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Applied Soil Ecology
Elsevier Science B.V.
Applied Soil Ecology

Elsevier Science B.V.

0929-1393

Applied Soil Ecology/Journal Applied Soil EcologySCIISTP
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    Fire and post-fire management alters soil microbial abundance and activity: A case study in semi-arid shrubland soils

    Vourlitis G.Steinecke D.Martinez T.Konda K....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsSoil microbial communities play a key role in ecological processes; however, the effects of fire, and post-fire management practices such as hydroseeding, on microbial abundance and activity are still poorly known. We sampled surface soil (0–10 cm) from unburned (UNB), burned and naturally regenerating (NAT), and burned but hydroseeded (HYD) chaparral stands on the campus of California State University San Marcos five years after fire. Soil was analyzed for microbial biomass carbon (C), bacterial taxonomic composition at the phylum level, and microbial activity (enzyme activity and nitrification) to test the hypothesis that fire and hydroseeding would significantly alter microbial abundance and activity. Total soil nitrogen (N) and C, microbial C, enzyme activity, and nitrification rate were significantly lower in burned stands than in the UNB stand; however, some of these patterns were affected by hydroseeding. Carbon inputs from hydroseeding, and associated changes in the composition of colonizing plant species, caused soil C and N and microbial C to be similar in the HYD and UNB stands. Relative abundances of bacterial taxa were similar for the UNB, HYD, and NAT stands, and there were no significant differences in taxonomic diversity between the stands. Activities of key C (β-glucosidase, peroxidase) and nutrient (N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase), phosphatase) cycling enzymes were significantly lower in burned stands, but hydroseeding did not affect their activities, and the declines in enzyme activity were due in part to declines in microbial biomass, soil C and N pools, and increases in pH. Our data suggest that fire and post-fire treatments alter soil microbial biomass and activity for years after fire, which will affect ecosystem C and N cycling and management of fire-prone semi-arid shrublands like chaparral.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Potential gross nitrogen mineralization and its linkage with microbial respiration along a forest transect in eastern China

    Fan B.Yin L.Lu J.Wang P....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Nitrogen (N) mineralization in soils generally controls biological N availability in terrestrial ecosystems. As the pivotal first step in the overall N mineralization process, gross N mineralization (GNM, defined as the production of ammonium from microbial mineralization of organic N) is inherently coupled with microbial mineralization of soil organic carbon (C) which is commonly referred to as microbial respiration (MR), and that has often been used as a proxy of C availability. However, the pattern of GNM and its underlying mechanisms at a regional scale, and its linkage with MR remain unclear. By analyzing 100 soil samples collected across different forest types along a 3800 km long north-south transect in eastern China, we simultaneously measured the potential GNM using a 15N pool dilution method and MR using a dynamic CO2 trapping technique. We conducted a structural equation model (SEM) to examine the interactive effects of climate, soil pH, microbial substrate availability, and microbial biomass on potential GNM along the forest transect. Furthermore, we conducted a non-linear regression analysis between potential GNM and MR. We found that both potential GNM and MR varied largely, from 0.55 to 16.14 mg N kg?1 soil d?1 and from 3.64 to 24.30 mg C kg?1 soil d?1, respectively, but were not significantly affected by forest type. The SEM analysis showed that 51% of the variation in potential GNM was explained, with microbial substrate availability being the most important influencing factor. There was a positive non-linear relationship between potential GNM and MR (R2 = 0.52, P < 0.0001). Notably, MR alone exerted a comparable role in explaining the variation in potential GNM compared to the interactive effects between multiple factors used in the SEM. Our findings confirm the dominant control of C availability to microbes on potential GNM, and necessitate the incorporation of MR for better modeling GNM in forest soils.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effect of the combined addition of mineral nitrogen and crop residue on soil respiration, organic carbon sequestration, and exogenous nitrogen in stable organic matter

    Cao B.Jiao Y.Liu C.Li X....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Nitrogen fertilization can change soil respiration via microbial biomass, which affects the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) and plant residues. The quantitative influence and underlying mechanisms of mineral N and the combination of straw and N on stable organic N (humus) are still unclear. To explore the mechanisms of the conversion of mineral N to stable organic N (humus N), we performed incubation experiments using 13C natural abundance and 15N isotope labeling techniques with four treatments: control, added straw (St), added N (N), and added straw and N (St + N). The effect of N addition on the CO2 emission rate and cumulative CO2 emissions showed a prominent two-phase characteristic: both the CO2 emission rate and cumulative production were stimulated by exogenous mineral N during the initial stage, while the CO2 emission rate gradually decreased during the middle and later stages; however, residual C may remain in the soil for a longer time, leading to great differences in soil C/N ratios at different stages. This indicates that added N was rapidly utilized by microorganisms. At the end of the incubation period, the proportion of 15N derived from labeled N to total N in humus was 0.063% (N) and 0.085% (St + N), while the proportion of 15N in humus to total mineral N added was 0.41% and 0.64%, respectively. This indicated that even if only mineral N was added, the stable organic N in humus was converted by microbes. Compared with the addition of only mineral N, the combination of N and straw promoted the conversion of mineral N to stable organic N. The results of this study clarify the effect of mineral N on stable organic N and associated SOC mineralization, and can thus be used to develop strategies to improve soil fertility or mitigate climate change by increasing the SOC.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evolution CO2-C induced by plant-derived carbon soil input: Evaluation of the priming effect promoted by Meliaceae by-products

    Marcolini G.Toselli M.Gioacchini P.Ciavatta C....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The application of organic fertilizer to soils may affect the rate of native soil organic matter mineralisation, inducing a positive priming effect (PE), with an increase of evolution of CO2 and a release of nutrient that may be in excess of crop demand. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different Meliaceae derivatives, characterised by different C:N ratios, on the total soil CO2-C evolution, CO2-C fractions from the derivatives, PE magnitude, and to understand the mechanism that regulates PE. In a laboratory incubation experiment, the effects of three Meliaceae derivatives, named neem 5, neem 6, and melia leaves, were evaluated using the natural 13C abundance method, employing a naturally C4-plant labelled soil. Total CO2-C losses were proportional to the plant-derived C inputs. Soil CO2-C produced by the addition of the derivatives ranged between 22% (neem 6) and 40% (neem 5 and melia leaves) of the total C incorporated into the soil. All the derivatives studied induced a positive PE that increased with the amount of C added, but was not related to their chemical structure. Priming effect was also unaffected by soil mineral nitrogen, showing a response with little or no correlation with the ability of microbial biomass to locate nutrients in the soil (N mining). At the end of the experiment, the proportion of C primed corresponded to approximately 24%–28% of the added C, with no difference among the derivatives, and contributed to total CO2-C loss by approximately 31%, 30%, and 27% for neem 5, melia leaves, and neem 6, respectively.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Biochar suppresses bacterial wilt disease of flue-cured tobacco by improving soil health and functional diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms

    Zhao Z.Li D.Xu L.Xu T....
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating disease of flue-cured tobacco production. Amendments of biochar in soil suppress the incidence of bacterial wilt disease by improving soil health and functional diversity of rhizosphere microbes. In this study, we observed the effect of 0–5% application rate of tobacco stem biochar on soil health and the occurrence of tobacco bacterial wilt disease. Results demonstrated that the application of 2% tobacco stem biochar significantly improves soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and the functional diversity of microbes in the rhizosphere. The ability of rhizosphere microorganisms to utilize six types of carbon sources was significantly improved under the 2% application rate of tobacco stem biochar, which reduced the incidence of bacterial wilt disease and R. solanacearum population in the rhizosphere of tobacco plants. Biochar also increases the accumulation of dry matter contents in the roots, stems, and leaves of tobacco plant. We conclude that tobacco stem biochar at a certain level improves the soil physicochemical properties, functional diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms, mitigates the pathogen population, and reduces disease incidence. This study highlights the potential use of tobacco stem biochar to manage the bacterial wilt disease.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Six-year warming decreased amino sugar accumulation in the deep rhizosphere soil of permafrost peatland

    Zhang H.Guo Y.Song C.Song Y....
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Global warming may have a great impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover in permafrost peatlands. The response of microbial residues, as precursors of SOC, to climate warming remains unknown. A 6-year in situ warming experiment was conducted in the permafrost peatlands of Great Hing'an Mountains. Three commonly used amino sugars (glucosamine, GluN; galactosamine, GalN; muramic acid, MurA), for the quantification of microbial residues, were determined in two depths (0–15 cm, shallow soil; 15–30 cm, deep soil) of the bulk and rhizosphere soil of the shrub and Eriophorum vaginatum L. The amount of GluN, GalN, and MurA in deep shrub rhizosphere soil in the warming treatment decreased by 12.65%, 26.11%, and 14.78%, respectively, as compared to that in the control treatment. Yet, warming did not alter the amount of amino sugars in shallow and deep bulk soil. Warming decreased the concentrations of GluN, MurA, and total amino sugars in the deep rhizosphere soil of Eriophorum vaginatum L. by 22.04%, 26.14%, and 18.71%, respectively. Amino sugars in the deep rhizosphere soil of Eriophorum vaginatum L. had a higher temperature sensitivity than those in the deep bulk soil, while total amino sugars in the shallow rhizosphere soil of Eriophorum vaginatum L. had a lower temperature sensitivity than those in the deep rhizosphere soil.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL

    Deciphering the Fusarium-wilt control effect and succession driver of microbial communities managed under low-temperature conditions

    Liu L.Yan Y.Ali A.Zhao J....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The regulation of microbial communities is an important strategy to control the spread of soil-borne diseases. However, the control of soil-borne diseases through the regulation of microbial communities at low-temperature conditions, and the association of their succession with abiotic factors during plant cultivation are not well characterised. In this study, the effects of various soil-disinfestation strategies, i.e. soil irrigated to saturation (SA), reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) and ammonia fumigation (AF), on the prevention of watermelon Fusarium wilt as well as the interaction of microbial community succession and abiotic factors were determined. The abundance of F. oxysporum in soil samples subjected to SA, RSD and AF treatments decreased significantly by 86.09%, 90.67% and 93.68%, respectively, compared with the untreated soil sample. RSD and AF treatments established significantly different microbial α- and β-diversities and physicochemical properties, whereas SA treatment showed no significant effect on these properties. After planting, RSD- and AF-treated soils exhibited significantly reduced disease incidence and increased the watermelon yield, respectively, whereas SA-treated soil showed no significant effects. The physicochemical and microbial characteristics of treated soils were similar to those of untreated diseased soil. Moreover, the differences in soil physicochemical characteristics remarkably and positively correlated with the dissimilarities in microbial communities. For the differences in bacterial and fungal β-diversities, soil pH was determined to have the highest mean predictor importance value. Potentially beneficial microbes were identified mainly after RSD and AF treatments; however, the relative abundances of these microbes were closely associated with soil pH and significantly decreased after planting. Overall, the soil-borne pathogens reduced and microbial community improved by RSD and AF treatments at low-temperature conditions could effectively control soil-borne diseases. Soil pH plays a pivotal role in restoring the microbial community during watermelon cultivation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Manufacturing triple-isotopically labeled microbial necromass to track C, N and P cycles in terrestrial ecosystems

    Schmitt M.Dippold M.A.Loeppmann S.Jarosch K.A....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The functional relevance of microbial necromass in terrestrial biogeochemical cycles remains one of the unresolved mysteries of element cycling in ecosystems, especially considering the high microbial abundance and turnover in soil. We therefore established a protocol to manufacture multi-isotope (14C, 15N and 33P) labeled microbial necromass to comprehensively track the turnover of microbial necromass elements within element cycles. This protocol encompasses the i) microbial cultivation of Pseudomonas kilonensis ACN4 (Gram-negative) and Bacillus licheniformis DSM13 (Gram-positive) on labeled minimal medium as well as fungal cultivation of Hypsizygus tessulatus on a complex yeast medium, ii) quantification of radio- (14C, 33P) and stable (15N) isotope incorporation as well their cellular pool partitioning, and iii) determination of element and tracer isotope uptake efficiency. We achieved 1 g of bacterial biomass per liter minimum medium within 24 h and 2.9 g l?1 fungal biomass in complex medium within 18 d. This production rate enabled us to produce more than 100 g of necromass within only one half-life time of 33P, including post-harvest processing. Isotope uptake and incorporation for 33P ranged from 10 to 73%, for 15N from 24 to 52%, and for 14C from 12 to 23%. Each of the cultivated species showed individual patterns of tracer element uptake. The nutritional value of the carbon- (C), nitrogen- (N) and phosphorus- (P) labeled microbial necromass was characterized by a water-based, necromass species-specific partitioning scheme with subsequent elemental analysis of the pools. We separated Gram-negative, Gram-positive and fungi's cellular pools to characterize element and tracer partitioning among dissolved versus particulate fractions. That is essential because these properties subsequently affect the respective pool's availability for ecosystem nutrition. Our procedure allows a defined production of microorganism-based necromass, enabling versatile use to determine necromass-related nutrient fluxes in terrestrial ecosystem studies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Bacterial community and physiological characteristics of octylphenol polyethoxylate biodegradation in soil slurries

    Lau S.H.Chang Y.-T.Hung C.-H.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Octylphenol polyethoxylate (OPEO) surfactants are widely used as commercial cleaning products and agricultural pesticides. Sewage effluents containing high levels of OPEOs are often discharged into soil–slurry systems. OPEOs have been identified as endocrine-disrupting compounds and are a threat to organisms present in ecological systems. Several studies have previously investigated methods to degrade OPEOs; however, clarifications regarding the impact on environmental ecology and bacterial physiological changes are required. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in bacterial community and physiological characteristics that occur during OPEO biodegradation in terms of abiotic factors. The results show that adsorption of OPEO on soil can be described using the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The rates of OPEO biodegradation in different environmental matrices were compared and the results are as follows: aqueous system > clay–slurry system > natural soil–slurry system, all of which can be identified by their distinct community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs). OPEO biodegradation is always faster in the monomer state than in the micelle state. Bacterial numbers are maintained at high level and range from 107 to 108 CFU/mL; Pseudomonas spp. is dominant and likely plays an important role in OPEO biodegradation. Fluctuations in the utilisation of carboxylic acid groups were found. The enzymatic activity of esterases was significant, ranging from 12.5–54.1%. Phosphatase activity in the soil slurries ranged from 2.1–45.8%. The responses in terms of physiological characteristics indicate the soil ecology state during OPEO biodegradation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Chemical and microbial properties of post-mining and post-fire soils afforested with different tree species

    Chodak M.Sroka K.Wos B.Pietrzykowski M....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsThe effect of tree species on properties of soils revegetated after serious disturbance may depend on the properties of the soil substrate and type of disturbance. We compared the microbial properties of reclaimed mine soils differing in texture (RMS Sands and RMS Loams, respectively), post-fire (Postfire) soils, and undisturbed natural soils (NAT) under three different tree species (black alder, silver birch and Scots pine). The uppermost mineral soil (depth 0–5 cm) samples were measured for the contents of organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (Nt) and phosphorus (Pt), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON), pH in H2O and texture. Microbial analyses of the samples included determination of microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), basal respiration rate (RESP), as well as the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease. Enzyme activities were expressed per soil dry (AcdPho, AlkPho, URE for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease, respectively) and per unit of Cmic as specific enzyme activities (SP AcdPho, SP AlkPho and SP URE for acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease, respectively). The studied tree species differently affected the microbial properties of RMS, Postfire and NAT soils. Silver birch stimulated the development of large microbial biomass with high RESP and URE activity in RMS and Postfire soils. Black alder distinctly stimulated the activity of phosphatases – in particular AcdPho. High activity of phosphatases in the restored soils under black alder resulted from higher N content under this species and the competition for P between the tree species and soil microorganisms. This competition caused lower Cmic in the restored soils under alder despite their high Corg and Nt content. Scots pine had the weakest effect on the microbial properties of the soils restored after disturbance as the values of Cmic, RESP and the enzyme activities were the lowest under this species. Our results suggest that P availability may be limiting factor for the soil restoration under black alder. Therefore, additional P fertilization should be considered when using this tree species in restoration of degraded areas.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier