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Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Elsevier Science Publishers
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Elsevier Science Publishers

0167-8809

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment/Journal Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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    Multiple perspective accountings of cropland soil erosion in China reveal its complex connection with socioeconomic activities

    Hu, YuanchaoZeng, YiYan, HuaXu, Baodong...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Cropland soil erosion is a major threat to global agricultural sustainability. Compared with the well-studied natural factors of soil erosion, socioeconomic factors have just begun to be considered. The major obstacle is that the soil erosion of different crops has not been accounted for and connected to socioeconomic activities. This study adopted the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and the environmentally extended multiregional input-output (EE-MRIO) model to account for soil erosion on cropland from the production, consumption, and income perspectives at the provincial and sectoral levels in China. The results showed the major responsible agents in a synthetic view. On the production side, the Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau and surrounding hills of the Sichuan Basin, the Chinese grain bases located in northeastern and central China, and the Loess Plateau were the major regions that caused the most cropland soil erosion. On the consumption side, the national final demand for Sichuan, Yunnan, Shandong, Henan, and other provinces with high production-based cropland soil erosion (PBE) values per se pulled remarkable cropland soil erosion. On the income side, the crucial provinces into which the national primary input enabled notable cropland soil erosion were still those areas with serious cropland soil erosion. From the industrial perspective, the direct effects of human primary inputs into agriculture and the demand for agricultural products played the dominant role. In addition, Cereal and BOP (beans, oil and potatoes) were the most important among the agricultural sectors. The effects of the nonagricultural sectors, especially the manufacture of foods and tobacco (MFT) and the chemical industry (CI), on cropland soil erosion also cannot be ignored. Our results indicated that accounting from multiple perspectives could inform the better management of cropland soil erosion from a more comprehensive perspective. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to consider the accounting of cropland soil erosion in China from multiple perspectives. Tailored packages of measures should be established based on different patterns of areas with serious cropland soil erosion.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Limitations to the soil impacts of tree regrowth in improved cattle pasture

    Moore, K.Bretreger, D.Cox, T.Lindsay, L....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Tree regrowth plots are often utilised to reduce soil erosion and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) as well as providing shade for cattle. However, unfenced tree regrowth plots have been found to make limited improvements in soil health in grazing lands. To better inform land management decisions, the impact of an unfenced tree regrowth on soil erosion rates and soil properties was analysed for an improved (i.e., sown with introduced species) cattle pasture in Eastern Australia. Soil cores were collected to 20 cm depth for two paired transects: one with improved pasture and a tree plot, and one consisting only of improved pasture. Samples were analysed for soil organic carbon and soil properties and soil erosion rates were determined using the diffusion and migration model (DMM) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Maximum DMM erosion rates were similar for the two transects at 2.7 (tree plot) and 2.3 (pasture) t.ha(-1).yr(-1) , with the tree plot not having a statistically significant effect. RUSLE erosion rates showed less similarity for the transects at 5.58 (pasture) and 3.08 (tree plot) t.ha(-1) .yr(-1). SOC was lower within the tree plot compared to the rest of the transect, while it was significantly higher in the pasture than the tree plot transect (4.93% compared to 3.72%). To examine if the tree plot is buffering against higher erosion caused by this, the RUSLE cover factor was substituted for that of the pasture transect. However, no such effect was observed. Overall, the tree plot had no significant effect on SOC and erosion in this improved pasture grazing system. This has implications for the design of tree plots and their location, which is significant due to their perceived role in regenerative agriculture practices.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Grazing promoted plant litter decomposition and nutrient release: A meta-analysis

    Su, YuanDong, KuanhuWang, ChanghuiLiu, Xuejun...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Grazing considerably affects ecosystem nutrient cycling and element stoichiometry at the regional and global levels according to synthesized studies. However, the effects of grazing, especially its intensity, on the plant litter decomposition stage of key processes in biogeochemical cycles are not clearly understood. Here, a meta-analysis of 65 published papers was undertaken to examine the responses of eight variables associated with litter decomposition to grazing or grazing intensity. We also explored whether experimental and environmental factors altered the effects of grazing on litter decomposition. Our results indicated that grazing significantly promoted litter decomposition when all the data was averaged, and that the magnitude of its effects on litter decomposition became weaker as grazing intensity increased. Grazing did not affect mixed root litter decomposition, but increased single root litter decomposition, and light grazing had a stronger positive effect. Specifically, grazing significantly accelerated litter C and P release, and significantly increased single N release by single aboveground litter, but not root or mixed aboveground litter. In addition, environmental factors (e.g., elevation, and mean annual precipitation) and experimental factors (e.g., experiment duration and litterbag size) affected the litter decomposition responses to grazing. These results suggest that the effects of grazing on litter decomposition and nutrient release depend on grazing intensity, litter type, and plant organs. Grazing alters terrestrial plant litter decomposition and grazing intensity plays an important role in regulating the magnitude of the effect during litter decomposition and nutrient cycling.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Disentangling the effects of animal defoliation, trampling, and excretion deposition on plant nutrient resorption in a semi-arid steppe: The predominant role of defoliation

    Zhang, TongruiLi, Frank YonghongLi, YanlongShi, Chunjun...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Nutrient resorption is a key strategy of perennial plants for conservation and efficient use of nutrients. Previous studies show that semi-arid steppe may maintain its nutrient resorption flux under moderate grazing that substantially removes plant biomass and nutrients, while the mechanisms underlying the fact are unclear. We performed a three-year simulation experiment in the Inner Mongolian grassland to quantify the respective and combining effects of three grazing mechanisms, i.e., animal defoliation, trampling and excretion return, on plant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption traits (efficiency, proficiency and flux) at species and community levels. We found that defoliation reduced N resorption efficiency (NRE) of Leymus chinensis; excretion return reduced N resorption proficiency (NRP) of L. chinensis and Stipa krylovii; and trampling reduced P resorption proficiency (PRP) of Cleistogenes squarrosa in non-defoliated grassland. Defoliation reduced plant community nutrient (N and P) pools for resorption, but enhanced the pool-based plant community nutrient resorption efficiency, leading to a neutral effect on plant community nutrient resorption fluxes. Animal excretion return significantly enhanced plant nutrient resorption fluxes by enlarging the nutrient pools for resorption, not increasing resorption efficiency or proficiency. Simulated animal trampling at moderate intensity over three seasons does not alter plant community nutrient resorption, though it reduced nutrient resorption of a fragile species C. squarrosa. The negative effects of defoliation on plant nutrient resorption by removing plant aboveground biomass and nutrient pool, could be offset by the positive effects of animal excretion return that improved plant available nutrient in the soil, enhanced plant nutrient uptake and pool for resorption and actual nutrient resorption fluxes; however, the effects of animal excretion return and that of trampling were significant only in non-defoliated grassland, as these effects were masked in defoliated grassland. Our results suggest that animal defoliation and excretion return jointly explain the majority of overall grazing effects on plant nutrient resorption fluxes, and the defoliation plays a predominant role in mediating the interactive effects of three grazing mechanisms. Our results also provide insights into the divergent effects of animal grazing versus mowing for hay (defoliation only) practices on grassland ecosystems and have management implications.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Land-use intensification reduces soil macrofauna biomass at the community but not individual level

    Yin, RuiKardol, PaulEisenhauer, NicoSchadler, Martin...
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：Land-use intensification and climate change are main threats to the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna. However, little is known about their biomass in response to these concurrent drivers. Here, we investigated the biomass responses of soil macrofauna along a land-use intensity gradient of five land-use regimes (i.e., from extensively-used grassland to conventional cropland) under two climate scenarios (ambient vs. future). We found that land-use intensification (but not climate change) significantly reduced soil macrofauna biomass at the community rather than individual level. Further, the community structure of soil macrofauna based on total biomass data varied with land-use type (i.e., grasslands vs. croplands). Collectively, our findings suggest that land-use intensification can negatively shift the community biomass patterns of soil macrofauna consistently under both ambient and future climates in agroecosystems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Conservation tillage facilitated soil carbon sequestration through diversified carbon conversions

    Wang, FeifeiYe, XinNiu, LinganSchulin, Rainer...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The organic carbon content of soil (SOC) is a key factor for soil health and in climate change. Both tillage practice and straw returns influence the SOC pool. However, their comprehensive impacts on SOC sequestration remain largely unknown. We quantified SOC characteristics, including different labile fractions of soil carbons, and chemical compositions of SOC in cropland soil under long-term (1985-2019) wheat-maize rotation with different tillage and straw return practices. No-tillage (NT) increased the plow layer SOC stocks significantly, as compared with the conventional tillage, and both contents of easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were enlarged by straw return practices. In particular, NT resulted in considerably larger contribution of labile C (O-alkyl C) and recalcitrant C (such as aromatic C) to SOC sequestration than conventional tillage, suggesting that more diversified C conversion was responsible for enhanced SOC sequestration. Additionally, NT decreased the ratio of alkyl C to O-alkyl C as well as the ratio of lignin to polysaccharides (SOC degradation indices), indicating a lower degree of SOC decomposition. The present study offers new insights into the functional roles of long-term NT and straw return practices on SOC turnover, which are crucial for improving agricultural soil quality and carbon management strategies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Rotational grazing and multispecies herbal leys increase productivity in temperate pastoral systems-A meta-analysis

    Jordon, Matthew W.Willis, Kathy J.Buerkner, Paul-ChristianPetrokofsky, Gillian...
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：Reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with ruminant livestock production is important for climate change mitigation. Regenerative Agriculture (RA) practices are increasingly promoted to improve forage pro-duction and livestock performance in temperate livestock systems. These practices include i) rotational grazing (RG) of livestock around multiple subunits of pasture to achieve ungrazed periods of 'rest', and ii) herbal leys (HL), where perennial forbs such as chicory, lucerne and trefoils are included as components in multi-species swards. While there are plausible mechanisms for adoption of these practices to improve agricultural productivity, quantitative syntheses of their impacts are required. Here, we conduct a systematic review and meta -analysis of the effects of RG and HL practices on herbage dry matter (DM) production, animal daily live -weight gain (DLWG), and sheep wool growth in temperate oceanic regions. We use quantitative predictors in our Bayesian hierarchical models to investigate the role of rest period and stocking density in RG systems, and specific plant traits and sward diversity in HL. We found that herbage DM increased by 0.31 t.ha(-1) over a growing season as the proportion of rest in an RG grazing system increased from 0 to 1. Stocking density significantly moderated the effect of rest period on sheep and cattle DLWG; at higher stocking densities, longer rest periods were required to maintain livestock growth rates. In HL studies, herbage DM yielded 1.63 t.ha(-1) more per metre of increased sward root depth and a sward entirely comprised of legumes yielded 2.20 t.ha(-1) more than when no legumes were present. Sheep DLWG increased by 3.50 g.day(-1) per unit increase in leaf nitrogen concentration (mg.g(-1)), but we could not determine an effect of leaf condensed tannin content on animal performance. Although there remain differences between the RG and HL study treatments meta-analysed here and RA in practice, our results provide empirical support for some of the mechanisms attributed to increased pasture and livestock productivity following adoption of selected RA grazing practices.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Warming increase the N2O emissions from wheat fields but reduce the wheat yield in a rice-wheat rotation system

    Ma, ChaoLiu, YingduoWang, JingXue, Lixiang...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Global warming often affects the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yet the effect of simulated warming on GHG emissions from wheat fields, the major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, is still unclear. Therefore, using a free-air temperature increase system, we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of simulated warming on N2O and methane (CH4) emissions as well as wheat yields in a rice-wheat rotation system. Our results showed that compared with the ambient control, warming increased the cumulative seasonal emissions of N2O by 34.21 % (P < 0.05), but did not affect the seasonal CH4 emissions in the two years. Soil C/N ratio, pH, nirK gene and (nirK+nirS)/nosZ ratio were the main causes affecting N2O emissions. Warming reduced the wheat yield by 19.42 % mainly due to the reduction of panicles and shorter vegetative growth (P < 0.05). Greenhouse gas intensity of warming treatment was 10.42 % higher than that of the ambient control. Our findings indicate that warming may reduce the wheat yield but increase N2O emissions in China's wheat-rice rotation system and emphasize the need for agronomic practices of high wheat yields and low GHG emissions in the climate change world.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Nitrous oxide emissions from five fertilizer treatments during one year-High-frequency measurements on a Swedish Cambisol

    Wallman, MagdalenaLammirato, CarloDelin, SofiaKlemedtsson, Leif...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a strong greenhouse gas, and the emissions from managed soils are increasing. Emissions of N2O are highly variable in time and space, and there are potential triggers for emission peaks both in crop season and no-crop season. The aim of this study was to compare how fertilizer treatments, differing in rate and source of nitrogen (N), influence direct N2O emissions from soil, in crop season as well as in no-crop season, with the use of automated, high-frequency chamber measurements. Emissions were measured from cereal production on a Swedish clay-rich soil fertilized with biogas digestate, pig slurry and two levels of mineral N, as well as from control plots receiving no fertilizer N. The results showed that N2O emissions per unit area were low in all treatments, compared to other studies. Emissions from the treatment with mineral fertilizers at recommended rates were similar to the emissions from the control (0.65 and 0.48 kg N2O-N ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively). One-year cumulative emissions from a mineral N input rate 50 % higher than recommended were about three times higher than the control. Emissions of N2O from the pig slurry and biogas digestate treatments per unit area were of the same magnitude as from the high mineral N treatment. While the emissions from the high mineral N treatment were associated with elevated concentrations of nitrate in the drainage water, the high emissions from the organic fertilizer treatments were probably a result of large input of ammonium and degradable organic matter both in the year studied and in the preceding year. Most (approximately 75 %) of the N2O emissions occurred between harvest in autumn and sowing in spring, mainly in periods of freeze-thaw cycles. The relative differences between treatments were roughly the same during crop season and no-crop season. This study concludes that it is possible to combine high yields with very low N2O emissions -even on a clay soil in a semi-humid climate -when using mineral fertilizers at recommended rates.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Irrigation modulates entomopathogenic nematode community and its soil food web in olive groves under different agricultural managements

    Campos-Herrera, RaquelBlanco-Perez, RubenRodriguez-Martin, Jose AntonioLanda, Blanca B....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are biological control agents distributed worldwide in natural and agricultural soils. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that stable rhizospheres of perennial crops can favor the occurrence of EPNs. However, different agricultural management practices can modulate their natural distribution in agroecosystems, hence should be considered in conservation biological control programs to support as high as possible native EPN populations. Cultivated olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea), originally from the Mediterranean Basin, is a key perennial crop susceptible to a diverse range of arthropod pests that account for their life with at least one soil inhabitant stage. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, the occurrence of EPNs and associated soil organisms in olive groves managed with different practices. We surveyed 89 commercial olive groves located in Andalusia (Southern Spain) and differently handled for pest management (conventional vs. organic), soil management (tilling vs. cover cropping), and irrigation regime (rain feed vs. drip-irrigation). By using species-specific primers-probe sets and quantitative real-time PCR approaches, we screened the occurrence of nine species of EPNs, five free-living nematodes (FLNs), and six nematophagous fungi (NF). We found EPNs in 23.6% of the sites, identifying only two EPN species: Steinernema feltiae (15.7%) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (7.9%). Pest and soil management did not affect EPN abundance, but drip irrigation increased their occurrence (P < 0.025). On the contrary, we recorded lower FLN numbers in irrigated groves (P = 0.003), particularly for Oscheius tipulae and Pristionchus maupasi. Regarding NF, both organic management (P < 0.001) and drip irrigation (P < 0.035) enhanced their abundance. Four abiotic explanatory variables (extractable P, clay content, elevation, and precipitation) explained 85.6% of the EPN, FLN, and NF species variation in multivariate analysis. Overall, drip irrigation in the olive groves enhanced the EPN community but also NF growth, natural enemies of nematodes. Additional studies are required to determine the best combination of alternative strategies that will enhance a balanced soil biota in olive groves in Mediterranean regions and other areas where this crops is cultivated that enable conservation ecosystem services, such as those provided by the EPNs.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier