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Applied Soil Ecology
Elsevier Science B.V.
Applied Soil Ecology

Elsevier Science B.V.

0929-1393

Applied Soil Ecology/Journal Applied Soil EcologySCIISTP
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    Long-term fertilization with high nitrogen rates decreased diversity and stability of diazotroph communities in soils of sweet potato

    Wang, LeiZhang, HuiWang, JingWang, Jidong...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam) could produce acceptable root yield in low-nitrogen (N) soils, with substantial N uptake potentially attributed to supplies provided via biological N2-fixation by free-living diazotrophs. However, dynamics of diazotrophic communities as influenced by soil properties across the N fertilization gradients are still largely unclear. Long-term fertilization experiment under wheat-sweet potato rotation was established in an acid yellow brown soil since 2011. Soil samples were collected after sweet potato harvest (October 2018). The nitrogenase (nifH) gene real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Hiseq highthroughput sequencing technologies were applied to soil samples from four N fertilizer treatments (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1). The results showed that long-term N fertilization significantly decreased abundance of the nifH gene, which was closely related to decreases in the content of available phosphorus (AP). The long-term high-N (120 and 180 kg ha- 1) fertilization dramatically altered structure of soil diazotrophic community and lead to in decreased diversity of diazotrophs, whereas low-N (60 kg ha- 1) fertilization maintained diazotrophic community diversity and stability. Compared with the low-N fertilizer inputs (0 and 60 kg ha- 1), the high rates of N fertilization (180 kg ha- 1) significantly decreased the relative abundance of nifH-harboring microorganisms, especially the phylum Cyanobacteria known as potential N2-fixers that could sustain fertility of sweet potato soils. There were negative correlations between N fertilization rates and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, whereas the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes showed a positive correlation. Moreover, the structural equation model (SEM) results suggested that the diazotrophic community diversity and structure were influenced mostly by soil pH rather than SOM and N forms (TN, NH4+-N and NO3- -N), and diazotrophs abundance mainly regulated by soil AP content. Our results implied that appropriate N fertilization is beneficial to sustain the stability and diversity of the diazotrophic community.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Seasonal variations in macrofauna distribution according to the distance from a herbaceous strip in a Mediterranean alley cropping plot

    D'Hervilly, CamilleBertrand, IsabelleCapowiez, YvanBeral, Camille...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：In alley cropping systems, herbaceous strips planted with trees are added into cropped fields. These systems could provide a favorable habitat for many organisms, producing shade in summer and litter in autumn, but their impacts on soil macrofauna are poorly studied, with most samplings limited to one date and therefore one season only. This study investigated the seasonal variations in the spatial distribution of soil macrofauna in a Mediterranean alley cropping plot. We sampled three different shading treatments: a strong shading treatment with lightly-pruned trees, a light shading treatment with pollarded trees, and a no-shade treatment without trees in the herbaceous strips. We measured the density of macrofauna individuals classified into different taxonomic and functional groups by the extraction of 25*25*25 cm soil cores in the herbaceous strip (with or without trees), and in the crop alley at 1 m and 2.5 m from the herbaceous strip. We found a similar response of macrofauna density to the distance from the herbaceous strip for all shading treatments. However, this response was strongly dependent on the season. In spring, just after soil tillage, most soil macrofauna presented higher densities in the herbaceous strip than in the crop alley, except for plant feeders. In early summer, this trend was mostly visible for earthworms, Diplopoda and adult Coleoptera. In autumn, higher densities in the herbaceous strip than in the crop alley were only significant for anecic and endogeic earthworms, while other macrofauna categories presented similar densities at all distances from the herbaceous strip, due to an increase in macrofauna density in the crop alley. These large seasonal variations in spatial distribution of soil macrofauna highlight the importance of temporal repetitions when studying community responses to agroforestry system design and management. The mechanisms by which population densities increased in the crop alley a few months after soil perturbation require further investigation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin in the rhizosphere of Gymnocarpos przewalskii in Northwest Desert, China

    Zhao, LiliZhang, KaixunSun, XiangHe, Xueli...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Relict plants, remnants of Tertiary flora, survived geochronological ages, however, studies intended to ascertain the background of their fungal symbionts are limited. Different from many other relict plants, Gymnocarpos przewalskii Maxim. inhabits arid deserts region, mainly distributed in northwest China. In order to inquire the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated to G. przewalskii and their ecological significance in desert ecosystems, the seasonal dynamics of AMF and glomalin were surveyed in Anxi and Minqin in Gansu Province, northwest China. Soil samples in the rhizosphere of G. przewalskii were collected in July, September and December 2019, respectively. In total, 41 and 46 AMF species were identified via morphological techniques in Anxi and Minqin, respectively. Meanwhile, high throughput sequencing (HTS) data diagnosed 29 and 61 AMF OTUs in Anxi and Minqin, respectively. Glomus was the dominant genus in different seasons and locations in both morphological investigation and HTS data. AMF colonization (44.67-75.30%) and spore densities (19-248 per 20 g soil) varied sharply among seasons and locations. AMF colonization and spore densities showed significant positive correlations to most edaphic factors, except soil carbon: nitrogen ratio. Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) dramatically contributed to local soil carbon pool (51.54% in Anxi, 40.37% in Minqin), and the GRSP contents in soil were significantly affected by soil properties, season, and location. Random forest analysis indicated that soil humidity and total GRSP were the main factors shaping AMF communities. Our results showed that AMF colonization, spore density, and species diversity were higher and AMF community composition was less variable in Minqin where the soil nutrition levels were lower, which emphasized the necessity of AMF symbiosis for plants in harsh environments. The present research demonstrated the seasonal dynamics of soil AMF communities and glomalin and determined influential environmental factors in desert ecosystems. Our findings provide novel views on desert soil resource management and relict plant protection from an aspect of plant-AMF symbiosis.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The ratio of ligninase to cellulase increased with the reduction of plant detritus input in a coniferous forest in subtropical China

    Wu, JunjunZhang, QianZhang, DandanJia, Wei...
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soil extracellular enzymes play a central role in mediating the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), and the activities of cellulase and ligninase therein quantify the preference of microbial carbon (C) utilization. However, the responses of cellulase and ligninase activities to plant detritus input change remain uncertain. Here, we investigated the activities of cellulase and ligninase after two years of detritus input manipulations (the detritus input and removal treatment (DIRT) include a control without litter manipulation, CK; double litter, DL; no litter, NL; no roots, NR; no litter and no roots, NRNL) in a coniferous forest in subtropical China. The litter removal treatments had negligible effect on cellulase activity, while the DL treatment significantly increased it by 55.7% compared to the CK treatment. The NL and NRNL treatments increased the activity of ligninase by 60.1% and 46.9%, respectively. However, the DL treatment did not significantly affect the activity of ligninase. Consequently, the ratio of ligninase to cellulase significantly increased under the litter removal treatments. Notably, the specific enzyme activity (the amount of enzyme produced per unit microbial biomass) increased under the litter removal treatment, but the DL treatment did not significantly affect it. The increased ratio of ligninase to cellulase under the litter removal treatments was primarily driven by the increased recalcitrance of substrates and higher proportion of fungal and gram-positive bacterial community. Moreover, the specific enzyme activity and ratio of ligninase to cellulase were positively correlated with microbial metabolic quotient (qCO(2)). Overall, our results provided an empirical evidence that microorganisms could shift substrate-using strategy by upregulating the production of ligninase with the reduction of plant detritus input. More importantly, the enhanced activity or proportion of ligninase resulted in higher qCO(2), and thereby can accelerate soil C loss once plant detritus input is decreased caused by some global change drivers.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Biological control of Listeria monocytogenes in soil model systems by Enterococcus mundtii strains expressing mundticin KS production

    Guida, GaetanoGaglio, RaimondoMiceli, AlessandroLaudicina, Vito Armando...
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：The agricultural practices applied in pre-harvest greatly influence the presence and the levels of microorganisms in fresh produce. Among these, Listeria monocytogenes represents one of the most lethal foodborne pathogens associated with vegetables. The main hypothesis of this work is that bacteriocin producer Enterococcus mundtii strains can be effective against L. monocytogenes in soil. To this purpose, bacteriocin production by E. mundtii WFE3, WFE20 and WFE31, three strains showing a strong bacteriocin activity in terms of inhibitory power and inhibition spectra, was evaluated in sterile extracts from agricultural soil and peat moss, in organic nutrient solution (ONS) and mineral nutrient solution (MNS). ONS supernatants from E. mundtii WFE3 showed the highest inhibition of the strain L. monocytogenes ATCC 19114. Thus, this strain [104 colony forming units (CFU) g(-1) dw] was co-inoculated with E. mundtii WFE3 (106 CFU g(-1) dw) in the sterile extracts and solutions. A general increase of E. mundtii cell densities and the contemporary decrease of the levels of L. monocytogenes were observed, particularly in ONS. This solution was used to amend autoclaved soil to test in vivo the competition among bacteriocin producer and sensitive strain. L. monocytogenes decreased of almost 1.5 log CFU when E. mundtii was added to soil. The test was also carried out with basil plants showing that the anti-Listeria effect of E. mundtii is exerted during the very first days from inoculation. After 2 days, the levels of NO3--N in soil increased for all trials, while the concentrations of ammonium and alpha-amino N decreased. The lowest concentrations of NH4+-N were found in presence of L. monocytogenes. At harvest, the plants were analysed for the presence of E. mundtii and L. monocytogenes, but none of the two bacterial species deliberately added to soil was transferred to plants. Although a biocontrol based on bacteriocin application in soil has to be properly set, this study provides useful insight for the future development of chemical-free agricultural strategies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Nitrapyrin-based nitrification inhibitors shaped the soil microbial community via controls on soil pH and inorganic N composition

    Ramotowski, DavidShi, Wei
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：Nitrate is a major source of N nutrition for plant production, but it is prone to loss from an arable soil via leaching and denitrification. Chemicals that inhibit biological NO3- production, known as nitrification inhibitors or N stabilizers, have been widely applied to slow nitrification and therefore minimize soil NO3- accumulation. However, the impacts of nitrification inhibitors on microbes other than nitrifying bacteria and archaea are largely unknown. Here we examined the diversity, abundance, and composition of the soil microbial community following the addition of two nitrification inhibitors, both containing nitrapyrin as the active ingredient but different solvents or emulsifying agents. Two silt loam soils of different acidities were used for a two-month microcosm incubation. Each soil was subjected to six treatments of soil alone, soil with the addition of each nitrification inhibitor at 4 mu g nitrapyrin g(-1) soil, soil with the addition of ammonium sulfate at 60 mu g N g(-1) soil, and soil with the addition of both ammonium sulfate and each nitrification inhibitor. Periodically during the incubation, soil NH4+ and NO3- were quantified. In addition to measurements of soil pH and potential rate of nitrification at the end of incubation, 16S rRNA and ITS marker gene libraries were prepared for high throughput sequencing. Our data showed clear targeted effects of nitrapyrin-based nitrification inhibitors on nitrification as well as ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea; and these effects were little affected by different solvents for dissolving or emulsifying nitrapyrin. However, the use of a nitrification inhibitor generated some non-target effects on the soil microbial community. Microbes of copiotrophic life strategy, e.g., Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Ascomycota were promoted, whereas microbes of oligotrophic life strategy, e.g., Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Basidiomycota were suppressed. The degree of non-target effects appeared to be soil and microbial domain specific, with stronger effects in the acidic soil than neutral soil on the bacterial community and yet comparable effects on the fungal community between the two soils. Spearman's rank correlations suggested that non-target effects of nitrification inhibitors were primarily attributed to changes in soil pH as well as soil inorganic N composition, i.e., the percentage of ammonium (or nitrate) in inorganic N. Further research is needed for better understanding soil microbial ecology under high NH4+ concentrations so that the management practice of keeping more NH4+ in soil can be well adopted to improve crop N use efficiency and soil sustainability.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Synergistic association of endophytic fungi enhances tolerance, growth, and heavy metal uptake of Alocasia calidora in landfill contaminated soil

    Pariatamby, AgamuthuOssai, Innocent C.Ahmed, AzizHassan, Auwalu...
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：The present research is designed to determine the influence of inoculation of a consortium of indigenous filamentous fungi on the modulation of Alocasia calidora growth attributes and biochemical responses and to investigate the tolerance, uptake, and translocation of multiple metals under multi-metal contamination. The results revealed increased activity of soil enzymes: urease (EC 3.5.1.5), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), invertase (EC 3.2.1.26), and dehydrogenase in the fungi supplemented soil. The inoculation of A. calidora with a consortium of fungi enhanced substantially the shoots and roots growth through improved production of chlorophyll and carotenoids. The upregulated activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), and ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11)) was equally monitored in the fungi inoculated A. calidora. Various metabolites which aided the metal tolerance, growth, and accumulation were determined in the plant (Tryptophan (L-tryptophan), Indole-acrylic acid (Indole-3-acrylic acid), 5,7,2',3'-Tetrahydroxyflavone, 5,2-Dihydroxyflavone, Scutellarein-6-glucoside, tripeptides, S-(4-Nitrobenzyl) glutathione). Chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were significantly accumulated in the shoots of inoculated A. calidora (P < 0.05), while, the accumulated iron (Fe, 1203.00 mg/kg), Pb (347.51 mg/kg), and Zn (523.02 mg/kg) in the roots of inoculated A. calidora were also higher than those of the control A. calidora. It is presumed that inoculation of A. calidora with fungal organisms can be utilized as an effective strategy for enhancing the tolerance, growth, and metal removal from polluted soils.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Differentiation of individual clusters of comammox Nitrospira in an acidic Ultisol following long-term fertilization

    Lin, YongxinFan, JianboDuan, ChunjianYe, Guiping...
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：The newly discovered comammox Nitrospira has fundamentally overturned the perception of labor division in nitrification and attracted growing interests in the niche preferences of comammox Nitrospira in soils. Here, we investigated the abundance and community structure of comammox Nitrospira in an acidic Ultisol which received the fertilizers continuously for 32 years. Fertilization treatments included chemical nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers (NPK), NP, NK, PK, and NPK plus peanut straw, rice straw, radish residue or pig manure. Our results revealed that comammox Nitrospira were undetectable in the NK, which was excluded from further analysis. Compared with NPK, NPK plus pig manure significantly increased the abundance of comammox Nitrospira clade A, while the other treatments did not. Available P was the most important factor positively associated with the abundance of clade A. In contrast, soil pH was the best predictor for the variation of comammox Nitrospira community structure, which was distinctly separated by three groups: PK, NPK plus pig manure and the other treatments. Four comammox Nitrospira clusters were identified: clades A.2.1, A.2.2, B.1, and B.2. Of these clusters, clade A.2.1 accounted for 100% of the comammox Nitrospira sequences in NPK, whereas PK and NPK plus pig manure increased the relative abundance of clades A.2.2, B.1, and B.2. The relative abundance of clade A.2.1 was negatively correlated to soil pH, while that of clade A.2.2 showed an opposite trend, indicating the potential niche differentiation of clade A in the soils. Moreover, clade B.1 were more abundant in NPK plus pig manure soils while clade B.2 favored growth in PK, suggesting their different niche preferences. Together, we provide novel evidence for the niche differentiation of individual clusters of comammox Nitrospira clades A and B in an acidic agricultural soil, which was fundamental to the sustainable management of microbial N cycle.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Fungal communities are more sensitive to nitrogen fertilization than bacteria in different spatial structures of silage maize under short-term nitrogen fertilization

    Zhang, XiangqianLi, BingzhenSun, FengchengZhao, Xiaoqing...
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soil microbial diversity plays key roles in plant nutrient acquisition and resilience. In recent years, interactions between plants and their associated microorganisms in soil have decreased due to the large-scale use of chemical fertilizers. Silage maize is one of the main silage feeds with high yield and rich nutrition. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how nitrogen application affects the soil (rhizosphere and bulk soil) and endosphere microbial communities of silage maize. In this study, the effects of nitrogen application rates on bacterial and fungal communities in the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and endophytic environment of silage maize were assessed. Our results showed that microbiome assembly along the soil-root continuum is shaped predominantly by spatial structures rather than by fertilization practice. From bulk soil to endophytic environment, the effects of nitrogen application on microbial communities decreased, and bacterial diversity and network coefficient consequently reduced. Moreover, nitrogen fertilization rates significantly affected fungal alpha diversity in bulk soil and endophytic environment, and nitrogen fertilization had greater impact on fungal community composition than bacterial in different sample types. The biomarkers of fungi sensitive to nitrogen treatment accounted for 25.5%, 11.4%, and 6.9% of all the taxonomic groups, respectively. The non-random collinearity analysis showed that Mortierellaceae, Sporormiaceae, and Geminibasidiaceae were the dominant fungal residing groups in bulk soil, rhizosphere, and endophytic environment, respectively. Therefore, the fungal community can be considered as an important indicator for silage maize in response to nitrogen application. In the N240 (240 kg N ha - 1) treatment, there was a more precise relationship between bacterial and fungal communities; however, this relationship weakened under higher nitrogen rates, and an increase in the nitrogen application rate weakened the interaction of the fungal community.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from the Brazilian Amazon on the bacterial community associated with maize in field

    Ferrarezi, Jessica AparecidaAzevedo, Joao LucioQuecine, Maria CarolinaCarvalho-Estrada, Paula De Almeida...
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the inoculation with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus thuringiensis RZ2MS9 and Burkholderia ambifaria RZ2MS16, both from the Brazilian Amazon, on the bacterial community of the rhizobiome and leaves of maize grown in field. For comparison, we analysed the effects of inoculating Azospirillum brasilense Ab-V5, a strain that is commercialized as inoculant for maize, as well as the combinations RZ2MS16 + Ab-V5 and RZ2MS9 + Ab-V5. The treatment RZ2MS9 + Ab-V5 yielded the highest plant height and stalk diameter, which were significantly different from the non-inoculated control (p < 0.05). The core microbiome of maize was mainly composed of the bacterial classes Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Cytophagia, and Bacilli. Overall, the inoculation process had no effect either on the composition of the maize-associated bacterial community or on the total bacterial biomass. However, we detected significant differences in the richness and in the community structure among the plant niches analysed. Linear discriminant analysis identified that the class Actinobacteria, and the order Actinomycetales were enriched in leaf and root of plants treated with RZ2MS16 + Ab-V5 and in rhizosphere of plants treated with RZ2MS9 + Ab-V5. Functional analysis of the soil samples revealed significant differences in the abundance of predicted genes encoding proteins related to respiration and solubilization of Cu, Mg, and K among treatments. Furthermore, the NMDS ordination showed association between different functional gene categories and some plant traits. Our findings contribute to understanding the efficacy of microbial inoculants for maize in field conditions.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier