首页期刊导航|Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
期刊信息/Journal information
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Elsevier Science Publishers
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Elsevier Science Publishers

0167-8809

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment/Journal Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
正式出版
收录年代

    Water-conscious management strategies reduce per-yield irrigation and soil emissions of CO2, N2O, and NO in high-temperature forage cropping systems

    Jenerette G.D.Andrews H.M.Homyak P.M.Oikawa P.Y....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Agricultural soils are important sources of greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as nitric oxide (NO), a precursor to tropospheric ozone. Management approaches that constrain these emissions can limit future warming and improve regional air quality, especially in high-temperature agroecosystems where soil emissions are high. Subsurface drip irrigation is a promising management solution that can limit emissions via targeted rhizosphere access to water and nitrogenous fertilizers. In complementary field studies in southern California, we compared per-yield irrigation and soil emissions in surface- and drip-irrigated field plots growing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Sudanese), two forage crops with differing fertilizer requirements. For each study, we monitored soil temperature, moisture, and emission responses to irrigation in both spring and summer using a custom automated chamber array that recorded measurements every 30 minutes. We found that, compared to furrow irrigation, drip irrigation in sudangrass increased hay yield by 6% and per-yield soil CO2 emissions by 9% while it decreased irrigation demand by 49%, N2O emissions by 59%, and NO by 49%. In alfalfa, drip irrigation increased yield by 7% while decreasing irrigation by 1%, per-yield soil CO2 emissions by 59%, N2O by 38%, and NO by 20%. In both crops, differences between irrigation types were strongest in summer months, when high temperatures produced large pulses of N2O and NO in sudangrass and CO2 in alfalfa following flood irrigation relative to small pulses following drip irrigation. As agriculture intensifies in warmer climates, implementation of subsurface drip irrigation can help reduce the emission of soil emissions that affect Earth's climate and regional air quality.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Organic viticulture enhanced the activity of native entomopathogenic nematodes in DOCa Rioja soils (North of Spain)

    Blanco-Perez R.Vicente-Diez I.Campos-Herrera R.Ramos-Saez de Ojer J.L....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsVineyards and their associated socio-economic activities are relevant sectors worldwide. Still, this agroecosystem is one of the most intensely managed crops and erosion-prone land areas. The conventional viticulture practices to control pests, diseases, and weeds, like tillage and agrochemical applications, accelerate the loss of soil biodiversity and compromise the presence of beneficial soil organisms such as the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Such human disturbances in the agroecosystems can strongly affect abiotic (e.g., soil texture and properties) and biotic factors (natural enemies and potential competitors) that modulate the EPN activity as biological control agents. For the first time in viticulture, this study aimed to investigate the impact of differentiating management on the EPN community and associated soil organisms and if their assemblage will provide indicators of better practices for sustainable farming. We hypothesized that organic pest management and alternative strategies to tillage might enhance the abundance and activity of the native EPN community in vineyard soils. In autumn 2019, we collected two composite soil samples from 80 vineyards distributed across the Guaranteed Designation of Origin (denominated DOCa) Rioja region. The sites belonged to one category of each of the two factors: pest management (integrated vs. organic, 40 plots each) and soil managing (tillage vs. cover cropping, 48 and 32 vineyards, respectively). Isolated through sucrose-gradient centrifugation and employing species-specific primers/probe qPCR sets, we investigated the presence of ten EPN species and associated soil organisms: four free-living nematodes (FLNs), six nematophagous fungi (NF), and two ectoparasitic bacteria (EcPB). Besides, we estimated the EPN activity using the traditional insect-bait method. We included in the analysis twenty soil variables to characterize the evaluated treatments and assess their impact on soil organism distribution. Our results provide evidence on the support of organic viticulture to beneficial soil organisms, notably the activity of native EPNs. We also reported a higher abundance of S. feltiae (the predominant steinernematid species in Europe) and FLNs for organic farming than IMP, while the presence of NF and EcPB resulted in unaffected. Contrarily, the soil management practices considered did not differ in their impact on EPNs or their natural enemies/competitors, even if contrasted for several soil properties. Future research may expand the screened soil-dwelling species using novel molecular technics to unravel their complex interactions and determine the best farming practices to preserve soil health.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Secondary succession and parent material drive soil bacterial community composition in terraced abandoned olive groves from a Mediterranean hyper-humid mountainous area

    Company J.Fortesa J.Garcia-Comendador J.Estrany J....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsMediterranean humid mountains are ecological hotspots with high water availability that may accelerate their recovery after farmland abandonment, a widespread phenomenon in marginal areas of the European Mediterranean Region. This land use change led to secondary succession processes triggering changes in soil properties and soil microorganisms. This is the first study in assessing the environmental influence of both ecological succession and parent material over soil properties and soil bacterial communities in these habitats. To examine the effects of secondary succession and elucidate the role of parent material in soil bacterial communities, six soil plots were sampled from the combination of abandoned and rainfed olive groves, terraced or non-terraced, and over four parent materials in Lluc Valley, a Mediterranean hyper-humid mountainous area on the island of Mallorca, Spain. Soil bacterial diversity and taxonomic composition at phylum and family level in each field were analyzed by rRNA 16 S amplicon sequencing. In addition, a series of soil physicochemical and microbiological properties, together with enzyme activities were assessed. Results showed that secondary succession and parent material significantly affected soil physicochemical and microbiological properties, soil enzyme activities and soil bacterial communities’ diversity and taxonomic composition. Secondary succession following farmland abandonment triggered higher total organic carbon (TOC), microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), basal soil respiration (REB), alkaline phosphatase activity (Php) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA), thus enhancing soil quality. In contrast, parent material significantly shaped pH, specific surface area (SSA), TOC, Cmic, REB and soil enzyme activities, playing a key role in land use effects modulation. According to the distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA), SSA, TOC, REB, Cmic, urease activity (Ur) and Php were the soil properties that contributed to significant changes in bacterial communities’ composition at the family level. This study evidenced that farmland abandonment led to improve soil quality in Mediterranean humid mountains, with positive feedbacks provided by parent material.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Nesting material, phenology and landscape complexity influence nesting success and parasite infestation of a trap nesting bee

    Eeraerts M.Clymans R.Kerckvoorde V.V.Belien T....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Solitary bees are receiving increasing attention as they are very effective crop pollinators. However, widespread implementation of pollination management with solitary bees is hampered by a lack of targeted and practical guidelines. Indeed, little evidence-based guidelines exist about the preferred type of nesting material, how to control nest-associated macroparasites and how to promote a healthy offspring with sufficient female bees. This study investigated whether different types of artificial nesting materials – paper straws and wooden grooved boards – are preferred by the European orchard bee (Osmia cornuta). In addition, we explored how the bee nesting success and infestation of macroparasites are influenced by type of nesting material, landscape complexity and timing throughout the active nesting period of O. cornuta. We found that O. cornuta preferred to nest in paper straws compared to wooden grooved boards. The number of produced brood cells and the offspring sex-ratio (i.e. the ratio of female:male bees) were higher in wooden grooved boards. Number of brood cells, successful cocoon development and the sex-ratio all decreased throughout the nest-construction period of the bees. The sex-ratio also increased with increasing landscape complexity. Paper straws had a reduced infestation rate of kleptoparasitic mites. In addition, the infestation rate of both kleptoparasitic mites and kleptoparasitic drosophilid flies increased with time throughout the bees' nest-construction period. These findings present relevant evidence to aid successful implementation of solitary bees for crop pollination. Utilization of paper straws, or similar materials, over wooden grooved boards and closing the nests near the end of the bees’ active nest-construction period should be recommended practices. Implementation of these practices will reduce parasite infestation and enhance bee nesting success. Furthermore, conservation of semi-natural habitat or planting pollinator-friendly vegetation around fields is also advised to promote the proportion of female bees in the offspring.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Thresholds of target phosphorus fertility classes in European fertilizer recommendations in relation to critical soil test phosphorus values derived from the analysis of 55 European long-term field experiments

    Gans W.Heyn J.Hirte J.Huyghebaert B....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Phosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations of individual countries may differ in many aspects, but often the main principle is to reach or maintain a target range of plant-available P in soil. Within this target P fertility class, the soil is expected to supply enough P to the crop, while P fertilization replaces what is exported by the harvested crop. However, the threshold values of the target P fertility classes are based on a multitude of different soil test P (STP) methods and vary by a factor of up to three, even for countries using the same STP method. This study aimed to provide a comparison of the thresholds of target P fertility classes of different European countries and critical soil test P values (Pcrit; STP below which the average relative yield falls below 95% due to P insufficiency) derived from the analysis of data from 55 long-term field experiments in eight European countries. To overcome the issue of diverging STP methods, all values were converted to Olsen-P using empirically based conversion equations from the literature. Converted threshold values varied by a factor of up to five. For the experimental data, we fitted multi-level Mitscherlich-type models to determine Pcrit values of unfertilized soils corresponding to 95% of maximum yield. We found an average Olsen-Pcrit value of 15 mg P kg?1 (adj. R2 = 0.37; RMSE = 14.1% relative yield; n = 2368; 55 experiments), which lies far below several country-specific thresholds of target P fertility classes. Crop-specific analyses resulted in higher Olsen-Pcrit values for sugar beet (22 mg P kg?1), potato (19 mg P kg?1) and winter rapeseed (18 mg P kg?1). Among the texture classes (loam, sand, silt and clay), sandy soils exhibited the highest average Olsen-Pcrit value (22 mg P kg?1). We consider a reevaluation of extraordinarily high country-specific thresholds as well as an inclusion of crop type and soil texture (where not already implemented) to be a reasonable measure towards more cost-effective and environment-friendly P fertilization.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Intercropping of insect-pollinated crops supports a characteristic pollinator assemblage

    Jarvinen A.Himanen S.J.Raiskio S.Hyvonen T....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Intensive agriculture is one of the key drivers of global –pollinator decline. More ecologically sustainable cropping methods are urgently needed to preserve pollinators and to maintain future crop yields. This study examined the impact of strip intercropping on pollinators of spring turnip rape and faba bean. The pollinator abundance, species diversity, and species assemblages in monoculture and intercropping treatments were compared in a two-year field experiment in 2019—2020. Pan traps and transect counts were used to sample pollinators.Transect counts showed the highest pollinator abundance in turnip rape monoculture, medium in intercropping, and the lowest in faba bean monoculture. Pan traps indicated no difference in pollinator abundance among treatments but revealed increasing abundance and species diversity during the flowering season. Temporal change in species assemblage was also detected. Each treatment had distinct pollinator assemblage despite explicit honeybee dominance. All the most common pollinator species were present in the intercropping treatment, but there was no treatment impact on rare species. The rarefied species pool in the intercropping treatment exceeded that of monocultures but pollinator species richness did not differ among the treatments. Pollinator species diversity and evenness were higher in faba bean monoculture than in turnip rape monoculture, but neither had a pairwise difference with the intercropping treatment. Intercropping partially succeeded in substituting abundant turnip rape pollinators with more specialized faba bean pollinators. This resulted in a pollinator species assemblage with a broader range of foraging traits and more even abundance distribution compared with that in pure stands. At the landscape scale, such a shift would potentially improve ecological sustainability by reducing pollinator shortages, preventing pollinator dilution, and interfering less with natural plant pollination. However, rare pollinator species and landscape-level species diversity of pollinators must be supported with additional complementary methods.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Landscape and functional groups moderate the effect of diversified farming on biodiversity: A global meta-analysis

    Sanchez A.C.Jones S.K.Estrada-Carmona N.Purvis A....
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Homogenisation and intensification of agricultural ecosystems are among the most important threats to biodiversity, linked to declines in pollinators, soil biota and ecosystem functioning. Diversification has been proposed as a way to restore ecosystem functioning in agricultural landscapes. To manage agricultural land for multiple ecosystem functions, evidence is needed of the effect of diversification on functionally distinct taxa. We contribute to closing this knowledge gap through a global meta-analysis of 161 peer-reviewed articles addressing the abundance and richness of six distinct functional groups: autotrophs, decomposers, natural enemies, pests, pollinators, and other. We found diversified farming systems increased overall species richness by 26% on average, relative to simplified farming systems. However, the effect of diversified farming on the overall mean abundance was weak. Our study shows diversified farming systems enhanced the abundance and richness of beneficial species while reducing the abundance of pests (e.g., weeds, herbivores), thus providing benefits for both agricultural production and biodiversity. The positive effect of diversified farming systems on the overall mean species richness was stronger in farms in more simplified landscapes, i.e., those that are further from natural and semi-natural habitats or have a lower proportion of seminatural vegetation in a 1 km radius. Pollinator's abundance and richness were highest in diversified farming plots located far away from natural and semi-natural habitats. In contrast, proximity to these natural and semi-natural habitats (<250 m) increased the positive effect of diversified farming systems on natural enemies’ abundance, while reducing the number of pests. Our results add to the body of evidence calling for the repurposing of policies, regulations, and international agendas to promote, support and incentivize the adoption of diversified farming practices for supporting biodiversity. Spatial planning of diversification schemes should consider the landscape context of farms to ensure the greatest benefit of intervention.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Deep soil nitrogen storage slows nitrate leaching through the vadose zone

    Weitzman J.N.Brooks J.R.Compton J.E.Mayer P.M....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications are important for agricultural yield, yet not all the applied N is taken up by crops, leading to surplus N storage in soil or leaching to groundwater and surface water. Leaching loss of fertilizer N represents a cost for farmers and has consequences for human health and the environment, especially in the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA, where groundwater nitrate contamination is prevalent. While improved nutrient management and conservation practices have been implemented to minimize leaching, nitrate levels in groundwater continue to increase in many long-term monitoring wells. To elucidate controls on leaching rates and N dynamics in agricultural soils across soil depths, and in response to seasonal and annual variation in management (e.g., fertilizer input amount and summer irrigation), we intensively monitored the transport of water and nitrate every two weeks for four years through the vadose zone at three depths (0.8, 1.5, and 3.0 m) in a sweet corn (maize) field. Though nitrate leaching was highly variable among lysimeters at the same depth and across years, a strong pattern emerged: annual nitrate leaching significantly decreased with depth across the study, averaging ~104 kg N ha-1 yr-1 near the surface (0.8 m) versus ~56 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in the deep soil (3.0 m), a 54% reduction in leaching between the soil layers. Even though crops were irrigated in summer, most leaching (~72% below 3.0 m) occurred during the wet fall and winter. Based on steady state assumptions, a net equivalent of ~29% of surface N inputs leached below 3.0 m into the deeper soil and groundwater, while ~44% was removed in crop harvest, indicating considerable N retention in the soil (~27% of inputs or approximately 58 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The accumulation and long-term dynamics of deep soil N is a legacy of agricultural management that should be further studied to better manage and reduce nitrate loss to groundwater.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Assessing cover crop and intercrop performance along a farm management gradient

    Stratton A.E.Zak D.R.Blesh J.Comin J.J....
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsThe impacts of crop diversity on ecosystem functioning can vary across environmental conditions and land use histories. We conducted a two-year experiment to assess the effects of two diversification practices—vetch-oat cover cropping and cucumber-snow pea intercropping—on nitrogen (N) cycling and productivity across a farm management gradient. The field experiment spanned 14 farms in southern Brazil with different long-term management histories, ranging from conventional tobacco to agroecological mixed crop-livestock systems. Along this gradient, farm soils with longer histories of agroecological management had higher soil organic carbon, potentially mineralizable carbon, and extractable phosphorus, captured by a principal component reflecting “biological soil fertility.”.We found that benefits of diversification practices for soil N cycling and productivity were ecologically relevant across the farm gradient within the two-year span of our experiment, with the greatest overall performance on agroecological farms. First, vetch-oat cover crops doubled mean N inputs to soil compared to fallows across all farms. Following cover crop incorporation, N mineralization was twice as high on agroecological farms as on transitioning or conventional farms. At vegetable planting, use of cover crop mixtures explained 67% of the variation in soil N availability, after accounting for the effects of background fertility. Finally, vegetable intercrops had higher productivity than monocrops across farms and years (mean LER=1.19), with stronger overyielding in the second year (mean LER=1.27). On a subset of farms, low soil pH constrained the performance of both diversification practices, reducing vetch N2 fixation and vegetable intercrop yield (Land Equivalent Ratio, LER). While prior research has emphasized facilitation between diversified crops in lower fertility soils, our results suggest that diversification's advantages for nutrient cycling and productivity are robust to varied soil conditions and accrue over the course of transitions to agroecological management.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The hidden heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes of the Rolling Pampa (Argentina)

    Semmartin M.Cosentino D.Poggio S.L.Larrachea I.U....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Extensive agriculture imprints a certain spatial and temporal homogeneity on a landscape and often hides its natural heterogeneity. Moreover, this homogenization may be disconnected from land use capacity, increasing the risk of land degradation. We described the anthropogenic and natural heterogeneity of an agricultural basin of the central Rolling Pampa of Argentina, to assess whether the current land use is consistent with the natural land capacity. First, we mapped and characterized the anthropogenic and natural spatial heterogeneity through two independent analyses, one based on land cover and the other on geomorphological and edaphic variables. Second, we investigated the relationship between anthropogenic and natural heterogeneity by integrating the previous analyses with a third one, focused on vegetation activity (normalized difference vegetation activity index, NDVI). The results showed two anthropogenic landscape units, whereas six natural landscape units were identified. Anthropogenic landscape I was mainly associated with natural landscapes 1, 2 and 3. These landscapes were characterized by large, regularly shaped fields dominated by soybean. Anthropogenic landscape II was associated with natural landscapes 4, 5 and 6, which were characterized by smaller and more irregularly shaped fields and were more diversely cultivated than the other group of landscapes. Anthropogenic landscape I and its three associated natural landscapes had lower average vegetation activity but higher seasonal and inter-annual variation than anthropogenic landscape II and its associated landscapes. In conclusion, on a landscape level, natural heterogeneity may be hidden in agricultural landscapes with highly homogeneous land use, such as the Pampas region. If not taken into consideration, this could increase the risk of land degradation in certain conditions or landscapes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier