological irrigation, this paper proposed a novel ecological irrigation method—ecological infiltration irrigation (EII), and established a multi-scale ecological operation model of reservoir group coupled with EII for the irrigation and restoration of river valley grasslands. Firstly, the ecological available water supplies in ecological periods were obtained by long-term ecological operation. Then, reservoirs on mainstream and tributaries gathered flood peaks through real-time ecological operation to create artificial ecological flood processes. Finally, by the joint operation of EII projects, the water level of artificial flood was raised, and the artificial flood was controllably introduced into irrigation districts for the precision irrigation of river valley grasslands. The rationality of ecological operation model and the feasibility of EII technology were then verified through case analysis. Results indicate that: (1) through the 5–9–13 division of ecological irrigation districts, analysis of the ecological water demand, multi-scale ecological operation, EII technology and projects, and other measures, suitable artificial floods can be created and fully introduced into ecological irrigation districts to realize the timely and appropriate irrigation of river valley grasslands; (2) in the critical ecological period in 2018, the core protected area was basically fully irrigated through EII, with an effective irrigation rate of 82.4% and a vegetation coverage of 74.8%, which basically met the ecological water demand of river valley forests and grasses; and (3) for animal husbandry, after using EII technology for grassland irrigation, the average forage yield of river valley grasslands has an increase of 25%, and the direct economic benefit has an average increase of 18.9 million yuan per year, effectively improving the economic income of local herdsmen. The research results have important theoretical and practical significance for the ecological protection and restoration of river valley vegetation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Developing hybrid data-intelligent method using Boruta-random forest optimizer for simulation of nitrate distribution pattern

    Jamei M.Maroufpoor S.Aminpour Y.Karbasi M....
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.One of the critical factors in the optimal design of drip-fertigation systems is determining the distribution of nitrate in the soil. Handling such a complex non-linear process is challenging. The main goal of this study is to develop an accurate hybrid Boruta Random Forest (BRF)-Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) integrated with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to estimate the nitrate concentration (NO3?) in the distribution system. In addition to applying ANN and support vector regression (SVR) methods, various training algorithms and kernel functions are used as standalone validation models to evaluate the robustness of the WOA-ANN model for nitrate pattern estimation. The algorithm uses 11 variables extracted from the experimental study, which are optimally arranged in five input combinations employing the BRF Feature Selection (FS) and regression analyses. The statistical and diagnostic analyses showed that the BRF-FS is the best approach to optimize the WOA-ANN model. The proposed approach provided the best metrics (i.e. R=0.962, RMSE=0.029 mg/L, MAE=0.024, and U95%=0.056) and improved the ANN's accuracy by 30%. It also outperformed the ANN (R=0.913 and RMSE=0.042 mg/L) and SVR (R=0.901 and RMSE=0.045 mg/L) when applied to estimate the NO3? values. An external validation analysis showed the robustness of all applied machine learning models. Moreover, the significant scoring assessment also showed that when using the BRF-FS approach, the initial nitrate concentration in soil (N0) and nitrate concentration in irrigation water (F?NO3?) had the most influence on the estimation of nitrate pattern, respectively.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier