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Agricultural Water Management
Elsevier
Agricultural Water Management

Elsevier

0378-3774

Agricultural Water Management/Journal Agricultural Water ManagementSCIISTPEI
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    Improving reference evapotranspiration (ETo) calculation under limited data conditions in the high Tropical Andes

    Vasquez C.Celleri R.Cordova M.Carrillo-Rojas G....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The computation of the reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) using the FAO56 Penman-Monteith equation (PM-ETo) requires data on maximum and minimum air temperatures (Tmax, Tmin), relative humidity (RH), solar radiation (Rs), and wind speed (u2). However, the records of meteorological variables are often incomplete or of poor quality. Frequently, in the mountain areas such as those of the Andes, environmental sensors are subject to harsh conditions, due to the diurnal/nocturnal climatic variability causing challenging conditions for meteorological monitoring, which leads to data loss. For high-elevation landscapes like the Andes, the missing variables of vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation cause a high impact on PM-ETo calculation. To assess these limitations, several methods relying on maximum and minimum temperature to estimate the missing variables have been considered in the present investigation. Based on data from three automatic weather stations in the high Tropical Andes (humid páramo, 3298 – 3955 m a.s.l.), we found that the calibration and validation of methods were essential to estimate Rs. Using the (De Jong and Stewart, 1993) (Rs-DS) method we retrieved the highest performance, a RMSE between 2.89 and 3.81 MJ m?2 day?1. Moreover, In the absence of RH observations, replacing the dew point temperature (Tdew) by Tmin was a reliable alternative, when apply the method of (Allen et al., 1998) (VPD-FAO) which showed the highest performance with RMSE between 0.08 and 0.12 kPa. These results yielded highly accurate PM-ETo estimates, with RMSE between 0.29 and 0.34 mm day?1 and RMSE between 0.12 and 0.18 mm day?1, respectively. As expected, when both variables were missing, the ETo calculation increased its error, with an RMSE between 0.32 and 0.42 mm day?1. A proper estimation of ETo in the Andean páramo contributes to improved water productivity for domestic and industrial uses, irrigated agriculture, and hydropower.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of water deficit at different growth stages under drip irrigation on fruit quality of citrus in the humid areas of South China

    Liu C.Qiu R.Chen F.Cui N....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Fruit quality as affected by water deficit applied at different growth stages remain largely elusive. Therefore, to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) timing and degree under drip irrigation on fruit physical and chemical quality of citrus, the low (D15%), mild (D30%), moderate (D45%) and severe (D60%) water deficit treatments were set at the growth stage I, II, III and IV, respectively, with a control treatment (CK), during two growing seasons. The application of water deficit under drip irrigation at the early growth stage (stages I and II) had remarkable effects on physical quality of citrus. The I-D45% treatment increased the single fruit weight and firmness by 5.78?9.85% and 13.25?17.14%, respectively, and the II-D15% treatment improved them by 6.67?9.15% and 1.43?14.46%. The application of water deficit under drip irrigation at the middle growth stage (stage III) had remarkable effects on physical and chemical quality of citrus. There was no remarkable reduction in fruit physical quality under the III-D15% treatment, while the contents of fructose, glucose, sucrose, vitamin C (Vc), total soluble solids (TSS), and MI (TSS/TA (titratable acidity) ratio) were significantly increased by 12.95?17.67%, 9.26?17.84%, 7.90?19.65%, 9.10?29.20%, 7.68?15.96% and 18.07?29.19% (P < 0.05), respectively, and TA was reduced by 8.82?9.91%. The application of water deficit under drip irrigation at the late growth stage (stage IV) had remarkable effects on chemical quality of citrus. The IV-D30% treatment significantly increased the contents of fructose, glucose, sucrose, Vc, TSS and MI by 22.95?25.54%, 16.47?17.79%, 18.56?19.54%, 25.63?50.23%, 12.49?20.59%, and 18.87?24.47% (P < 0.05), respectively, while reduced TA by 3.60?5.88%. Therefore, I-D45% and II-D15% treatments significantly improved physical quality of citrus by saving about 178 and 154 m3/ha at stage I and II, respectively; III-D15% and IV-D30% treatments significantly increased chemical quality of citrus by saving about 635 and 782 m3/ha at stage III and IV, respectively, which was demonstrated as the suitable water deficit pattern. And this strategy had no significant effect on yield. Among all the treatments, the IV-D30% treatment improved the fruit quality of citrus most significantly.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The effect of different fertigation strategies on salinity and nutrient dynamics of cherry tomato grown in a gutter subirrigation system

    Venezia A.Di Cesare C.Stipic M.Colla G....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The advantages of subirrigation for water distribution uniformity, water-saving, and other crop performances have been well documented in previous works. However, in subirrigated crops, an accumulation of salts inevitably occurs in the top layer of the growing medium, which represents one of the main difficulties to prolong the recirculation of the nutrient solution. Such an accumulation strongly depends on nutrient and non-nutrient (e.g., saline ions) concentrations, irrigation scheduling and water volumes and fluxes in the system. Tomato cherry plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Shiren) were grown soilless in a gutter subirrigation (closed-loop) system, during the spring season, to evaluate nutrient dynamics and crop response to: i) the nutrient solution concentration (i.e., standard and 50% reduced concentration), ii) irrigation frequency (i.e., high or low frequency), iii) irrigation duration (i.e., long or short time duration), and iv) tank volume at the refill (i.e., high and low volume). The most important factor, which influenced the nutrient dynamics and electrical conductivity of the system, was the concentration of the nutrient solution, followed at distance by the other three. The recirculated solution with reduced concentration showed a fairly stable composition (ranging from 1.2 to 1.6 dS m?1 of the electrical conductivity in the worst factor combination) with the electrical conductivity of water extracts in the upper substrate layers below 2.0 dS m?1 and the ratio between recirculated solution and plant uptake concentration of about 1 for most of the elements. Marketable fruit yield was 48% higher with the reduced concentration solution and affected by irrigation scheduling and tank volume at refill. By adapting the composition of the recirculated nutrient solution, to the available water quality and plant needs, a gutter subirrigation closed system can be safely managed for a short-cycle spring tomato crop.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Salt and irrigation management of soil-grown Mediterranean greenhouse tomato crops drip-irrigated with moderately saline water

    Fernandez M.D.Bonachela S.Cabrera-Corral F.J.Granados M.R....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Five integrated experiments, irrigated with water of moderate salinity (about 1.6 dS m?1), were conducted in an Spanish Mediterranean greenhouse to provide a better insight into soil salt accumulation processes in tomato crops and how to leach away these salts by irrigation both during and outside the cropping period. Salts (mostly chloride and sodium coming from the irrigation water) accumulated in the soil wet bulb leading to soil solution electrical conductivities (ECSS) of about 6 dS m?1 or higher during the second half of the crop cycles. During the first phases of these tomato crops it appears to be advisable to apply the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) requirements or slightly higher rates (1.1 ETc). Subsequently, before salts accumulated reach hazardous levels, it is necessary to over-irrigate with a leaching fraction to avoid further salinity increments. Moreover, crop water requirements must be applied with a single daily irrigation, rather than several shorter ones. After the cropping period, the application of 60–70 mm of irrigation water leached away most of the accumulated salts and led to ECSS slightly below 3 dS m?1, considered appropriate for planting a new crop. This amount of water, which has to be adapted to the soil salinity content and characteristics, supplied with daily irrigation rates of about 3–10 mm d?1, led to lower ECSS values, compared with higher irrigation rates. Moreover, the application of crop water requirements with water (11–33% of the irrigation rate) and nutrient solution, instead of nutrient solution over the whole event, substantially reduced the total fertiliser supplied and the concentration of the main nutrients in the wet bulb, but did not negatively affect the biomass, productivity or fruit quality of tomato crop. However, this fertigation strategy requires low-cost, fast monitoring systems of water and nutrients in the soil and/or the plant
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Optimizing the ridge–furrow ratio and nitrogen application rate can increase the grain yield and water use efficiency of rain-fed spring maize in the Loess Plateau region of China

    Zhang G.Dai R.Ma W.Fan H....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Providing a suitable water environment and nitrogen (N) supply are essential for improving the crop productivity, especially in rain-fed areas affected by drought and nutrient deficiencies. The ridge–furrow mulching system (RFMS) is an efficient planting pattern in the rain-fed area of the Loess Plateau in China. Changing the ridge–furrow ratio in RFMS often modifies the hydrothermal environments. Few previous studies have investigated the combined effect of changing the ridge–furrow ratio and N application rate. Thus, we conducted a field experiment from 2020 to 2021 in the Loess Plateau region of China with two planting patterns (flat planting without film mulching and RFMS with three ridge–furrow ratios of 40:70 cm, 55:55 cm, and 70:40 cm) and three nitrogen application rates (N1, 180 kg ha–1; N2, 240 kg ha–1; and N3, 300 kg ha–1). We analyzed the effects of different N application rates and planting patterns on the soil hydrothermal environment, growth and development, grain yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of spring maize. The results showed that the soil hydrothermal environment improved as the ridge–furrow ratio increased, but increasing the N application rate risked aggravating the soil water consumption. Compared with FP, the warming effect of RFPM accelerated senescence and shortened growth period (1–4 days) of spring maize under N1, and the negative effect could be effectively alleviated with the increase of N application rate. Increasing the ridge–furrow ratio and N application rate increased the photosynthetic capacity, leaf area, and accumulated dry matter. Compared with FP, RF40–70, RF55–55, and RF70–40 significantly increased the grain yield by 12.96%, 20.28%, and 28.98%, and significantly increased WUE by 16.01%, 22.35%, and 31.83%, respectively. Grain yield and WUE also increased with the increase of N application rate. Regression analysis further showed that, under RFMS at 70:40 cm, the highest spring maize grain yield and WUE were achieved with N application rates of 274.14 kg ha–1 and 268.56 kg ha–1, respectively. Therefore, we suggested that RFMS at 70:40 cm and N application at 268.56–274.14 kg ha–1 are most suitable for rain-fed spring maize production in the Loess Plateau region.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A decision model for stochastic optimization of seasonal irrigation-water allocation

    Berbel J.Exposito A.
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsOptimal water allocation on a seasonal basis is generally a decision taken with uncertainty regarding seasonal crop needs (unknown yield, precipitation and other environmental factors). Decision criteria, such as “irrigating for the good years of production” and "applying a little extra water just in case it is needed by the plant", are consistent with the rational behaviour of stochastic profit maximization. The motivation behind an increase in water allocation (acquiring water rights or reserving water for certain crops) is that of self-protection: it is better to maintain an extra allocation of water than to face potential yield losses due to water constraints on production in those years when potential yields exceed average levels. The stochastic optimization model presented herein is applied to maize in Spain showing that in current economic and technical conditions, the optimal stochastic water allocation under yield uncertainty is 10% higher than the irrigation dose required under certainty (historical average yield), which leads to an 8% higher expected profit than that obtained for an average-yield water application.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effect of progressive irrigation water reductions on super-high-density olive orchards according to different scarcity scenarios

    Martinez-Gimeno M.A.Badal E.Bonet L.Zahaf A....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The cultivation of super-high-density (SHD) olive orchards in the Mediterranean Basin usually faces drought events due especially to low precipitation, high temperature and solar radiation in summer. Hence regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies can be a useful tool for irrigation management to limit yield loss. Therefore, this work aimed to find the most suitable RDI strategy by placing special emphasis on phase II of fruit growth for SHD olive orchards irrigated below theoretical water requirements. Four irrigation strategies were defined according to different water availability scenarios: fully-irrigated, RDI1, RDI2 and RDI3, scaled to respectively supply 450, 350, 250 and 150 mm year-1. Tree water relations, trunk growth, fruit and oil yields, were evaluated. The study was carried out for 5 years in an ‘Arbequina’ commercial orchard (1667 trees ha-1) in Villena, Alicante (Spain). The main results showed that ‘Arbequina’ tree irrigation water productivity (both olive and oil) gradually increased as irrigation dose lowered. Olive yield depended heavily on the applied irrigation dose, with the highest olive yield for the Control trees. However, the oil yield in the RDI1 trees was similar to that of the Control trees, but strategies RDI2 and RDI3 reduced yield. All the RDI strategies diminished vegetative development, and RDI2 was the most efficient strategy for resource distribution (olive yield vs. vegetative growth). Therefore based on oil production, vegetative growth and irrigation water savings, RDI1 was the most recommendable irrigation strategy for the Arbequina’ olive trees cultivated in SHD under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Projection of 21st century irrigation water requirements for sensitive agricultural crop commodities across the Czech Republic

    Potopova V.Chawdhery M.R.A.Musiolkova M.Mozny M....
    24页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.This study quantified the crop water consumption, crop-specific irrigation requirements, and availability of water resources to catchments under climate change in the Czech Republic (CZ). Within the SoilClim model and BILAN-WATERES hydrological water balance modeling process, we tried to answer the question of whether there are at least theoretical water resources in the individual catchments of the CZ that could cover possible higher demands for irrigation. An ensemble of five global climate models under the moderate representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5) from the EURO-CORDEX initiative was chosen to project the future water use indicators. The irrigation water requirement indicators for the growing season (GS) of vineyards, hop gardens, orchards, vegetables, and fodder crops were calculated in 1143 catchments for two periods, 2031–2050 (Sc1) and 2061–2080 (Sc2), compared to the observed period 1961–2020 (Obs). To project irrigation scenarios in agricultural water management, the following water use indicators were quantified: relative soil moisture at 0–40 cm (AWR1) and 0–100 cm (AWR), crop water balance (Rain-ETa), irrigation water requirement (Irrig), and the ratio of actual and reference evapotranspiration (ETratio). To assess areas with a critically low water supply and quantify the frequency of water deficit during the GS of each crop, we calculated the number of days with extreme values of water use indicators. Quantification of the extreme irrigation characteristics reflected the highest depletion of soil moisture and the highest water demands, i.e., when the assessed indicators reached the 25th percentiles. For highly marketable vegetables, the largest deficit in Rain-ETa during the GS for Sc1 was projected. If current vegetable growing areas and cropping systems remain unchanged, Irrig will increase by 10.2% by the end of the 21st century under RCP4.5. Although current potato planting areas have soils with a high available water capacity, they will become controlled by the water deficit over the next few decades. The accumulated vineyard water required suggests that 15% and 25% of irrigation water will be lost by evaporation from the soil surface during the 2030s and 2080s, respectively. However, changes in future hopyard irrigation extent and amounts may have important implications in largely cropped irrigation hotspots. In the main traditional hop region for the 2030s, we project a 25% depletion of soil moisture and an increase of ETratio < 0.4 by up to 5.3%. The projection of a high frequency of days with an ETratio < 0.4 and AWR1 < 30% for fodder crops was related to the most risk-prone areas with an extreme lack of moisture in the regions with the most developed animal production. Thus, there will be insufficient fodder supply to the livestock sector due to any water stress during the production season under climate change conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The synergy between water conservation and economic profitability of adopting alternative irrigation systems for cotton production in the Texas High Plains

    Fan Y.Himanshu S.K.Ale S.DeLaune P.B....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Declining water levels of the Ogallala Aquifer challenge economic availability of the groundwater and necessitate adoption of advanced irrigation systems with efficient irrigation strategies. Irrigation methods and application levels affect water productivity and farm profitability. This study evaluated the synergy between water conservation through a deficit irrigation strategy and economic profitability of agricultural production. The economic feasibility of cotton production was compared using field data for mid- and low-elevation spray application (MESA and LESA, respectively), low-energy precision application (LEPA), and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems in the Texas High Plains (THP) region. Treatments included irrigated cotton with water application at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% evapotranspiration (ET) replacement levels and near-dryland cotton production. Both field-level data and well-calibrated model simulation data were used to assess cotton profitability at varying risk attitudes of producers. Results showed that more irrigation water consistently increased average net return of cotton production for all irrigation systems, except for SDI, which produced a similar net return at both 75% and 100% ET replacement levels. A larger chance of getting a net return greater than $380 ha?1 was observed for MESA, LESA and LEPA systems with the full irrigation at the 100% ET replacement level as well as for SDI with 75% ET replacement. Economic risk analysis showed that LEPA had a higher net return than other systems at each of the four irrigation levels and it would be preferred by risk-neutral, somewhat risk-averse, and rather risk-averse cotton producers. For each irrigation system, full irrigation was most preferred by risk-neutral producers and only minor differences were observed in the expected returns between 75% and 100% ET replacements as the producers became somewhat or more risk-averse. Groundwater conservation can be achieved with SDI without compromising crop yield or farm income, while government policies and financial incentives can help motivate producers to save irrigation water and maintain a high farm profit under spray and LEPA systems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Spatio-temporal variation of irrigation water requirements for wheat and maize in the Yellow River Basin, China, 1974–2017

    Liu Y.Lin Y.Huo Z.Zhang C....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Irrigation is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of agricultural production. With the existing of water resources shortage and climate change, it is of great importance to explore the variation of crop irrigation water requirement (IWR) in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). Based on 1974–2017 meteorological dataset from 96 stations, we analyzed the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of meteorological factors and crop IWR during the growing seasons of four main crops including spring wheat, winter wheat, spring maize and summer maize, respectively. Furthermore, we explored the dominant meteorological factors of the crop IWR variation. The results indicated that daily mean temperature (T) had a significant upward trend, while the effective precipitation (Peff) did not change significantly during the growing season of each crop in the past 44 years. Crop IWR had increasing trend with 9.9 mm/decade, 4.3 mm/decade, 6.4 mm/decade for spring wheat, winter wheat, spring maize respectively, while a slight decreasing trend with ? 1.7 mm/decade for summer maize. It is noted that extremely significant increase in crop IWR were mostly located in Ningxia, southern Gansu and eastern Qinghai. Moreover, Peff, net radiation (Rn) and relative humidity (RH) were identified as the dominant meteorological factors influencing variations of IWR for all crops. In the context of significant increase in T and uncertain future precipitation patterns, IWR for spring wheat, winter wheat and spring maize in the YRB has shown an upward trend which is not favorable to the sustainable development of water resources. It is urgent to take effective water-saving measures to hedge the adverse impact of climate change on agriculture. These findings can provide scientific basis for rational allocation of agricultural water resources in the YRB.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier