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Agricultural Water Management
Elsevier
Agricultural Water Management

Elsevier

0378-3774

Agricultural Water Management/Journal Agricultural Water ManagementSCIISTPEI
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    Impact of zebra chip disease and irrigation levels on potato production

    O'Shaughnessy S.A.Colaizzi P.D.Workneh F.Rush C.M....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022While many studies on zebra chip (ZC) disease in potatoes have focused on the epidemiology of the disease and the characterization of infected potato plants, this study quantifies the impact of ZC disease on crop response and investigates the relationship between irrigation level and ZC disease severity. In this two-year study chipping potatoes were planted under a variable rate irrigation center pivot sprinkler using a split-plot design with a 2 × 3 factorial combination of ZC disease level (diseased and non-diseased) and irrigation levels of 100%, 80% and 60% replenishment of soil water depletion to field capacity, designated I100, I80 and I60. Crop response of tuber yield, evapotranspiration (ETc), crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) from ZC diseased plots were compared with non-diseased (control) plots. Tuber yield and CWP in the infested plots were significantly reduced by at least 58% in 2018 and by 21% in 2019 as compared with results in the control plots. Year significantly affected crop response in the control plots, however, crop response in the ZC diseased plots was devastative to potatoes from year to year. There was no interaction between irrigation level and ZC disease occurrence. In both years, stomatal conductance measurements in ZC diseased plants were reduced 35 and 44 days after infection as compared with control plants. Since irrigation did not lessen the severity of ZC disease, as soon as diseased plants are identified within a field, withholding irrigation to the affected areas could improve IWP at the field level. Future studies should consider the use of thermal imaging or spectral reflectance of the plant canopy for spatiotemporal detection of ZC disease as early as possible in the growing season.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Comparative analysis of regenerative in situ electrochemical hypochlorination and conventional water disinfection technologies for growing ornamental crops with recirculating hydroponics

    Levesque S.Graham T.Dixon M.Bejan D....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Capturing and reusing fertigation drainage is a key strategy for maximizing greenhouse production efficiency while minimizing the impact of wastewater discharge on receiving ecosystems. Fertigation drainage, in this regard, refers to irrigation water mixed with fertilizer that has once passed through soilless culture. Although an economically and environmentally prudent practice, recirculating fertigation solutions does pose an increased risk of pathogen proliferation. There are many water disinfection technologies currently available to growers, including ozone (O3(aq)) and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP). Beyond currently available treatment options there are emerging technologies that have yet to be optimized for recirculating hydroponics. Electrochemical systems based on Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA) offer a novel method for disinfecting fertigation. Using Cyclamen persicum as a representative greenhouse floriculture crop, fertigation solutions were inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum isolated from a diseased C. persicum sample. Following inoculation, solutions were treated with one of either a DSA electrochemical system, a UV/Ozone AOP system, or ozonation. Solutions were then applied to the crop and disease progression was monitored. The positive control group (F. oxysporum added) exhibited pathogenicity following the recirculation of the fertigation solution, while the negative control (F. oxysporum absent) did not show pathogenicity in C. persicum. All water treatment systems achieved a log-4 reduction in F. oxysporum, which prevented pathogenicity in plants. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in plant physiology between the water treatment methods in comparison to the negative control group. However, all treatments performed significantly better than the positive control group which experienced pathogenicity. Solution nutrient analysis indicated stability across all treatments. Energy consumption was also monitored and demonstrated a two-fold reduction in electricity use with the electrochemical flow cell (EFC) compared to the AOP system.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluation of the effect of treated wastewater and well water irrigation on the quality, quantity and antibacterial/antifungal activities of Rosa × damascena Herrm. essential oil

    Ghavam M.Afzali A.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Water is one of the important environmental factors affecting the quality and quantity of Rosa × damascena Herrm. essential oil. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the quality, quantity, and antibacterial/antifungal activity of R. × Damascena essential oil in fields under irrigation treatments such as treated wastewater and well water at the University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. In each field, flowers (sepals and petals) were collected from different bushes in May 2019, coinciding with the beginning of buds opening. After extracting the essential oil by water distillation using the Clevenger apparatus, the analysis and identification of the compounds were performed by a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The antibacterial/antifungal activity of the essential oils was evaluated by determining the diameter of the inhibition zone by the agar diffusion method and determining the minimum concentration of growth inhibitor and bactericidal/fungal lethality. The results of quantitative analysis of essential oil showed that the highest yield belonged to R. × damascena irrigated with treated wastewater with a value of 0.1527 ± 0.0045%. Based on the results of the analysis of chemical compounds, citronellol (32.38%), geraniol (12.86%), nonadecane (10.14%), and heneicosane (6.16%) were the predominant compounds of R. × damascena essential oil under irrigation with treated wastewater and geraniol (17.81%), citronellol (17.67%), nonadecane (12.87%), heptadecane (5.60%), and heneicosane (5.44%) were the predominant compounds of R. × damascena essential oil under irrigation with well water. The strongest inhibitory and lethal activity of R. × damascena essential oil under treated wastewater irrigation was against Gram-negatives Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC<15.63 μg/mL) and Candida albicans (MIC=62.50 μg/mL) which were twice as strong as control antibiotics such as rifampin and nystatin. Therefore, it can be found that irrigation with treated wastewater increases the quantity and quality, and antimicrobial activity of R. × damascena essential oil against many microbial strains, which can be a possible option to produce high-quality essential oil for treating infectious diseases.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of different photovoltaic shading levels on kiwifruit growth, yield and water productivity under “agrivoltaic” system in Southwest China

    Jiang S.Zhao L.Liang C.Cui N....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) are emerging mixed production systems where crops are cultivated below the photovoltaic (PV) panels. This study investigated the effects of different PV shading levels on kiwifruit growth, yield and water productivity (WPc), with three densities of 19.0% (T1), 30.4% (T2) and 38.0% (T3) of translucent PV panels installed on the South-oriented AVS roof. The AVS perimeter was left open with the full sun treatment outside the AVS as the control treatment (CKL). Results showed that the solar radiation in T1, T2 and T3 was reduced by 43.8 ± 0.6%, 50.5 ± 0.6% and 55.0 ± 0.5%, respectively, compared with CKL, whereas the air temperature was uniform and the relative humidity increased with increased PV shading. The leaf area index and leaf light use efficiency improved, while the leaf transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency decreased with increased shading. The accumulated transpiration (T) was higher in CKL (419.9 ± 9.9 mm) than shading treatments (380.8 ± 26.7, 319.2 ± 15.1 and 308.8 ± 12.9 mm in T1, T2 and T3, respectively), and shading also reduced soil evaporation (E) (63.4 ± 1.0, 51.9 ± 3.1 and 47.4 ± 3.8 mm in T1, T2 and T3, respectively, compared to 79.4 ± 1.1 mm in CKL) and thus decreased the total evapotranspiration (ETc act=E + T) requirement. The kiwifruit volume and yield were slightly reduced (?7.3 to 5.5% and ?6.5 to ?2.6%) in T1 relative to CKL (101.4–106.8 cm3 and 17.6–18.9 t/ha), while the negative effects of shading on the volume and yield were significant (p < 0.05) in T2 and T3. The water productivity (WPc) was improved in T1 (8.2 ± 5.7%) and T2 (5.8 ± 1.9%) relative to CKL, however, it was significantly reduced in T3 (?9.8 ± 1.4%). It was concluded that 19% (T1) PV coverage was a suitable shading treatment management in the AVS, as kiwifruit growth and yield were less affected, and WPc was increased with reduced water consumption. The total potential profit can be largely promoted from electricity production, especially for dry rainfed and no electricity remote areas, where they can benefit from using produced electricity locally for irrigation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Ecological risk assessment and bioaccumulation of trace element, copper, in wheat varieties irrigated with non-conventional water resources in a semi-arid tropics

    Khan Z.I.Zafar A.Ahmad K.Ashraf M.A....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022In developing countries, using non-conventional water for irrigation is a traditional and cost-effective tool. However, its long-term use for agriculture and forestry will led to toxic metal bioaccumulation in plants and soil environment. Copper (Cu) is an essential plant nutrient but its excess accumulation can cause significant issues and risks to human health following food crop consumption. The present study was conducted with the aim to assess impact of copper (Cu) in the five wheat varieties (Seher-2006, Faislabad-2008, Watan, Galaxy-2013, Punjab-2011) at 7-ecological sites during the two growing seasons (2017, 2018). The source of irrigation included the ground water, industrial wastewater and sewage water. The Cu concentrations were subsequently determined via ecological environment (water, soils) and below and above ground plant organs (shoots, roots, and wheat grains) and phytostabilization potential assessment using various pollution indices. Results of this study revealed that mean Cu concentration in different wheat varieties and treatments were varied from 1.53 to 1.07–3.22 mg/kg, 0.58 and 1.94 mg/kg, 0.43–2.39 mg/kg, and 0.23–0.78 mg/kg in amended soil, root, shoot, and grains, respectively. Wheat cultivar, Seher-2006 showed highest Cu transfer from shoot to grain following irrigation with ground water while lowest after industrial water irrigation. High content of Cu was obtained in water and toxicity was higher than the maximum permissible limit. In case of grain and soil samples the copper contents were present within the safe limits. The value of all the indices for Cu were found less than 1 except for bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor that were greater than 1 for some samples. Our results revealed that the studied varieties of wheat crop were safe for consumption but the continuous usage of wastewater for irrigation may pose health risks after many years of consumption because some samples showed the high value for bioaccumulation factor and transfer factor. Wheat varieties possess desirable traits that are vital for phytoremediation purposes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Integrated surface and groundwater modeling to enhance water resource sustainability in agricultural watersheds

    Momm H.G.Moore K.Bingner R.L.Herring G....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Management of water resources is essential to maintain sustainable agricultural productivity and preserve groundwater and surface ecosystems. The long-term sustainability of these systems depends on the understanding of complex surface-groundwater flow interactions at different temporal and spatial scales, and the impacts of agricultural practices on water use. To support these efforts, an integrated AnnAGNPS-MODFLOW modeling technology is proposed and evaluated. It combines the capability of the AnnAGNPS model to detailed characterization of farming practices with groundwater flow estimation tools of the MODFLOW model. The AnnAGNPS-MODFLOW model was evaluated in Upper Sunflower River watershed at the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. The integrated modeling technology in conjunction with observed values of streamflow at the outlet and well water levels were used to estimate irrigation strategies with application rates varying in time and space at field scale. Utilization of improved irrigation characterization have provided evidence of the sensitivity of streamflow and groundwater levels to irrigation strategies. Simulation results indicate that a reduction of irrigation application rates by 20–40% can impact aquifer long-term water levels. This finding supports the need to investigate more efficient irrigation strategies to promote the aquifer sustainable use. The proposed technology provides a management tool critical to understanding and evaluating the impact of agricultural practices, irrigation, and aquifer recharge strategies that are important to sustaining water resources in irrigated agricultural watersheds.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Long term assessment of salinity impact on fruit yield in eighteen date palm varieties

    Al-Dakheel A.J.Hussain M.I.Abdulrahman A.Abdullah A....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) growth and production in the arid regions is adversely affected by increasing soil and water salinities. Although many aspects of date palm nutrition, physiology, genetics, and many more are extensively researched, the evaluation of salinity impact on date palm growth and productivity are limited to short duration studies and/or focused mostly on the seedling stage. A large gap in understanding salinity impact on mature date palms is therefore very evident. A long-term experiment (2001–2016) was established in 2001 using eighteen local and regional date palm varieties from the Arabian Peninsula on 2.5 ha to evaluate the impact of three levels of irrigation water salinity (5, 10 and 15 dS m?1 ECW) on date palm productivity. Eight years of yield data showed that fruit yield at Rutab and maturity stages was severely reduced at high salinity. Rutab fruit yield ranged from 67 to 146 kg tree-1 at low salinity (5 dS/m) while at the high salinity (15 dS m?1 ECw) yields ranged from 21 to 98 kg tree-1. At maturity, fruit yield reduction at the high salinity relative to the low salinity reached 67%. The 18 date palm varieties were widely different with regard to the impact of salinity on yield stability. Regression fitting and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) led to the identification of four different groups of date palm varieties in relation to salinity tolerance and thresholds. Group 1, including varieties Lulu and Barhi, are high-yielding varieties with high salinity tolerance; average salinity level at 50% yield reduction was 12 dS m?1 ECw. The second group includes the varieties Khisab, Sukkari, Jabri, Shahla, which are characterized as high-yielding varieties with sensitivity to increase in salinity, yield decline significantly at elevated salinity. Average salinity level at 50% yield reduction is 10 dS m?1 ECw. The third group includes varieties Fardh, Um Al Hamam, Naghal, Abu-Maan, Rhothan, which are characterized by medium to high yield potential under low salinity with moderate salinity tolerance. Average salinity level at 50% yield reduction is 9 dS m?1 ECw. The fourth group includes varieties Shagri, Khnizi, Nabtat Saif, Ajwat Al Madinah, Khalas, Maktoumi which demonstrate low yield potential with low salinity tolerance. Average salinity level at 50% yield reduction is 8 dS m?1 ECw. The present findings will provide a better understanding of the impact of salinity on date palm yield and guide future work on genetic enhancement and the development of integrated crop management approaches for date palm under marginal conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Long-term soil moisture evolution and its driving factors across China's agroecosystems

    Zhu P.Jia X.Zhao C.Shao M....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Water is a critical resource for sustainable development and stable food production in agroecosystems. China is one of the countries with intensified agricultural activities and extreme water shortages. Climate change is likely to contribute to an increased scarcity of agricultural water resources, which may threaten China's food security. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of long-term agricultural soil water variation and its controlling factors at a regional scale is urgently needed. Based on in-situ relative soil moisture (RSM, the ratio of soil water content to field capacity, %) data collected from 238 agricultural stations in China, variations in RSM between 1992 and 2012 and the driving factors were investigated within different climate zones. Overall, the national mean RSM showed a decreasing trend, indicating mild or moderate levels of drought during the study period. The rates and ratios of RSM reduction varied with the soil depth and climate zone. Among the four climate zones, the reduction in RSM was faster and higher in the plateau mountain and temperate continental climate zones; however, there was no significant trend in the temperate humid and subtropical humid climate zones. Both climate and agricultural management activities have made significant contributions to RSM in China's agroecosystems. In this study, RSM in 58.2% of the selected stations was driven by the combined effects of climate and management activities. For different climate zones, the RSM in the plateau mountain and temperate continental climate zones was mainly controlled by temperature and precipitation, respectively. In the temperate humid climate zone, climate change was the dominant factor controlling RSM. In the subtropical humid climate zone, grain output had a negative effect on the RSM. Our findings provide a theoretical reference for each region to facilitate agricultural water evaluation and agricultural policymaking, and enhance field management for the sustainable use of agricultural water resources.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Spatial distribution of soil water, plant roots, and water use pattern under different drip fertigation regimes in an apple-soybean intercropping system on the Loess Plateau, China

    Dou X.Wang R.Li C.Zheng C....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The irrational utilization of water resources restricts the sustainable development of tree-crop intercropping in the Loess region. Drip fertigation was applied for two years in an intercropping system to save water resources, and improve water use efficiency (WUE) and crop yield. The spatial distribution of soil water, plant roots, and water use pattern were investigated in a drip fertigated intercropping system. A two-factor randomized block design was adopted. Four irrigation levels: 60% (W1), 70% (W2), 80% (W3), and 90% (W4) of field capacity (Fc), together with three nitrogen fertilization treatments [59.40 (F1), 92.00 (F2), and 124.32 kg ha–1 (F3)], were set up with a blank control (CK), which was rain-fed with base fertilizer applied before sowing. The soil water content (SWC) distribution had a “U” shape in the horizontal direction, and the vertical water competition area moved downward as the intercropping year increased. The soybean root length density (RLD) increased as the distance from the tree row increased, but apple showed the reverse trend. The overlap between apple and soybean roots generally decreased as the distance from the tree row increased, but the vertical overlap of roots extended from 0–40 cm (2018) to 0–60 cm (2019). The interspecific competition increased with the increase in intercropping years, resulting in a downward shift of the competition area. Water consumption in 2018 and 2019 increased as the irrigation level rose. The SWC, RLD, soybean yield, and WUE of W3F2 were the highest among the treatments. Excessive irrigation can lead to vigorous vegetative growth, but reduced yields. The negative effects of intense interspecific competition were relieved under drip fertigation. The results suggested that drip irrigation at 80% Fc combined with 92 kg ha–1 N fertilization can improve the yield and WUE of the apple-soybean system on the Loess Plateau.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Interflow pattern govern nitrogen loss from tea orchard slopes in response to rainfall pattern in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

    Wang T.Xiao W.Huang Z.Zeng L....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Nitrogen loss from tea orchards in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) will increase the risk of eutrophication in reservoir surrounding bodies of water. However, runoff and nitrogen loss from tea orchard slopes in response to rainstorm patterns have been rarely reported，especially on the interflow process. The study was conducted using simulated slopes containing soil collected from the slopes of tea orchards in the Lanlingxi watershed of the TGRA. Rainfall runoff processes were then monitored and recorded for three typical rainstorms (similar total rainfall volumes) in 2019 rainy season: rainfall concentrated towards the middle stage(MR), latter stage(LR) and early stage(ER) of the rainstorm. Results revealed that: (1) runoff and soil nitrogen loss characteristics differed significantly among these three rainstorm patterns, among which the ER rainstorm had the greatest runoff amount (58.45 L，83.06% and 54.38% higher than MR and LR, respectively), the greatest nitrogen loss load (623.99 kg·km?2，92.92% and 95.71% higher than MR and LR, respectively) and the greatest interflow proportion to total runoff (76.00%); (2) interflow is the primary process governing nitrogen loss in tea orchard slopes during rainstorms, more than 90% of the total nitrogen (TN) was lost with the interflow, and the nitrate nitrogen loss in the interflow accounted for more than 50% of the TN. (3) the nitrogen loss process differed significantly among the three rainfall patterns under rainstorm events, but the nitrogen loss load was mainly concentrated in the first half of the interflow. As such, reducing or delaying interflow generation or intercepting and collecting it during the interflow generation stage may better cope with the loss of soil nutrients under rainstorm or even extreme rainstorm events, lowering the risk of eutrophication for surrounding bodies of water.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier