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Agricultural Water Management
Elsevier
Agricultural Water Management

Elsevier

0378-3774

Agricultural Water Management/Journal Agricultural Water ManagementSCIISTPEI
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    How agricultural water use efficiency varies in China—A spatial-temporal analysis considering unexpected outputs

    Zhang F.Xiao Y.Ma D.Yang Q....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Chinese agricultural production has grown rapidly over the past two decades. However, expanding large-scale production faces a sharp conflict with the supply of water resources. Meanwhile, to adapt to changes in consumer preferences and protect the environment, both the livestock and crop industries had to input more to achieve a high output of meat and grains and low graywater footprint emission. Using provincial panel data of China from 2008 to 2019, this study adopted a slacked-based model to measure the country's agricultural water use efficiency (AWUE) that considered graywater from crop and livestock production as an unexpected output. Based on the concept of sustainable development, using the graywater footprint as an undesired output included environmental pollution caused by agricultural production as part of the cost and could more accurately measure the water efficiency of current production. We also applied the Tobit model to identify the main factors influencing AWUE. Our results indicated the following. (1) Wealthy provinces produced more graywater than did poor provinces. If the province's gross domestic product climbed, the volume of graywater of livestock would surpass graywater of crops by a greater amount. (2) The AWUE in Southwest and South China fitted a “U” trend, while the remaining five regions showed an inverted U-shaped tendency. (3) To improve the AWUE, it is necessary to increase the crop area of economic crops and expand the scale of the livestock industry; compared with investment in irrigation infrastructure, investment in research and experimental development produces higher marginal benefits in enhancing the AWUE. (4) Environmental regulations inhibit the improvement of the AWUE, while irrigation infrastructure significantly improves the AWUE.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Mechanisms underlying nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen leaching from potato fields under drip irrigation and furrow irrigation

    Yu Y.Jiao Y.Yang W.Song C....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Irrigation methods can affect nitrogen loss in agricultural soil. Exploring the effects of different irrigation methods on soil nitrogen losses in arid areas can provide a basis for more effective water and fertilizer management. A 2-year field experiment was performed, using a static chamber and soil solution extractor, to quantify nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrogen leaching from upland soils during various potato plant growth stages. The treatments included drip fertigation without fertilizer, drip fertigation + 500 kg N /hm2, drip fertigation + 1000 kg N /hm2, furrow irrigation without fertilizer, furrow irrigation + 500 kg N /hm2, and furrow irrigation + 1000 kg N /hm2. N2O emissions and nitrogen leaching were significantly different at the different potato growth stages (P＜0.01). Under both irrigation methods, the peak N2O emissions appeared during the tuber setting and swelling stages, and the total emission ratios of the two stages under each treatment in these two periods were 56–89% in 2018 and 2019. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2?) plays a crucial role in N2O emissions. A significant peak in N2O emissions was found to be related to the existence of NO2?. The correlation coefficient between NO2? concentration and N2O emissions reached 0.6413 (P＜0.05). Leaching losses also peaked during the tuber setting and swelling stages, with ratios of 51.14–84.22%. Compared with furrow irrigation, the N2O emissions from drip irrigation were decreased by 34.10–81.36%, nitrogen leaching decreased by 35.26–68.35%, and the N2O emission intensity decreased by 40.0–86.9%. Drip irrigation can effectively decrease nitrogen losses, and is an effective strategy to save water, to mitigate the emission of atmospheric pollutants such as N2O, and reduce nitrogen leaching.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Irrigation-induced hydrothermal variation affects greenhouse gas emissions and crop production

    Wang C.Zhao J.Laraib I.Shang M....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Production and consumption of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from agricultural soil largely depend on soil temperature and moisture. Previous studies regarding the relationships between soil temperature and moisture and GHG emissions mainly considered the upper soil depth and lacked information on the deeper soil depth. Here, we for the first time explored the relationships between hydrothermal conditions at the soil surface to a depth of 100 cm and GHG emissions in a typical winter wheat?summer maize cropping system, and then evaluated yield, crop water productivity (WP), global warming potential (GWP), and GHG intensity (GHGI) under four irrigation schedules (W1, pre-sowing irrigation; W2, pre-sowing + jointing irrigation; W3, pre-sowing + anthesis irrigation; W4, pre-sowing + jointing + anthesis irrigation). Regardless of the irrigation schedule, the soil acted as a source of GHGs for the wheat?maize system. Small differences in irrigation-related soil temperature were detected, while volumetric soil water content (VSWC) in the different soil depths varied greatly. Soil temperature and VSWC in the 0–100 cm and 0–50 cm soil depths of the wheat?maize system were positively correlated with CO2 and N2O fluxes. Soil temperature in the 0–70 cm soil depth positively affected CH4 flux, whereas positive and negative correlations were observed between VSWC in the 0–40 cm and 50–90 cm soil depths and CH4 flux, respectively. An improper irrigation period under the W3 treatment lowered crop yield, and excessive irrigation under the W4 treatment caused increased water consumption and GHG emissions. The W2 treatment improved yield by 5.6–6.2% and 2.2–3.1%, increased WP by 5.0–8.1% and 12.8–13.1%, decreased GWP by 2.8–3.1% and 6.0–6.6%, and reduced GHGI by 8.6–9.4% and 9.0–9.2% compared to the W3 and W4 treatments, respectively. This study highlights the importance of the effect of the hydrothermal conditions in different soil depths on GHG emissions and an adequate irrigation schedule for improving yield, saving water, and mitigating GHGs.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Leaf- and ecosystem-scale water use efficiency and their controlling factors of a kiwifruit orchard in the humid region of Southwest China

    Jiang S.Zhao L.Liang C.Zheng S....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Understanding the characteristics of water use efficiency (WUE) and its controlling factors in the agricultural ecosystem can help us better understand the coupled process between water use and carbon assimilation spatially. The characteristics of the leaf- and ecosystem-level water, carbon and WUE variations as well as their drivers in a kiwifruit orchard were systematically analyzed during the growing seasons of 2018–2020. The results showed that leaf transpiration rate (Tr), net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and instantaneous WUE (WUEi) in exposed leaves were 2.25–2.77, 8.32–9.44 and 2.53–3.77 times higher than those of shaded leaves. Tr and Pn were significantly affected by photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and stomatal conductance (gs). Air temperature (Ta), leaf water vapor deficit (VPDl) and stomatal conductance (gs) affected WUEi through leaf water consumption, while PAR affected WUEi through leaf photosynthetic process. Averaged evapotranspiration (ET), gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem WUE (eWUE) were 551.30 ± 75.92 kg H2O m-2, 1475.37.59 ± 201.25 g C m-2 and 2.68 ± 0.04 g C kg?1 H2O, respectively. Global total radiation (Rg), Ta and VPD were the dominant climatic factors affecting ET and GPP, while Rg and wind speed (U2) were significantly correlated with eWUE (p < 0.01). WUEu, defined as the ratio of Pn·VPDl0.5 and Tr, could be considered as an effective indicator quantifying the coupled relationship between Tr and Pn·VPDl0.5 at the leaf scale. The coupled relationship between ET and GPP was strengthened after incorporating the effect of VPD on GPP due to reduced time lags among GPP, ET and VPD at the ecosystem scale. Rg, Ta, U2 and VPD contributed to greater effects through ET than that of GPP on eWUE, while the differences between them were reduced after incorporating VPD on GPP, which may be the source of the dependence of iWUE (GPP·VPD/ET) and uWUE (GPP·VPD/ET) on environmental conditions. This study enriches the scarce literature on what drives multi-scale water and carbon in a humid orchard and contributes to improving the understanding of the coupled process of water and carbon incorporating the effect of VPD at leaf and ecosystem scales.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of irrigation and fertilization on grain yield, water and nitrogen dynamics and their use efficiency of spring wheat farmland in an arid agricultural watershed of Northwest China

    Li Y.Huang G.Xiong Y.Huang Q....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Inappropriate irrigation and nitrogen application had caused low water and nitrogen use efficiency and severe NO3--N leaching in spring wheat field in the Wuliangshuhai lake watershed (WLSLW) of Northwest China. Thus, aimed at determining the rational irrigation and nitrogen fertilization for spring wheat in this area, field experiments were carried out in the 2019 and 2020 seasons to investigate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on soil water and nitrogen status, grain yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiency. Three irrigation levels, i.e., 180, 315, and 450 mm (I3, I2 and I1), and three nitrogen fertilization rates, i.e., 170, 250, and 340 kg N ha?1 (N3, N2 and N1) were respectively considered in the experiments. Results indicated that increasing irrigation depth increased root zone soil available water, and increasing nitrogen application could significantly enhance the available nitrogen content in root zone soils and the soil water utilization amount by wheat. Under the control treatment (I1N1), about 25–32% of the applied nitrogen was leached out of the root zone soils throughout the year. Compared to the control treatment, the I2N2 treatment could reduce NO3--N leaching by 32%, and increased the water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPn) by 33% and 44%, respectively. In addition, the highest yield and net profit of 8078 kg ha?1 and 1.82×104 Chinese Yuan ha?1 was achieved by the I2N2 treatment, respectively, and it was 6% higher than that of the control treatment. Therefore, considering the grain yield, WUE, PFPn, economic benefits and environmental impacts, the strategy of 315 mm irrigation and 250 kg N ha?1 nitrogen application is recommended for spring wheat in the arid agricultural watershed of Northwest China and areas with similar conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    On the use of orchards to support soil aquifer treatment systems

    Weisbrod N.Furman A.Raveh E.Grinshpan M....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is a practice used to enhance groundwater storage through intermittent percolation of treated wastewater effluent in designated infiltration basins. Due to proximity to urban regions, land availability for SAT infiltration basins is a limiting factor. Furthermore, with the growing population, SAT systems are faced with an increase in effluent volumes meant for recharge. The present study experimentally explores, for the first time, the feasibility of the short-term flooding of a citrus orchard with secondary effluent, as an alternative for an additional dedicated infiltration area for SAT, namely agricultural soil aquifer treatment (Ag-SAT). Orange trees were planted in two different agricultural setups, on flat soil and atop a ridge. Sporadic intermittent winter flooding experiments, lasting 24 and 48 h, were conducted. Volumetric water content (VWC) and oxidation-reduction conditions were continuously monitored. Concurrently, water samples were collected and analyzed for total organic carbon and nitrogen species, along with leaf health measurements. Results were compared to an adjacent control plot, where no flooding with effluent was applied. Contaminant removal rates under the ridge setup resembled active SAT basins. Moreover, chemical analysis of the water samples and VWC readings demonstrated that higher water quality and faster root zone aeration (following flooding) were obtained under the ridge, which appears to be the better Ag-SAT setup. According to a principal component analysis (PCA), the dissolved oxygen explains 75% of the variability of effluent chemistry under the ridge, illustrating that oxic conditions prevailed in this setup. This study demonstrates that while many other concerns still need to be addressed, using agricultural plots as recharge basins for SAT during the winter appears to be a promising way to supplement recharge basins while having no impact on tree health.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Analysis of crop water requirements and irrigation demands for rice: Implications for increasing effective rainfall

    Cui Y.Luo Y.Kang Y.Li W....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Determining the irrigation demands of rice in a humid region is essential for water conservation through improving rainfall utilization in southern China. In this paper, six representative rice areas in southern China were selected, and the daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) of the representative stations during 1953–2017 was calculated using the Penman-Monteith method. The daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was computed using the single crop coefficient method, and the irrigation scheduling under flood irrigation (FI) was obtained by establishing a field water balance model. The characteristics and trends of the irrigation demand of early, middle and late rice, as well as the irrigation changes under a “double-to-single” cropping pattern, were also analyzed with advanced statistical tests. The results indicated that most of the abundant rainfall was concentrated in the growth period of early rice in southern China. Early rice required less water (135.0 mm) and even no irrigation in some wet years, while middle and late rice required more irrigation water (288.1 mm and 265.2 mm, respectively). The key reasons for the differences in irrigation demand among the three rice types are the amount and distribution characteristics of rainfall during the rice growth period. In addition, the irrigation demands of rice showed a downward trend as a response to a decrease in ETc and the increase in rainfall in the past 60 years, where rainfall was the dominant factor. With this increasing trend of rainfall and its better and efficient utilization in the future, rice irrigation demands may be further reduced or completely stopped. Under the “double-to-single” cropping pattern, irrigation demand decreased by 16% on average, and the irrigation frequency, as well as the drainage volume burden, were simultaneously reduced.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Can climate-smart agriculture mitigate the Urmia Lake tragedy in its eastern basin?

    Maleki T.Koohestani H.Keshavarz M.
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Urmia Lake, which is one of the largest hypersaline lakes in the world, has experienced an excessive reduction of water level because of climatic change and anthropogenic influences. To mitigate this tragedy, several agricultural water management schemes have been initiated. However, many restoration programs have proven ineffective. To counter the lake's disappearance, effective climate-smart agriculture (CSA) interventions are imperative. Nevertheless, the potential benefits, opportunities, risks, costs and incentive mechanisms of CSA interventions have not been well documented. Therefore, this qualitative research was performed in the eastern part of the Urmia Lake basin to identify the best CSA intervention for restoration of the lake and investigate the major drivers of CSA development. Using the “benefits, opportunities, risks, and costs” method, 14 influential factors were explored. Also, fuzzy VIKOR analysis indicated an urgent need of developing water-smart agriculture (WSA) in the Urmia Lake basin, where water scarcity, poor water governance and low water use efficiency are significant problems. Interpretive structural modeling and MICMAC analysis suggested that policy making and planning, research and development, monitoring and evaluation, education and extension services, supports and services, institutions and degree of their collaborations, knowledge and attitude, and infrastructures and farm structures can enhance the application of WSA interventions. Some recommendations and implications are offered to facilitate the adoption and development of WSA practices and technologies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of partial organic fertilizer replacement combined with rainwater collection system on soil water, nitrate-nitrogen and apple yield of rainfed apple orchard in the Loess Plateau of China: A 3-year field experiment

    Chau H.W.Hill R.L.Wu S.Zou Y....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Soil drought, uneven distribution of precipitation, low precipitation use efficiency and excessive chemical fertilizer input are critical factors limiting sustainable agriculture of rainfed apple orchards in the Loess Plateau, China. For alleviating the effects of these factors and improving yield of rainfed apple orchards in this region, we proposed partial organic fertilizer replacement (substitution rate: 60% total nitrogen from organic fertilizer and 40% total nitrogen from chemical fertilizer) combined with rainwater collection (ORRC) system and conducted an in-situ field experiment for three years (2016–2018) with significant interannual precipitation variation to investigate the effects of ORRC system on soil water content (SWC), soil water storage (SWS), soil desiccation index (SDI), soil water storage deficit degree (SWSDD), nitrate-nitrogen, apple yield, crop water productivity (CWP) and precipitation use efficiency (PUE) in different rainfall years. Three management methods: (1) partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer combined with rainwater collection measure (ORRC), (2) rainwater collection measure only (RC), and (3) conventional measure without any rainwater collection measure (CK). The results indicated that compared with CK treatment, ORRC treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased SWC in 0–280 cm soil depth at spring and autumn by 26.91% and 32.19% in three years, respectively, alleviating heavy spring drought in rainfed apple orchards. Compared with RC and CK treatments, ORRC treatment had 37.89% and 52.49% lower soil water storage deficit degree (SWSDD) and 25.97% and 69.74% higher soil desiccation index of 0–280 cm depth, and improved nitrate-nitrogen content of 0–200 cm depth by 12.03 and 12.75 mg kg?1 in three years, respectively. ORRC and RC treatments improved apple yield by 47.40% and 11.43%, CWP by 55.45% and 19.66% and PUE by 46.50% and 11.69% over three years in comparison with CK treatment, respectively. In particular, ORRC treatment had the highest apple yield, CWP and PUE in each year. Overall, partial organic fertilizer replacement combined with rainwater collection measure holds promise for improving apple orchard production of rainfed apple orchards in northern Shaanxi of China.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Two irrigation events can achieve relatively high, stable corn yield and water productivity in aeolian sandy soil of northeast China

    Song Z.Peng Y.Li Z.Zhang S....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.To achieve relatively high, stable corn (Zea mays L.) yield and water productivity (WPc) in aeolian sandy soil in the corn belt of northeast China (CBNC), a 4-year field experiment was conducted from 2017 to 2020 to evaluate the effects of irrigation on yield and WPc. The field experiment included four treatments: no irrigation (NI), single irrigation (SI), two irrigation events (TI), and full irrigation (FI) at the Lishu Experimental Station, Jilin Province, China. The results showed that, the TI and FI treatments improved the relative soil water content (RSWC) of the corn root zone and the aboveground biomass relative to the NI and SI treatments. The corn yield in the SI, TI, and FI treatments was 16–187%, 19–438%, and 17–409% greater than that of the NI treatment, respectively. The coefficient of variation of yield from 2017 to 2020 in the NI, SI, TI, and FI treatments were 47%, 23%, 4%, and 2%, respectively. The TI and FI treatments increased evapotranspiration relative to the NI and SI treatments. The TI and FI treatments increased the WPc by 10–396% and 24–324% compared with the NI treatment. No difference in WPc was observed between the TI and FI treatments. The irrigation water productivity (WPI) of the TI treatment was 35% and 46% higher than that of the FI treatment in 2017 and 2020, respectively, while no difference was observed in 2018 and 2019. Therefore, the TI treatment is recommended to improve the yield and WPc of corn in the aeolian sandy soil of the CBNC.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier