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Agricultural Water Management
Elsevier
Agricultural Water Management

Elsevier

0378-3774

Agricultural Water Management/Journal Agricultural Water ManagementSCIISTPEI
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    Effect of soil water content changes caused by ridge-furrow plastic film mulching on the root distribution and water use pattern of spring maize in the Loess Plateau

    Zhang G.Meng W.Pan W.Han J....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Ridge-furrow plastic film mulching (RFPM) is an efficient planting technique for rainwater harvesting in rainfed regions of the Loess Plateau, China. However, relevant data on root water use patterns under RFPM remain sparse. To clarify the water use pattern of roots under this planting technique and determine the root characteristic parameters related to water absorption, this study conducted a two-year field experiment using spring maize with three treatments: flat planting (FP), and RFPM with two different ridge:furrow ratios (40 cm:70 cm and 70 cm:40 cm). Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) of different water sources were measured, and the MixSIAR model was used to quantify the contributions of different water sources to spring maize root water uptake. The results showed that the root characteristic parameters of spring maize under the three treatments decreased with increasing soil depth and were mainly distributed in the shallow (0–20 cm) and middle (20–60 cm) soil layers. Compared to FP, under RFPM the distribution proportions of the root characteristic parameters in shallow soil were higher, which may be related to the increase in shallow soil water content. The main water-absorbing soil layers of spring maize under the three treatments were the same: 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm, 40–60 cm, and 0–20 cm in the V6, V12, R1, R3, and R6 growth stages, respectively. However, compared to FP, under RFPM the water use proportion of spring maize of shallow soil increased, especially under the larger ridge to furrow ratio, and correlation analysis showed that this phenomenon might be related to the RFPM increasing the proportion of the spring maize root characteristic parameters in shallow soil. Correlation analysis further showed that the root length density and root surface area density might be the key characteristic parameters for determining root water uptake.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Comparison of cover crop monocultures and mixtures for suppressing nitrogen leaching losses

    Gaimaro J.Tully K.Timlin D.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The 2025 goal of the Chesapeake Bay Program is to reduce agriculture's nitrogen (N) loading by 20% from 2014 values. Cover cropping is an important best management practice for recycling and conserving N in cropping systems that might otherwise be lost to groundwater via leaching and runoff. The reduction of N leaching by winter cover crops depends largely on precipitation, timing of planting, and the selection of the appropriate crop species. We compared nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-–N) leaching losses among forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cereal rye (Secale cereal L.), a forage radish+cereal rye mixture, and no-cover control. Replicated field trials were conducted at the University of Maryland Central Maryland Research and Education Center over 2016–2018. We collected porewater from 60 cm below the ground surface using porous cup lysimeters following rainfall events and used NO3-–N concentrations paired with the HYDRUS 1-D soil moisture model to compare N leaching losses (in kg N ha?1) among cover crop treatments. We show that mean soil porewater NO3-–N concentrations were higher (by 5x) in the no-cover control compared to rye and radish+rye treatments (P < 0.0001). Overall, N leaching losses (kg N ha?1) were highest in the no-cover control plots (P < 0.0001), but the majority of N leaching losses in rye plots occurred during the fall while the majority of radish N leaching losses occurred during the winter and spring (after they winter-killed). The rye and radish+rye mixtures reduced N leaching losses by 80% in both years. Understanding how different cover crop species affect N leaching losses, can help us design cropping systems to minimize N losses to the Chesapeake Bay especially as climate change alters rainfall patterns across the region.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluating the adaptability of an irrigation district to seasonal water availability using a decade of remotely sensed evapotranspiration estimates

    van Opstal J.D.Neale C.M.U.Hipps L.E.
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Competition for fresh water is increasing in highly populated areas especially those regions located in arid and semi-arid climates. Water uses are under scrutiny to determine the potential for water savings. Particularly, the agricultural sector is identified because it is the largest consumer of water. However, information is limited on the year-to-year variability of agricultural irrigation management, specifically the variability related to seasonal water availability. Remote sensing is a useful input into models to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for large irrigation districts and provides an archive of historical data. In this paper, a decade of remote sensing data are used applying the METRIC algorithm and linear interpolation to achieve ETa estimates. Inter-annual variations in seasonal ETa are related to snowpack, weather, irrigation diversions and crop data to understand the factors having an impact. It was found that consecutive (second) years of dry or wet events impacted the seasonal ETa, indicating limitations in the buffer capacity of the irrigation district. This study shows that the irrigation district is capable of buffering dry or wet events during the first year, but need to adapt during a consecutive year of extreme dry or wet weather. Additionally, cropping patterns indicate that the crop choices in the irrigation district do not change during extreme events. In contrast, irrigation diversions are influenced by prolonged dry events. The depleted fraction indicated good performance of the irrigation system, with potential for improvements in dry years. This study demonstrates the dynamic consumptive water use of an irrigation district, thereby indicating the importance for considering multiple years of data for an assessment of the agricultural sectors’ water use. Additionally, the impact of seasonal water availability gives insight on the adaptability of an irrigation district and its’ capability to cope with current and future variability in weather conditions and extreme events.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Basin-wide productivity and livelihood analysis of flood-based agricultural systems in African drylands: A case study in the Fogera floodplain

    Zenebe M.G.Fleskens L.Ritsema C.Steenbergen F....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsFlood-based Agricultural Systems (FAS), which rely on temporary floods, provide livelihoods for nearly 50 million smallholder farmers across water-stressed African basins. This paper analyses the impact of externally driven agricultural production and productivity improvement interventions in FAS, taking the Ethiopian Fogera floodplain as a case study. Ostroms’ Governing the Commons Principles were used as analytical framework. Field data was gathered through focus group discussions and interviews with 266 farmers and pastoralists, and 10 local administration staff, while the AquaCrop model was used to simulate maize yield under varied floodwater management and farming practices. The interventions in the Fogera floodplain replaced vital maize and teff food crops with high-return upstream rice cultivation. It has characteristics similar to other interventions across Africa: 1) inadequate integration of local agricultural water management practices; 2) narrow focus on short-term economic gains and insufficient attention to long-term sustainability of livelihoods and environmental issues; and 3) lack of detailed ex-ante analysis of basin-wide consequences – it failed to prioritize the needs of downstream vegetable producers and pastoralists using shallow wells. The intervention missed several low-cost opportunities, including the establishment of rules to protect downstream water rights; the construction of gabion-strengthened on-farm structures to efficiently distribute floods or raised brick-walls to reinforce shallow wells; and the implementation of measures for improved soil fertility and weed management. The study establishes that these missed opportunities could have enhanced livelihoods by doubling rice yield to 6 tons/ha; increased teff and maize harvests by one-third, to 3 and 5 tons/ha respectively; and mitigated 25% vegetable yield loss and 40% reduction in grazing land. These opportunities could have also produced environmental benefits, including reduced soil moisture and fertility depletion. Lessons from the Fogera floodplain on making interventions cost-effective and considering basin-wide livelihood impacts are relevant to FAS globally.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Optimizing the impact of film mulching pattern and nitrogen application rate on maize production, gaseous N emissions, and utilization of water and nitrogen in northwest China

    Fang H.Li Y.Gu X.Yu M....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Film mulching and nitrogen fertilization are two effective practices to promote maize production in northwest China, but their impacts on environment in terms of greenhouse gas emission remain unclear. Two-year field trials were conducted to 1) explore the effect of the film mulching pattern and N fertilization rate on maize production, gaseous N emission, and utilization of N and water; 2) find an optimal mulching pattern and N-fertilization rate to achieve green development. Trial Ⅰ included flat planting with non-mulching (NM), ridge-furrow with plastic film mulch (PM), ridge-furrow with biodegradable film mulch (BM), and flat planting with full plastic film mulching (FM). Trial Ⅱ involved BM with N-fertilization rates (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha?1), denoted as BMN0, BMN1, BMN2, and BMN3, respectively. The results showed that film mulching significantly decreased the daily flux and cumulative flux of gaseous N by an average of 32.02%, 35.17% (NH3), 78.70%, 75.83% (N2O), respectively, as compared with NM. Film mulching also significantly increased the amount of soil residual mineral N after harvest, plant N uptake, and soil water storage but decreased evapotranspiration by an average of 8.31%, 9.42%, 17.45%, and 25.34%, respectively, as compared with NM. In addition, grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), N uptake efficiency (UPE) (except for BM), N harvest index (NHI), N use efficiency (NUE), and partial productivity of N (PNP) were significantly higher in the mulching treatments, and yield–scaled NH3 emission (YSN) was significantly lower in PM and BM, as compared with NM. Compared with FM, soil residual mineral N after harvest, plant N uptake, grain yield, WUE, NUE, and PNP were significantly lower but NHI was significantly higher in PM and BM. The daily ?ux and cumulative flux of N2O emission and the amount of soil residual NO3? -N after harvest were significantly lower but plant N uptake was significantly higher in PM than in BM. Collectively, BM was the best mulching treatment in this study. With increase of N-fertilization rate, the daily flux and cumulative flux of NH3 volatilization, the peak period, and the cumulative flux of N2O emission, the grain yield, WUE, NUE (except for N3), and YSN were significantly increased but NHI, PNP, and UPE were significantly decreased. The optimum N-fertilization rate under BM was found at 173 kg ha?1, which could achieve the goal of high yield, efficient utilization of water and nitrogen, and environmental friendliness.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Optimization of potassium (K+) supplementation for growth enhancement of Spinacia oleracea L. and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) in an aquaponic system

    John V.C.Verma A.K.Krishnani K.K.Chandrakant M.H....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.A 60-day experimental trial was conducted to investigate the effect of different dosages of potassium supplementation on Spinacia oleracea L. and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in an aquaponic system. The system consisted of 168 l rectangular fish tanks (0.78 × 0.54 × 0.40 m) with 100 l water volume stocked with P. hypophthalmus at 2.8 kg m-3 and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponics with spinach at 28 plants m-2. Four dosages of potassium viz., 90, 120, 150, and 180 mg l-1 were assigned as T1, T2, T3, and T4 and compared with control C (0 mg l-1) to determine the most efficient potassium dosage for the aquaponic system. The physico-chemical parameters and nutrient dynamics were within the permissible range with no marked variation between the control and treatments. The spinach was harvested twice. The first harvest before potassium supplementation showed no significant difference. In the second harvest, the potassium supplementation had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the yield of spinach with the highest yield obtained in T4 (280.07 ± 2.26 g) followed by T3 (277.57 ± 3.02 g), T2 (265.07 ± 4.61 g), T1 (256.80 ± 4.79 g) and C (217.83 ± 4.20 g). The yield showed no significant difference in T4 and T3, and T2 and T1. The mean body weight of fish at harvest was insignificant (P > 0.05) and followed the order: C (33.23 ± 0.52 g)>T1 (33.07 ± 0.45 g)>T2 (32.94 ± 0.40 g)>T3 (32.23 ± 0.37 g)>T4 (32.15 ± 0.35 g). The plant analysis revealed that potassium supplementation triggered the nutrient synergism resulting in higher nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur content in T4 followed by T3, T2, T1, and C. The evaluation of the physiological response of P. hypophthalmus showed higher plasma glucose in T4. Considering the water quality parameters, fish growth, physiological response, spinach yield, and nutrient content, a dose of 150 mg l-1 K+ (T3) could be recommended as an optimum potassium dosage for P. hypophthalmus-Spinacia oleracea L. aquaponic system.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Biochar, grass, and cross-ridge reshaped the surface runoff nitrogen under consecutive rainstorms in loessial sloping lands

    Wu L.Ma X.Yu Y.Liu X....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Many options for reducing nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture rely on changing the surface pathways of N runoff in one way or another, but the runoff N mechanism by agricultural interventions such as biochar, grass, and cross-ridge is not well understood. Herein, 12 artificial simulated rainstorms by three biochars (0%, 3%, and 6%), two planting modes (conventional flat planting, cross-ridge), and two underlying surfaces (bare, grass) were designed to investigate the surface pathways of N loss and possible tradeoffs in loessial sloping lands under 60 mm·h?1 rainfall intensity. Results indicate that: (i) 3% and 6% biochar application can aggravate soil erosion on bare slope, but planting grass on 0% or 3% biochar bare slope has good reduction effects on sediment and N loss, while 6% belongs to excessive biochar on grassed slopes. (ii) Grass planting may decrease the loss fractions of particulate nitrogen (PN) more obviously than bare slope because it decreases the kinetic energy of raindrops, slows the rate of water flow, and improves the shear strength of soils with deep penetrating roots. Configuring cross-ridge with 0% or 3% biochar on grassed slope can reduce PN fraction obviously but the interception of cross-ridge on bare slope is limited and easy to fail. (iii) The hydrological pathways transporting various N fractions vary greatly owing to the interaction of biochar, grass, and cross-ridge. Runoff N from 10°, 15°, and 20° bare slope materializes mainly in particulate fractions (65.58%, 50.15%, and 60.46%), while from grassed slope it occurs mainly in dissolved fractions (54.01%, 59.50%, and 66.48%). These findings may help provide new insights needed to enhance soil health and maintain agroecosystem sustainability through decreasing N losses via sloping farmland management in loess hilly and gully regions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Assessing the grapevine crop water stress indicator over the flowering-veraison phase and the potential yield lose rate in important European wine regions

    Ramos M.C.Molitor D.van Leeuwen C.Yang C....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsIn Europe, most of vineyards are managed under rainfed conditions, where water deficit has become increasingly an issue. The flowering-veraison phenophase represents an important period for vine response to water stress, which is known to depend on variety characteristics, soil and climate conditions. In this paper, we have carried out a retrospective analysis for important European wine regions over 1986–2015, with objectives to assess the mean Crop Water Stress Indicator (CWSI) during flowering-veraison phase, and potential Yield Lose Rate (YLR) due to seasonal cumulative water stress. Moreover, we also investigate if advanced flowering-veraison phase can lead to alleviated CWSI under recent-past conditions, thus contributing to reduced YLR. A process-based grapevine model is employed, which has been extensively calibrated for simulating both flowering and veraison stages using location-specific observations representing 10 different varieties. Subsequently, grid-based modelling is implemented with gridded climate and soil datasets and calibrated phenology parameters. The findings suggest wine regions with higher mean CWSI of flowering-veraison phase tend to have higher potential YLR. However, contrasting patterns are found between wine regions in France-Germany-Luxembourg and Italy-Portugal-Spain. The former tends to have slight-to-moderate drought conditions (CWSI<0.5) along with a negligible-to-moderate YLR (<30%), whereas the latter is found to have severe-to-extreme drought (CWSI>0.5) and substantial YLR (>40%). Wine regions prone to a high drought risk (CWSI>0.75) are also identified, which are concentrated in southern Mediterranean Europe. Advanced flowering-veraison phase over 1986–2015, could have benefited from more spring precipitation and cooler temperatures for wine regions of Italy-Portugal-Spain, leading to reduced mean CWSI and YLR. For those of France-Germany-Luxembourg, this can have reduced flowering-veraison precipitation, but prevalent reductions of YLR are also found, possibly due to shifted phase towards a cooler growing-season with reduced evaporative demands. Our study demonstrates flowering-verasion water deficit is critical for potential yield, which can have different impacts between Central and Southern European wine regions. This phase can be advanced under a warmer climate, thus having important implications for European rainfed vineyards. The overall outcome may provide new insights for appropriate viticultural management of seasonal water deficits under climate change.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Coupling effects of irrigation amount and nitrogen fertilizer type on grain yield, water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of drip-irrigated maize

    Guo J.Fan J.Xiang Y.Zhang F....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Agricultural production is facing the risk of severe water shortage, serious non-point source pollution and low water productivity (WP) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). It is a major challenge to achieve environmentally friendly production of maize with high WP and NUE. A two-year field experiment with three irrigation levels of W1 (60% ETc, ETc is the crop evapotranspiration), W2 (80% ETc) and W3 (100% ETc), and three nitrogen (N) fertilizer types of urea (U), slow-release N fertilizer (SRF) and urea blended with slow-release N fertilizer (UNS) was conducted in 2019 and 2020, so as to quantify their impacts on the maize dry matter, N uptake and remobilization, grain yield, WP, NUE and residual soil NO3?-N. The results showed that W2 and W3 significantly increased total dry matter (8.0% and 14.7%), grain yield (19.4% and 33.0%), and NUE (1.5% and 2.2%) compared with W1. Total N uptake of maize declined by 23.2% and 9.6% under W1 and W2, leading to 11.9% and 5.8% increased of soil NO3?-N, respectively. Compared with U, UNS increased post-silking N uptake by 19.1%, thereby enhancing grain yield by 18.3%. Compared with SRF, UNS increased N remobilization from vegetative organs to grains by 15.0%, thereby resulting in 2.3% increase in grain yield. Under the same irrigation amount, UNS and SRF improved WP and NUE compared with U. W3SRF obtained the highest grain yield, with increases in grain yield by 2.4–58.8% compared with other treatments, while there was no significant difference between W3SRF and W3UNS. More importantly, UNS significantly increased grain yield and alleviated the impact of water stress on maize production under W1 and W2. In conclusion, UNS could stabilize grain yield under water-stressed conditions, while SRF could increase grain yield under full irrigation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Combined effects of ridge–furrow ratio and urea type on grain yield and water productivity of rainfed winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China

    Qiang S.Zhang Y.Sun M.Gao Z....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Ridge–furrow ratio can affect the grain yield (GY) and water productivity (WP) of rainfed winter wheat under the ridge–furrow plastic mulching (RFM) system. However, the combined effects of urea type and ridge–furrow ratio on GY and WP remain unclear. Two urea types [conventional urea (CU) and controlled-release urea (CRU)] and four planting patterns [rainfed flat planting (F) and the RFM system with three ridge–furrow ratios [20 cm:40 cm (R2F4), 40 cm:40 cm (R4F4) and 60 cm:40 cm (R6F4)] were tested during three winter wheat growing seasons from October 2018 to June 2021. The results showed that R2F4, R4F4 and R6F4 increased GY by 51.6%, 109.5% and 115.2%, and increased WP by 38.0%, 77.1% and 80.3% compared with F, respectively, with the maximum GY and WP under R4F4. Compared with CU, CRU produced higher GY and WP, with mean values of 3460.6 kg ha?1 and 15.4 kg ha?1 mm?1 under CU, and 3937.9 kg ha?1 and 16.7 kg ha?1 mm?1 under CRU, respectively. The RFM system decreased the plot-to-plot variation of GY by 18.9% compared with F, but there was no significant difference between CU and CRU. The RFM system enhanced soil water use rate and crop evapotranspiration, thereby promoting dry matter accumulation ultimately, and this trend was more obvious at higher ridge–furrow ratios. Compared with CU, CRU had higher crop evapotranspiration and dry matter, but there were no differences in soil water use rate and growing season length between the two urea types. In conclusion, a ridge–furrow ratio of 40 cm: 40 cm combined with CRU was recommended for improving GY and WP of rainfed winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier