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Agricultural Water Management
Elsevier
Agricultural Water Management

Elsevier

0378-3774

Agricultural Water Management/Journal Agricultural Water ManagementSCIISTPEI
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    Effects of irrigation and fertilization on different potato varieties growth, yield and resources use efficiency in the Northwest China

    Xing Y.Zhang T.Jiang W.Cheng Y....
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The scarcity of irrigation water has now become the main constraint for crop production globally. Potato growth in arid and semiarid regions is facing increasing challenges due to water deficit. Potato productivity is generally influenced by water and fertilizer, and the requirements for these factors vary depending on the soil type and potato variety. Field experiments were conducted during 2019–2020 to select the suitable potato varieties with the best combination of irrigation and fertilization levels. The three irrigation amounts were W1 (100% crop evapotranspiration (ETC)), W2 (80% ETC) and W3 (60% ETC). The three fertilizer rates were F1 (N–P2O5–K2O, 240–120–300 kg ha?1), F2 (180–90–225 kg ha?1) and F3 (120–60–150 kg ha?1). The three locally cultivated potato varieties were V1 (Feiurita), V2 (Xiapoti), and V3 (Yushu 4). The results showed that irrigation amount, fertilizer amount and potato variety had significant effects on potato growth, yield, quality and water and fertilizer productivity. The average potato yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) in Feiurita were 12.5% (11.9%) and 14.2% (13.3%) higher than those in Xiapoti in 2019 (2020), respectively. On average, the tuber yield and partial factor productivity (PFP) in W1 were 27.8% (35%) and 26.8% (34.7%) higher than those in W3 in 2019 (2020), respectively. Tuber yield, IWUE and polyphenol oxidase activity (POA) were most subject to irrigation amount, followed by potato variety and fertilizer rate. Potato tuber yield was significantly correlated with soil available potassium, soil actinomycete quantity, soil catalase activity, and soil sucrase activity (SSA). The W2F3V1 treatment had the highest PFP, starch content, reducing sugar content, and vitamin C content (VC), and the tuber yield and crude protein content were relatively high. The W3F2V1 treatment had the highest IWUE and vitamin C, and the starch content and POA were relatively high. Among them, the soil actinomycete quantity, soil cellulose decomposition bacteria quantity (SCDBQ), soil catalase activity, soil urease activity (SUA), and SSA in the W2F3V1 and W3F2V1 treatments were moderate. The W2F3V1 and W3F2V1 treatments are recommended as the best water and fertilizer management in sandy loam soils in Northwest China.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Heterosis and reciprocal effects for physiological and morphological traits of popcorn plants under different water conditions

    Kamphorst S.H.Amaral Junior A.T.D.Lima V.J.D.Vergara-Diaz O....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsIn spite of the benefits of heterosis in maize breeding, little is known about the physiological mechanisms of this phenomenon and its genetic control under different water regimes. This study aimed to understand the heterosis effects on plant growth, the photosynthetic and transpiration traits, and the root traits of four inbred popcorn lines and their hybrids, including their reciprocal combinations. Plants were grown in lysimeters, inside a rain shelter, under two water conditions (water stress – WS; well-watered – WW) until anthesis. Plant growth traits included shoot biomass, plant height, and leaf area. Photosynthetic traits comprised leaf pigment and total nitrogen content, chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, water use efficiency and stomatal index and density, along with the stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope compositions of the last developed leaf. Root weight density and specific root length were also recorded. Greater heterosis effects were observed for traits related to plant growth and root weight density, and specifically under WS. Traits related to root weight density in deeper soil layers benefited markedly from heterosis, but there were no advantages in terms of stomatal conductance and water status in general. Apparently, only δ13C supported a better water status under WS, and was observed in the hybrids in particular. Non-additive gene effects were predominant in controlling of most of the growth and root traits studied, supporting the conclusion that the heterosis effect is especially favorable under water-limiting conditions. Moreover, the choice of the female parent is essential for traits related to gas exchange when breeding for better resilience to drought.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The effects of bio-based superabsorbent polymers on the water/nutrient retention characteristics and agricultural productivity of a saline soil from the Yellow River Basin, China

    Zhao C.Wang S.Zhang L.Zhang M....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.To investigate the effects of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) on the water/nutrient retention characteristics and agricultural productivity of a saline soil from the Yellow River Basin, soil column leaching and pot experiments were carried out. Three types of SAPs were used: a commercial SAP (CSAP), a starch-grafted SAP (SGSP), and a modified SGSP (MSSP). Six treatments were set up in the leaching experiment, including MS (MSSP alone was applied), CF (chemical fertilizer alone was applied), CF+CS (chemical fertilizer and CSAP were applied), CF+SS (chemical fertilizer and SGSP were applied), CF+MS (chemical fertilizer and MSSP were applied), and CF+ 70%MS (chemical fertilizer and MSSP were applied, but MSSP dosage was 70% of that in CF+MS). Six treatments were set up in the pot experiment as well, including CK (no fertilizer or SAP was applied), MS, CF, CF+CS, CF+SS, and CF+MS. Results of the leaching experiment showed that water and nutrient leaching loss from the saline soil was reduced by 12.6–22.7% and 14.2–65.0%, respectively, in the treatments with SAP application. In addition, both soil pore number and soil porosity were significantly increased in the 0–10 cm soil layer. In the pot experiment, maize yield was increased by 25.9–32.1% and fertilizer use efficiency was significantly increased with the application of SAP. Taken together, SAP application in the saline soil improved soil moisture and nutritional conditions and promoted crop growth. This work provides a reference for improving crop productivity and water management of the large area of saline soils in the Yellow River Basin.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effect of saline land reclamation by constructing the “Raised Field -Shallow Trench” pattern on agroecosystems in Yellow River Delta

    Hu Q.Zhao Y.Hu X.Qi J....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Efficient utilization of the limited water and land resources is critical for global development with a growing population. The widespread saline land remains an important reserved land resource for food security. This study investigated the performance of the raised field-shallow trench pattern on salt removal and water budget in the cotton field by a virtual experiment. The widely-used physically-based HYDRUS (2D/3D) model was used to implement different raise field elevations and slopes. Results showed that the raised land could control the soil salinity in the unsaturated root zone by intensifying the drainage. Compared with the flat land, the desalination effect of the raised land was more effective with the gentler slope and higher raised elevation. Without irrigation, the 30° and 45° slope-raised lands had slight effect on the soil salinity in the unsaturated root zone. Salt removal would be more effective with the addition of irrigation, with the desalination ratio ranging from 10.60% to 41.01% under fresh irrigation, or from 6.76% to 25.92% under saline irrigation, respectively. More importantly, the implementation of irrigation effectively improved the cotton root water uptake, and saline water irrigation for the 15° slope-raised field was proved to nearly meets the cotton water requirement. Therefore, the raised field-shallow trench pattern combined with saline water irrigation may provide local farmers with an alternative solution to saline land reclamation under fresh water scarcity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluation of AquaCrop model performance under mulched drip irrigation for maize in Northeast China

    Wulazibieke M.Cai M.Kang J.Yuan Z....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Establishing scientific management and grain production strategies through crop models is an important means to ensure stable and increased food production. To explore the performance of the AquaCrop model for simulating maize growth under mulched drip irrigation in Northeast China, the model was calibrated and verified locally based on three years of measured field data. The simulation effects of canopy cover (CC), total soil-water (TSW), aboveground biomass, crop evapotranspiration (ETC) and grain yield under mulched or nonmulched drip irrigation treatments with different water stress conditions were evaluated and compared. The study found the model had a good simulation effect on CC excluding the rainfed treatment, the root mean square error (RMSE) was <15.2%. The simulated values of TSW and ETc were quite different from those observed in the field. The TSW content was generally underestimated in the middle and late stages of maize growth, with RMSE values ranging from 12.8 to 60.7 mm. The simulated ETC values were generally high, and the prediction error of some treatments exceeded 20%. The model simulated the aboveground biomass and yield well in the calibration year (2016) and the RMSE values were 0.9–2 t/ha and 0.8 t/ha, respectively, but the simulation performance of predicting yield declined in the verification year, and the prediction error exceeded 20%. Compared with the mulched treatments, the model had a better simulation effect on the nonmulched treatments. In general, the simulation of soil moisture under drip irrigation needs to be improved, and the larger overestimation of transpiration and the lower underestimation of evaporation caused to overestimate the maize ETc. It is recommended to improve the simulation of mulched drip irrigation to ensure model applicability in the region of interest.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The influence of depth on the water retention properties of vineyard soils

    Perez-de-los-Reyes C.Sanchez-Ormeno M.Bravo Martin-Consuegra S.Garcia-Pradas J....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The relationships between the factors that influence the water retention properties of soils (bulk density, sand, silt, clay, organic matter and CaCO3 contents), and their gravimetric moisture at field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), and their available water capacity (AWC), were studied in 104 surface horizons and 95 subsurface horizons of vineyard soils in the Castilla-La Mancha region of Spain. Taking all soil types together, the depth of the horizon was found to influence PWP and AWC, while the factors with the most significant linear relationship with AWC, both for surface and subsurface horizons, were sand content (r = ? 0.47 and ? 0.63, respectively) and silt content (r = 0.37 and 0.62, respectively). However, when each FAO Reference Soil Group was studied independently, only Calcisols, Luvisols and Regosols showed significant differences between these horizons in terms of AWC. Greater clay contents were associated with greater FC, PWP and AWC only in Luvisol surface horizons (r = 0.44, 0.40 and 0.33, respectively), and with FC and PWP in subsurface horizons (r = 0.64 and 0.64). A greater CaCO3 content was associated with a greater AWC only in Calcisols, both in surface and subsurface horizons (r = 0.49 for both). Finally, the organic matter content and bulk density of the different soil types showed no clear trend with respect to any soil water retention property; a certain positive effect of organic matter on water retention properties was observed only in the surface horizon and not in the subsurface horizon. A map of the spatial distribution of AWC in surface and subsurface horizons is proposed as a soil management instrument.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Responses of shoot biomass accumulation, distribution, and nitrogen use efficiency of maize to nitrogen application rates under waterlogging

    Qi D.Pan C.
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Waterlogging (WL) during the early growing stage is one of the most important environmental factors limiting maize (Zea mays L.) production. The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is important to maintain normal plant growth and defense against abiotic stresses. However, the effects of N fertilization on biomass accumulation and partitioning, as well as N utilization in maize under WL stress remains unclear. Thus, we conducted a two-year field experiment at Jingzhou City, Central China to investigate the effects of varying N fertilizer application rates (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N ha?1) on shoot biomass accumulation and its distribution, N uptake, and N use efficiency in maize under well-watered (WW) conditions throughout the maize growing season and WL for 6 d at the sixth leaf stage. Compared to the WW condition, WL significantly reduced shoot biomass, N accumulation, harvest index, N harvest index, nitrate reductase activity, N use efficiency, and N partial factor productivity at all N application rates. Moreover, these parameters (excluding N partial factor productivity) increased with increasing N application rates (up to 360 kg N ha?1) under WL, suggesting that a high N rate (such as 360 kg N ha?1) could improve the accumulation and distribution of shoot biomass and N utilization of waterlogged maize. The enhanced shoot biomass, nitrate reductase activity, N accumulation, and N use efficiency were related to increased root biomass and root length density at higher N treatments under WL. In addition, compared with other N treatments, 360 kg N ha?1 resulted in a better proportion of biomass distribution in the kernel and improved transfer of biomass from the vegetative organs to grain under WL, which accounted for the enhanced harvest index. Therefore, an appropriate increase in the nitrogen application rates (up to 360 kg N ha?1) helped to improve biomass accumulation in the shoot and its transfer to the grain, together with N use efficiency in maize under early (sixth leaf)-stage waterlogging.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Various maize yield losses and their dynamics triggered by drought thresholds based on Copula-Bayesian conditional probabilities

    Li P.Huang Q.Huang S.Zheng X....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021In the context of global warming and human interventions, the impact of climate on crop yield may change over time. Therefore, assessing the dynamics of drought thresholds that trigger various maize yield losses is critical for food security under climate change. To this end, this study aims to assess the vulnerability of maize to drought stress in three provinces of Northeast China (Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces) and to quantify the drought thresholds that cause different levels of maize yield loss. A Copula-Bayesian conditional probability bivariate model is constructed to combine drought conditions and maize yield. Results indicate that: (1) for the whole study period 1980–2018, drought thresholds that induced different levels of maize yield reduction were significantly different in the three northeastern provinces of China; on average, the drought thresholds that induced 30%, 40% and 50% maize yield losses were ?1.06, ?1.53 and ?2.23 in the three provinces of Northeast China; (2) during the transition from mild to moderate and severe drought, maize vulnerability in Liaoning province gradually exceeded that of Jilin and Heilongjiang province; (3) from 1980 to 1999–2000–2018, the drought thresholds that triggered the same percentage of maize yield reduction increased in all three provinces, suggesting a dramatically increasing trend in the vulnerability of maize yields to drought; (4) the changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration leading to increased drought severity were the main factors inducing drought threshold dynamics in both sub-study periods. The probabilistic assessment of the impact of drought on maize yield is expected to provide useful insights into the mitigation of drought and its effects under climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluation of drought tolerance in three commercial pomegranate cultivars using photosynthetic pigments, yield parameters and biochemical traits as biomarkers

    Daneshvar Hakimi Meybodi N.Abadia J.Germ M.Gholami R....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Drought stress during the ripening phenological period has adverse effects on pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit productivity, characteristics and composition, depending on the drought severity and specific cultivar. This fact underlines the importance of understanding the physiological and biochemical responses of pomegranate under drought stress to improve the quality of fruits. The responses of three commercial Iranian cultivars (‘Malase Saveh’, ‘Mikhosh’ and ‘Rabab-Neyriz’) to slight, moderate or intense drought stress were evaluated, considering yield-related (fruit yield, number of fruits per tree, fruit weight and fruit cracking), metabolite [glucose, fructose, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, total phenolics (TPC), ellagic acid, total anthocyanins (TAC), abscisic acid (ABA), indole acetic acid (IAA), proline, ascorbic (Asc) and carboxylic acids], and physiological parameters (oxidative stress indexes and activities of key antioxidant enzymes in leaves). Significant decreases in fruit yield (58–68%), number of fruits per tree (39–44%), fruit weight (30–41%), and leaf photosynthetic pigments (23–39%) were observed among cultivars in response to intense drought. On the other hand, significant increases in the levels of ABA, IAA, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as well as the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) antioxidant enzymes were observed in the leaves of all cultivars under intense drought stress. With respect to fruit juice quality, intense drought caused a considerable decrease in the contents of sugars, TAC, TPC, ellagic acid, Asc, TSS, and TA relative to control conditions, while carboxylic acids increased. Slight drought caused small increases in the concentrations of sugars, TPC and ellagic acid in juice. The ‘Malase Saveh’ cultivar showed a better adaptive response to drought stress than the ‘Rabab-e-Neyriz’ and ‘Mikhosh’ ones, suggesting that this pomegranate cultivar could be used in breeding programs to develop new ones with beneficial water stress-adaptive traits and better fruit quality.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Estimating and partitioning maize evapotranspiration as affected by salinity using weighing lysimeters and the SIMDualKc model

    Liu M.Shi H.Dai L.Feng Z....
    18页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Water scarcity and saline stress are primary threats for water use and agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Hetao Irrigation District, China. The current study, using irrigation with saline water, developed through three seasons (2017–2019) of field experimental surveillance of mulched maize water use in two cropped weighing lysimeters. Measurements included crop characteristics (height, LAI, dates of development stages), soil and water salinity, and daily actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act). Deficit surface irrigation was scheduled in 2017 and 2018 seasons, while in 2019 drip irrigation was used aimed at satisfying crop water requirements. Both approaches aimed at improving irrigation management while controlling impacts of salinity. The collected information was used to parameterize and calibrate the soil water balance model SIMDualKc. The model uses the FAO56 dual crop coefficient approach and considers the combined effect of water and salinity stresses due to salinity of both soil and irrigation water. Results show that the SIMDualKc model adequately simulates the dynamics of the observed ETc act throughout the three growing seasons. The goodness-of-fit indicators show highly appropriate model fitting of observed ETc act with low RMSE of 0.42 mm d-1 for the calibration and 0.53 mm d-1 for validation. The calibrated standard basal crop coefficients (Kcb) of maize for the initial, mid, and end stages were respectively 0.15, 1.15 and 0.25, which agree with those recently proposed by Pereira et al. (2021). Due to the impacts of both water and salt stress in 2017 and 2018, ETc act was much below the potential value ETc, ranging 64–83%, while in 2019 that percentage increased to 92% due to avoiding water stress by then. The average Kcb mid act range 0.58–1.06, therefore lower than Kcb mid, with the lower values occuring in the lysimeter that was irrigated with a large deficit. The irrigation scheduling practiced was assessed using water use and productivity indicators, which have shown the advantage in using drip irrigation with small time intervals between irrigations. Moreover, the current study and the calibrated model provide for adopting irrigation management practices that may save water and control salinity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier