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Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Elsevier Science Publishers
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Elsevier Science Publishers

0167-8809

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment/Journal Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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    Crop circles revealed spatio-temporal patterns of beaver foraging on cereal fields

    Garvik, Elise SolheimFountain, Marte StensbyReinhardt, StefanieRosell, Frank...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The surface of the Earth is increasingly dominated by human-modified ecosystems, and many wildlife species are adapting to live within agricultural landscapes. Crops offer a predictable and nutritious food source that may become an integral part of the diet of some wildlife species. Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) are closely associated with forests and wetlands, but recolonizing their previous range following centuries of persecution, they settle into a highly anthropogenic landscape. We investigated spatial patterns of beaver foraging on cereals in southeastern-Norway, 2019 and 2020, as well as beaver movements in crop fields using GPS tags, 2010-2021. Beavers foraged mostly on wheat (Triticum aestivum), followed by oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum sativum), and rye (Secale cereale). The probability that a beaver would forage on cereals decreased with the width of the forested buffer zone, and with increasing elevational gain from water. The extent of foraging increased while cereal plants ripened in early fall, and beavers removed larger areas when foraging further away from water. The extent of foraging varied among beaver territories, but we could not identify the cause of these differences. However, we found that beavers that moved extensively in crop fields also displayed an improved body condition. During late summer to early fall, cereals might provide a supplementary food source for this generalist and opportunistic species. As wildlife populations settle into agricultural land, crops might become a vital part of their diet, which requires research attention to reduce conflicts and improve our understanding of wildlife foraging ecology within anthropogenic landscapes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Impact of long-term application of manure and inorganic fertilizers on common soil bacteria in different soil types

    Lian, JinshanWang, HuiyingDeng, YeLiu, Shutang...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Understanding the impact of long-term fertilization in different soil types and its effect on soil bacteria and crop production is critical for designing sustainable agricultural practices across diverse landscapes. Here, we investigated the impact of 25-37 years of continuous fertilizer treatments in three parent materials (Phaeozem, Cambisol, and Acrisol) on crop yield, soil properties, and soil bacteria (i.e., the total 16 S rRNA gene abundance, community structure, and its relationship with soil nutrient) across diverse Chinese agriculture areas. Four consistent treatments were included: unfertilized control (CK), inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (N), manure (M), and manure plus nitrogen (MN). The crop yields were significantly increased under MN treatments at the rates of 147 kg/ rotation (3 years) in Phaeozem and 90.6 kg/ rotation (1 year) in Acrisol, while the crop yields remained constant or decreased for CK and N treatments. The relative abundance of Acidobacteria_Gp6 and Planctomycete were significantly higher in manure treatments than in chemical fertilizer treatment. Through the structural equation model (SEM) analysis, species in module 1 were directly correlated with crop yield, and both module 2 and module 3 species were indirectly correlated with crop yield via SOM and NO3- contents. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Firmicutes were dominant bacterial groups in the three modules, respectively. This study reveals the complex role of keystone ecological clusters of soil bacteria on crop yields and identifies the common bacterial taxa that respond to long-term fertilization and thereby, as potential targets for improving soil fertility across soil types.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Higher diversity and contribution of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at an optimal P-input level

    Liu, ZihaoLi, MinghuiLiu, JunboWang, Junhua...
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：As not only an indicator but also key determinants of soil health, the performance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi under intensive cropping systems remains incompletely understood, particularly with regard to quantitative contributions to crop phosphorus (P) acquisition and scientific managements of P-input levels. Here, we firstly investigated the diversity and vitality of AM fungi along with decreasing P-input levels from P100 (local regular rate) to P50 (50 % off) in a greenhouse experiment to explore the optimal P-input level, and further determined the apparent contribution of AM fungi to maize (Zea mays L.) P acquisition at optimal level in a field microplot experiment with root mycorrhization inhibition by benomyl application and in another pot experiment upon AM fungal inoculation in a sterilized soil. Decreasing P input decreased the amount but increased the efficiency of plant P acquisition, and increased the diversity and colonization of AM fungi, in addition to shaping the community composition. Notably, P80 (20 % off) appeared to be an optimal level that balanced mycorrhizal vitality, maize growth and P-acquisition efficiency. The apparent contribution of AM fungi to maize P acquisition determined in both field and pot experiments were approximately 36 % and 21 % at P80 and P100, respectively, while grain yields at P80 with mycorrhizae reached the level equivalent to that of P100 without mycorrhizae, indicating a replacement of 20 % of P fertilizers by adequate mycorrhizal management. It highlights that stronger AM associations by optimizing P input allow for relatively high crop P-acquisition efficiency upon high mycorrhizal benefits, favoring agricultural production in a sustainable manner with reduced dependence on inputs.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Efficiency and effectiveness of native bees and honey bees as pollinators of apples in New South Wales orchards

    Bernauer, Olivia M.Tierney, Simon M.Cook, James M.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Relatively little is known about regional variation in the native insects that visit and pollinate apples - a pollination-dependent and economically valuable global crop - in Australia. We undertook three studies on Pink Lady apple crops in two regions of Australia to 1) quantify the amount of apple pollen carried on the bodies of insects; 2) evaluate differences in the amount of apple pollen deposited on the stigmas by different insects (pollinator efficiency); 3) experimentally assess fruit set to ascertain baseline pollination (open treatment), maximum pollination (hand pollination treatment), pollination after a single visit by an insect (single visit treatment) and no insect pollination (closed control); and 4) quantify regional contributions to pollination services provided by each taxon by calculating pollinator effectiveness (efficiency * visitation rate). The most common apple flower visitors included introduced honey bees (Apis mellifera), native meliponine, allodapine, and halictine bees, hoverflies, and beetles. Native stingless bee, Tetragonula carbonaria, foragers carried the most loose apple pollen on their bodies, followed by honey bees, but most individual insects (51.6 %) visiting flowers carried no apple pollen at all. Comparisons at higher taxonomic levels showed that all bees (pooled) carried more apple pollen on their bodies than all non-bee taxa (pooled). In addition, when contacting flower stigmas, bees deposited more pollen per visit than non-bees. The most pollen grains per single contact visit were deposited by native Exoneura bees (x? = 231.25), but variation was high (s.e. = 179.75). Irrespective of pollinator identity, pollen deposition from a single visit increased with time spent on the flower. However, across species, the amount of loose body pollen did not predict the quantity deposited; in particular, honey and stingless bees carried more pollen but deposited less than halictine (Lasioglossum) and allodapine (Exoneura) bees. Fruit set experiments confirmed that Pink Lady apples require pollination, because closed controls set zero fruits. Fruit set also required repeated pollinator visits, because flowers restricted to a single insect visit rarely set fruit. Pollination deficits were detected in both study regions, wherein open treatments set fewer fruits than handpollination treatments. Pollination services were predominantly provided by honey bees (97 %) in one region (Orange), but in a second region (Bilpin), honey bees (60 %) were complemented strongly by wild stingless bees (35 %). Hence, in Bilpin, native bee pollination services may buffer predicted decreases in honey bee populations, should the Varroa mite become established in Australian agro-environments.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Great tits nesting in apple orchards preferentially forage in organic but not conventional orchards and in hedgerows

    Bouvier, Jean-CharlesDelattre, ThomasBoivin, ThomasMusseau, Raphael...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Great tits are insectivorous birds that feed mainly on caterpillars during the breeding season. Their high pest control potential in apple orchards has been documented. Nestbox provisioning is an increasingly suggested tool for ecological pest control, but the underlying assumption that birds forage in intensively managed orchards has never been formally tested. We conducted a fine-scale study of the great tit feeding microhabitat in different orchard management contexts as pesticide use affects the behaviour and physiology of birds through direct intoxication and reduced prey abundance. Using radiotracking techniques, we assessed foraging areas and foraging habitat selection of female great tits breeding in conventional and organic commercial apple orchards. We also tested whether different orchard-driven foraging strategies could be linked to differences in reproductive success. We collected 392 foraging locations from seven female great tits nesting in organic orchards and 375 locations from seven females nesting in conventional orchards. Females from organic orchards mostly searched for food inside the orchard where they bred. This contrasted strongly with females from conventional orchards (54 +/- 10.4 % and 7.1 +/- 3.0 % of foraging points inside the orchard, respectively). Further, females from organic orchards travelled shorter distances. Overall, organic orchards and hedgerows were the most preferred foraging habitats. Conventional orchard management was also associated with lower nestling survival and lower fledgling number than organic management. There were indications that the mean number of fledglings decreased with increasing mean foraging distance of the female. Our novel insights on the foraging behaviour of great tits in orchards support the benefits of installing nestboxes in organic but not in conventional orchards. We posit that nestboxes may encourage feeding activity of insectivorous birds within organic orchards where they may then contribute to the control of insect pest populations.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Biophysical drivers of yield gaps and ecosystem services across different coffee-based agroforestry management types: A global meta-analysis

    Mokondoko, PierreAvila-Foucat, Veronique SophieGaleana-Pizana, Mauricio
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：The productivity of agroforestry systems (AFSs) and the provisioning of associated ecosystem services (ESs) are threatened by increasing cropping intensification and climate change. Compared to full-sun coffee, maintaining shade cover might protect against climate variability, forest degradation, and pests/diseases attack. However, there may be trade-offs between yields and ESs. While the impacts of shade have been reviewed, a global synthesis to understand how shade trees and a range of practices and biophysical factors contribute to yield gaps and ESs across management types is lacking. This research aims at integrating quantitative data on management practices (shade cover percentage, tree/coffee plant densities, and nutrient inputs), coffee/tree characteristics, soil properties, topographic attributes and climate, in order to compare the responses of coffee yields, biodiversity and ES supply across management types. We conducted a meta-analysis with a total of 142 papers that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and analyzed the individual and combined effects of these factors. The results show that factors such as shade cover and tree/plant densities affected more the yields than climatic and biotic factors. AFSs under moderate shade cover levels (35-50%), with tree densities between 100 and 250 trees ha(-1), at low altitudes, and with steeper slopes provided as much yields as full-sun systems (4.1 +/- 2.88 tons ha(-1) yr(-1)). While increased shade cover (>51%) decreased yields, the results also show that more diversified AFSs can support biodiversity conservation and provide ESs such as stored carbon, infiltration, pollination, and water runoff. The generalized linear models (GLMs) analyses showed that coffee yield variations are highly context-dependent and factors such as the incidence of pest/leaf rust, altitude, soil quality, available water, and biodiversity may play an important role. The novelty of this research is that the effect of shade, coffee plants, and input management practices is taken into account, along with the effects of a range of site-specific biophysical factors; along with the application of a case study to test robustness of the meta-analysis. This study provides an understanding of the effects of management type gradients on coffee yield and whether the low yields in AFSs compared to conventional coffee monocultures, are compensated by the provisioning of ESs.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Combined nitrogen and phosphorus management based on nitrate nitrogen threshold for balancing crop yield and soil nitrogen supply capacity

    Wen, PengfeiWang, XiaoliShi, ZujiaoLiu, Donghua...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：An appropriate combined nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization strategy is essential for obtaining sustained higher grain yields while maintaining soil fertility. In this study, a long-term split-plot design farmland experiment (initiated in 2009) with five N fertilizer rates combined with four P fertilizer rates was established during 2016-2019 to determine an appropriate nitrate-N (NO3-N) threshold in an intensive managed wheat-maize double cropping system. A fertilization strategy was then proposed based on the NO3-N threshold to balance the crop yields and soil nitrogen supply capacity. The results showed that N fertilizer increased the accumulated NO3-N, and the combined application of phosphate fertilizer with each N rate reduced the accumulated NO3-N to different degrees. The residual soil NO3-N reached a steady-state soil N pool balance after long-term application of N at 150-225 kg ha(-1) combined with P at 60-120 kg ha(-1). The residual NO3-N threshold in the root zone (0-100 cm soil layer) was determined as about 100 kg ha(-1) at the crop harvest to maintain the N supply capacity and prevent leaching into the deep soil (> 100 cm soil layer). The fertilization guidelines are 154 kg ha(-1) for N fertilizer and 106 kg ha(-1) for P fertilizer in the winter wheat season, and 162 kg ha(-1) for N fertilizer and 122 kg ha(-1) for P fertilizer in the summer maize growing season based on the NO3-N safety threshold. The optimized fertilizer strategy reduced the fertilizer application rate by 67 kg N ha(-1) per year and the residual NO3-N by 34.2 % in the deep soil, while only reducing the average yield by 3.1 % across the crops and years. These findings provide a basis for sustainably balancing grain yields and soil nitrogen supply capacity as well as preventing nitrate pollution of farmland.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Increasing landscape complexity enhances species richness of farmland arthropods, agri-environment schemes also abundance - A meta-analysis (vol 326, 107822, 2022)

    Marja, RihoBatary, PeterTscharntke, Teja
    2页
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of crop type and production method on arable biodiversity in boreal farmland

    Huusela, ErjaHyvonen, TerhoMarjamaki, PaulaJarvinen, Ari...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Crop choice affects biodiversity within fields due to crop-specific characteristics and management practices. However, there is a lack of studies systematically comparing the biodiversity value of different crops across multiple taxa. This study empirically compared the diversity of plants, pollinators, predatory arthropods, and multi-taxa diversity between seven crop types and long-term environmental fallows in boreal farmland. The effects of crop production method (organic vs. conventional) on biodiversity were also examined. Biodiversity data were collected in 78 fields in Southern Finland. The studied species groups differed in their preferences for crop types and fallows, but none of them was particularly associated to spring cereal (oat), the dominant arable crop in the boreal farmland. Environmental fallows had the highest plant species richness and butterfly abundance, whereas faba bean and oilseed crop fields attracted high numbers of bumblebees. Carabid beetles were most abundant in winter cereal (rye) fields, and spiders in perennial crop types. Multi-taxa diversity was highest in fallows and lowest in spring cereal (oat), ley and cabbage fields. Organic production increased plant species richness across crop types. Hoverflies responded to the interaction of production method and crop type, being most abundant in organically managed faba bean fields. The other species groups and multi-taxa diversity were not affected by the production method. High arable land cover in the surrounding landscape had negative effect on butterflies, solitary bees and carabid beetles within fields. Our results suggest that diversifying cropping systems to include more insect-pollinated crops, winter cereals and pastures, and increasing the area of environmental fallows while maintaining landscape heterogeneity would enhance resource provision for a variety of organism groups in boreal agricultural landscapes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Environmental drivers for riparian restoration success and ecosystem services supply in Mediterranean agricultural landscapes

    Castellano, ClaraBruno, DanielComin, Francisco A.Masip, Adria...
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Riparian forests nestled in agricultural landscapes represent a small proportion in crop-intensive areas, while contributing remarkably to their biodiversity. This biodiversity supports several ecological processes crucially involved in the supply of ecosystem services (ES) complementary to that provided by agricultural lands and also relevant for designing biodiverse and multifunctional landscapes. Riparian forest is one of the most threatened ecosystems due to land-use intensification and associated water extraction, especially in Mediterranean semi-arid areas, and proper evaluation of the success of riparian restoration projects is usually lacking. Furthermore, there is little empirical evidence of the effects of riparian restoration on ES supply. In this study, we first investigated the effect of hydrological and soil features on survival and growth of saplings planted in degraded riparian areas in two Mediterranean watersheds. Then, we evaluated how riparian restoration affected the supply of ES, comparing nine regulating and supporting ES on these restored areas with other riparian areas spanning a gradient of conservation status, and with other natural and agricultural land-uses in the same watershed. We found that restoration success mainly depended on water table depth, soil salinity and soil nutrients (namely Mg+2 and Olsen P). Moreover, we detected an antagonistic interaction between the latter two, and a synergetic interaction between water table depth and soil salinity. Forest patches provided meaningful regulating and supporting ES in agricultural landscapes. In particular, riparian restoration zones increased the supply of regulating and supporting ES (water purification, habitat provision, microclimate regulation and soil C storage) in comparison with degraded natural land-uses and crops. Nevertheless, they were still far from the magnitude and range of ES provided by mature riparian forests. These results highlight the importance of focusing management practices on conserving riparian forest patches and restoring the degraded ones to reconcile agricultural production with the maintenance or enhancement of ES in agricultural Mediterranean landscapes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier