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Agricultural Reviews

Agricultural Research Communication Centre

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Agricultural Reviews/Journal Agricultural Reviews
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    Weed Management in Cotton: A Review

    Sathishkumar A.Srinivasan G.Subramanian E.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Cotton is one of the most important commercial crops in India. Cotton growth is very slow in the initial stages of its life cycle and row spacing is wider which provides ample space for the growth of different categories of weeds and thus become a source of competition for water as well as nutrients, thereby impeding its growth. Weeds are major constraints that reduce the crop yields since they compete with crop for the nutrients, moisture, light and space. The integration of different weed management practices would be a viable option for broad spectrum weed control and enhancement of cotton productivity. Thus, weed management has several aspects such as physical, mechanical, cultural, chemical and integrated weed management methods. A brief reviewof research accomplishment made at various places on different fields related to this investigation is reviewed in this paper.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Do Crossbreeding using Exotic Breeds in Goat is the Right Solution for a Low-input Production System in Ethiopia?: A Review

    Tesema ZelekeKebede Damitie
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Analysis and evaluation of the previous genetic improvement attempts and their fruition are paramount to make the right decision in the future. Hence, this paper reviews the status of goat genetic improvement programs through quantitative evidence andelucidates how it can be implemented in the future through an intensive literature review. Goat genetic improvement through crossbreeding was initiated early in 1975. However, most crossbreeding programs have lacked analysis of the existing resources and infrastructure and also lack long-term strategies. As a result, crossbreeding program was discontinued without significant contribution due to incompatibility of the exotic genotype with low-input production systems. On the other hand, the moderate tohigh genetic variation within a population open the window for within-breed selection. Accordingly, a well-designed within-breed selection program was initiated late in 2013 for specified breeds. Currently, governmental and non-governmental institutionsplan to scale up community-based within-breed selection program. Besides, the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies in goat genetic improvement was evaluated by ICARDA and reported a moderate achievement. However, the application of moleculartechnologies in Ethiopia is only limited to diversity studies. Nevertheless, there is an opportunity to use molecular technologies to enhance the genetic progress of a genetic improvement program. In conclusion, the expected benefits from crossbreeding program were not obtained and will not be obtained under the existing low input-production system. Therefore, a within-breed selection program would be an ideal option for the existing low-input production system if integrated with assisted reproductive and molecular technologies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Potential of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as Compost and its Effect on Soil and Plant Properties: A Review

    Begum S.L. RasmiyaHimaya S.M.M.S.Afreen S.M.M.S.
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Water hyacinth, the devastating weed grows in water bodies either naturally or as a result of human interference, is considered as threat to environment due to its negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. To alleviate its negative impact utilization ofthose become as better mean in recent decades. As such, water hyacinth is known to has potential to be utilized as nutrient source via composting, all most all types of composting techniques are applicable in preparation of compost from water hyacinth.Being an organic source, water hyacinth helps build up soil organic matter, in turn play vital role in the enrichment of the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Aggregation of soil particles, porosity, density, water holding capacity, nutrient availability, cation exchange capacity, pH, soil microorganism are the soil properties reported to improve with water hyacinth compost application. Moreover, water hyacinth compost seems to be far better than the animal manures in improvement of soil properties. As a result, water hyacinth compost shows magnificent effect of plant agronomic growth parameters such as germination percentage, number of leaves, leaf area index, plant height, length of shoot and root, root: shoot ratio, biomass contentas well as yield parameters. However, utilization of water hyacinth has few challenges like difficulties in harvesting, chance for heavy metal accumulation, hardness during decomposition, less awareness. Properly managed water hyacinth compost would serve as an alternative for inorganic nutrient sources in future thus indirectly the threat caused by this aquatic weed on environmental would become minimum.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Feeding Total Mixed Ration (TMR) on Production and Reproductive Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows: AReview

    Karunanayaka R.H.W.M.Liyanage R.T.P.Nayananjalie W.A.D.
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The development of the dairy sector is economically important to many countries of the world. However, the dairy sector has faced many constraints due to the unavailability of quality and quantity of feed resources and their responses on growth, health and reproduction in dairy animals. The total mixed ration (TMR) is an alternate strategy to overcome the feed shortage of lactating cows by utilizing available feed resources effectively and efficiently. This review article elaborates the effects of TMR on the production and reproduction performance of lactating dairy cows. Interestingly, TMR feeding has a significant effect on the body weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, milk yield and composition and reproductive performances of lactating dairy cows. Feeding TMR to dairy animals was investigated to provide a balanced diet, reduce feed wastage and save labour cost and time. Hence, feeding TMR as per the animal requirement is more efficient as compared to traditional feeds.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Underutilized Fruits and Vegetables in Hot Arid Regions of India: Status and Prospects: A Review

    Meghwal P.R.Singh AkathSingh Dalpat
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：The hot arid regions in India is spread in an area of 31.7 m ha, majority area being in Rajasthan (61%). The great Indian Thar desert is also located in this region. This region receives vary low rain fall with erratic distribution. Presence of harshclimatic condition such as high evapotranspiration, low relative humidity, with high aridity index and high wind velocity are other disadvantages. The soils are also light textured, less fertile, and prone to wind erosion. About 90 per cent of the area is dependent on monsoon rain for growing of annual crops which often fails due to insufficient rain or improper distribution. Despite these limitations, the region has good floral and faunal diversity that supports high human and livestock population. Many drought hardy perennial fruits and vegetables are grown with annual crops to complement farm income. Certain fruit crops like pomegranate (Punica granatum), Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.), aonla (Emblica officinalis), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and Citrus species are grown commercially in irrigated areas. Many underutilized fruit crops also grow naturally or are cultivated. These include kair (Capparis decidua), lasora (Cordia myxa) jhar ber (Ziziphus nummularia), bordi (Ziziphus rotundifolia) pilu (Salvadora oleoides), khejri (Prosopis cineraria), phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis), Bengal quince (Aegle marmelos), karonda (Carissa carandas), prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica), kachri (Cucumis melo var. callosus) and snap melon(Cucumis melo var. momordica) etc. Most of these species are drought hardy with less incidence of pests and diseases yet give good yield despite environmental constraints. They serve as a source of nutrition for rural people being rich in vitamins, minerals, dietaryfibres and other bioactive compounds. Germplasm collection, evaluation, conservation, ethnomedicinal values, improvement, propagation, agrotechniques, post-harvest management, value addition and future prospects of some of these crops are discussed in the paper.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Advances in Application of Unexploited Plant Bio-regulators for Fruit Production: A Review

    Bhattacharjee PanchaalNimbolkar Prashant K.Chander Subhash
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：The term ‘bio-regulator’ has been used to encompass the natural and synthetic compounds that regulate various plant growth and developmental processes. Plant bio-regulators (PBRs) previously called plant growth regulators. Use of PBRs with a uniquefact finding support assistance from biotechnology made a new approach of manipulating plant biological activities for enhancing growth, yield, quality, nutritive value and an important tool to reduce biotic and abiotic stress in plants. PBRs like jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives act as an omnipresent signaling molecules which mediate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Salicylic acid (SA) and methyl salicylate are endogenous signal molecules, also playing pivotal roles in regulating stress responses. A polyamine is lowmolecular weight organic compound having two or more primary amino groups, act as ethylene repressor. Prohexodione calcium is a new generation anti-gibberellin. Along with listed names several other bio-regulators are invogue to improve plant growth, development, stress resistance, pathogenic defense and productivity. In this review, it's an attempt to portray existing advanced knowledge about under utilized bio-regulators role and utility in cultivation of fruit crops.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    The Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Farm Animals: A Review

    Mehra Vinay KumarKumar Satish
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Livestock animal are important for agriculture economy and biomedical research. They are sources of Milk, meat, carcass, organic manure and other products. The development of genome editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas have revolutionized the generation of gene edited farm animals. In this review, we briefly introduce the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and highlight its application on livestock such as human disease modeling, disease resistant animal, and generation of hornless cattle, animal welfareand other agricultural and biomedical related traits which enhance the livestock production in order to meet the increasing demand of food worldwide. The ability to transfer sperm-producing stem cells or spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) from a donor animal into the testes of a recipient male could have multiple applications. Production of BLG free milk in cattle provides a promising way to those who have allergy to cow milk. The knockdown of myostatin gene in different species like sheep, goat, cattle and pig is very helpful in the economy of meat industry. Besides the several benefits of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, the risk factors and ethics issues related to this technology should be reconsidered before they enter into CRISPR era.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Economic Importance and Management Strategies for Alleviation of MilkFat Depression in DairyAnimals: A Review

    Dudi KuldeepDevi InduVinay V.V.
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：Dairying is an important service sector in India, contributing 4.11 per cent to national GDP and provides secondary occupation to 69.00 per cent of the farming community. From the decades there is a major concern and research mainly focused on increasing the milk yields while milk fat per cent is largely being ignored. As a result, FSSAI had to decrease cow milk standards by 0.30 per cent from average 3.50 per cent milk fat to 3.20 per cent. Milk fat per cent is the important determinant of milk price both in unorganized and organized sector. Per unit (0.10 per cent) of decrease in milk fat per cent can incur a direct loss of 1.66 per cent to dairy farmer's income. Milk fat depression is largely a nutrition related metabolic disorder and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer has been found to be chief culprit. It is a less attended metabolic disorder in India; which is causing huge losses to the dairy farmers. Not a single factor is responsible for it and generally due to lack of adequate nutritional and management knowledge, farmers are unable to identify and cure this multi factorial disorder. Milk fat depression can be influenced and managed by different factors like particle size of feed/fodder, feed processing, ionophores, dietary fatty acid intake, conditions that cause decrease in rumen pH and overcrowding etc.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Role of Soil Health in Plant Disease Management: A Review

    Thakur RajneeshVerma ShaliniGupta Shivani
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soil health sustains the biological productivity, maintains environmental quality and promotes plant health. Soil borne diseases are most damaging when soil conditions are poor. Major factors influencing the disease in plants are soil moisture, soil temperature, soil pH and soil nutrients. To manage disease, different methods are used like crop rotation, biological control, cover crops, suppressive soils, organic amendment, plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, vascular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,mulching, good compost, good aeration, etc. Implementation of these practices improves the soil health and reduces disease incidence in a sustainable manner. Cover crops, crop rotations and healthy sanitary practices keep the pathogenic populations at low levels and also add beneficial nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to the soil. These all manage the disease by creating physical barrier, releasing antagonistic chemicals, competing with pathogen, increasing nutrient uptake, etc. Biological control agents have different mode of action viz., parasitism, predator, antibiosis, competition for site and nutrition, as well as by inducing the resistance in plants against pathogen [Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)]. However, all these management strategies are helpful in improving the soil health, decreases the disease incidence and subsequently increases the yield and productivity of the crop.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Measurement and Determinants of Technical Efficiency in Crop Production: A Review

    Sharma IshaSekhon M.K.
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：Output is determined by the efficiency with which available technologies are used i.e. with the improvement in technical efficiency. There are extensive numbers of studies focusing on efficiency as a means of fostering agriculture production. The article reviews the literature devoted to technical efficiency analysis in various countries and its applications to agricultural production. The studies reviewed focused particularly on rice and wheat making them the most studied agricultural product by researchers. The review of efficiency analysis shows that agricultural output can be increased without additional inputs with given existing technology. Technical efficiency of agricultural crops like wheat, paddy, cotton etc grown in different countries ofthe world like India, Pakistan, Ethopia, Srilanka were reviewed and it was found that except for farm size, the variables like farmer education and experience, contacts with extension personnel and access to credit, tend to have a positive and statistically significant impact on technical efficiency.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL