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Applied Soil Ecology
Elsevier Science B.V.
Applied Soil Ecology

Elsevier Science B.V.

0929-1393

Applied Soil Ecology/Journal Applied Soil EcologySCIISTP
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    Soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity in apple orchards with different replant disease severity around Bohai Bay, China

    Wang M.Xiang L.Jiang W.Chen X....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.A stable arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community plays a key role in soil stability and structural improvement. However, there is relatively little information about the community composition and diversity of AMF in apple orchards with different replant disease (ARD) severity. This study was conducted to explore the correlations of the ARD severity and the AM fungal community composition and diversity in the soil of perennial apple orchards. A total of 27 soil samples were collected in Bohai Bay, China. The soil organic carbon, pH and relative abundance of Archaeospora negatively correlated with the ARD severity. Soil properties can also affect AMF communities. Total nitrogen and available phosphorus were the main drivers of AMF communities in the soil of perennial apple orchards. The total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus can indirectly affect ARD severity by changing the diversity of AMF. These results demonstrate the relationship of AM fungal communities, soil properties and ARD severity, which provide a theoretical basis to control ARD and utilize beneficial soil biota to improve the productivity of apple trees.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Response of microorganisms to a 5-year large-scale nitrogen loading in immature volcanic ash soil in an oak-dominated forest

    Yokobe T.Tokuchi N.Tateno R.Hyodo F....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in terrestrial ecosystems influences aboveground and belowground carbon (C) storage. In belowground systems, N fertilization in field experiments has often been reported to suppress soil microbial biomass and mineralization; however, the effects on soil microorganisms are not always consistent. Here, we investigated N load response of microorganisms after 2 and 5 years in organic layers and mineral soils in a temperate forest dominated by Quercus crispula using large-scale field N fertilization (9 ha, 100 kg N ha?1 year?1 for 5 years, urea) on immature volcanic ash soil (with a high buffering capacity). In the organic layers, N loading increased the total C concentration and KCl-extractable organic C content. Additionally, the amount of extractable organic C in the soil did not change after one month of laboratory incubation, possibly due to the low microbial use. These results likely indicate the accumulation of recalcitrant C (possibly due to decreased oxidase activity). Although the fungal-to-bacterial composition ratio did not change, the bacterial biomass increased by 18% and 26% in the second and fifth years, respectively, in the N-fertilized plots. Furthermore, the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial AmoA increased, which was correlated with potential nitrification. These changes may result from plant litter N content and litter quantity and subsequently change in soil environments, especially with increased soil N availability. In the mineral soils, N loading changed soil environments to a lesser extent than the organic layers; however, the fungal biomass decreased by 42% and 44% in the second and fifth years, respectively. This could be linked to a decrease in resource investment into symbionts (ectomycorrhizal fungi derived from oak roots) by underground plants. These findings suggest that in an oak-dominated forest, the influence of N loading between the organic layers and mineral soils on microorganisms varies, enhancing our understanding of belowground C dynamics.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Technosol rehabilitation strategies drive soil physico-chemical properties and fauna diversity on a former coking plant area

    Colombini G.Watteau F.Auclerc A.
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Anthropic activities such as mining, resource extraction or transformation profoundly modify ecosystems and may lead to Technosol formation. Post-industrial areas are examples of potentially degraded lands, due to soil contamination with metals or organic pollutants, as well as soil structure damage. Soil biodiversity being closely involved in many soil functions such as organic matter decomposition, formation and stabilization of soil structure, the recovery of degraded soil functions partly depends on soil fauna colonization. However, the relationship between Technosol abiotic parameters and soil fauna colonization is still to be disentangled. In an attempt to fill this gap, we studied a former coking plant area in north-eastern France, composed of Technosols resulting from coking plant embankments or thermally-treated industrial soils and compared them with two local soils considered as references. We hypothesized that the taxonomic and trophic diversity of Technosol-dwelling invertebrates would be more diverse and abundant in the soils with the higher soil physico-chemical quality (i.e higher fertility and lower pollutions levels). To test this hypothesis, we studied four Technosols that were settled following two different rehabilitation strategies within the same post-industrial area and we compared them with two local soils of reference using nested ANOVAs as well as multivariate analyses of soil abiotic parameters and soil fauna community indices, both within the soil and on its surface. The results on physico-chemical analyses showed that the substrates used for Technosol rehabilitation were impoverished in clay content when compared with local soils of reference (4.1 to 7.8-fold) and enriched in sandy materials. The use of coking plant by-products for Technosol implementation have led to poor chemical quality, with low nutrient content but high organic carbon content (41 to 51%) resulting from the use of coal and correlated with the higher lead concentration in the area. The use of thermally-treated industrial soil has led to more fertile Technosols with significantly lower lead content. Meso and macrofauna densities did not vary significantly between the Technosols and the local reference soils. Both Technosol-dwelling fauna trophic and taxonomic community compositions were impacted by the rehabilitation strategy. Few to no earthworms were found in Technosols (mean up to 16 ind.m?2) compared to the local soils of reference (mean of 118.4 and 201.6 ind.m?2). Conversely, Technosols resulting from coking plant embankments and thermally-treated industrial soils were dominated by epigeic soil fauna with an intense activity of soil surface macro-saprophages and micro-arthropods, as well as Formicidae. Our results suggest that the use of technogenic elements in the rehabilitation of post-industrial area led to the development of specific soil invertebrate communities, different from the reference. The gap between the high level of activity of epigeic organisms that we found on Technosols and the low trophic diversity of the litter and soil-dwelling communities suggest that the soil fauna community on a former coking plant is driven rather by soil physico-chemical properties than by colonization constraints.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Stimulation versus inhibition: The effect of microplastics on pak choi growth

    Yu Y.Li J.Zhang Z.Yu S....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022As an exogenous pollutant, microplastics in soils may affect plant performance. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) with different particle sizes on pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) growth. Morphological and physiological indicators of pak choi, and soil properties were measured. The toxic effects of microplastics on pak choi growth varied among the plastic type, concentration, and particle size. The effect of PE on pak choi fresh weight was negligible. However, the inhibition rate of 5% (w/w) PE on the total protein (TP) content reached 84.6% (p < 0.01). PP microplastics, especially those with small particle sizes, significantly reduced the fresh weight, leaf number, and TP content of pak choi. PE and PP had no significant impacts on the photosynthetic pigments in pak choi leaves. Pak choi root activity decreased by 6.7%–14.4% after exposure to PP, suggesting mechanical damage may have occurred. Conversely, Pak choi root activity increased by 13.5%–85.5% after exposure to PE. This may improve pak choi growth, thereby counteracting the negative effects of PE exposure. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were lower after exposure to PP with a small particle size than the control. A plausible explanation is that the production of reactive oxygen species under PP stress exceeds pak choi tolerance, thereby inhibiting the expression of antioxidant enzymes. In contrast, pak choi resisted the oxidative stress caused by 5% (w/w) PE by improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, PP and PE may indirectly inhibit the growth of pak choi by reducing soil aeration. These findings provide basic information for evaluating the phytotoxicity of microplastics in soil-vegetable systems.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Variations in fungal community structure along elevation gradients in contrasting Austrian Alpine ecosystems

    Bhople P.Joergensen R.G.Murugan R.Samad A....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Soil fungi, as a major decomposer of organic matter, govern carbon (C) cycle and act as crucial regulators of the soil C and nutrient balance in terrestrial ecosystems. Climate change and parent material alter important environmental conditions that may affect fungal community. However, very little is known about the diversity and community structure of soil fungi along elevation gradients with distinct parent material properties. We investigated the effects of climate and vegetation changes on soil fungal diversity and community structure at two Austrian alpine sites with different bedrock properties (limestone at the Hochschwab site and silicate at the Rauris site), but with similar climatic conditions. At these sites we sampled soils from 0 to 25 cm depth along three elevation gradients ranging from 900 to 2100 m above sea level and examined how the fungal communities vary by using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Our results show that the fungal community structures at the Hochschwab and the Rauris site were defined by elevation-induced changes in vegetation and associated differences in soil pH. In forest soils, symbiotrophic fungi (mainly belonging to the class Agaricomycetes, phylum Basidiomycota) were dominant at the Hoschwab site, while at the Rauris site the Ascomycota were the most dominant phyla. The change to grass dominated vegetation generally increased the contribution of saprotrophic fungi (mainly belonging to various classes of the phylum Mucoromycota) at both elevational sites. Prevalence of ectomycorrhizal fungi and associated lignolytic enzymes induced soil C loss might explain lower soil organic C stocks at the Rauris site compared to the Hochschwab site. Our results suggest that parent material can modulate fungal communities indirectly via vegetation (e.g., litter quality) adapted to particular soil conditions. Therefore, changes in fungal structural composition might exert important consequences on ecosystem C balances.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The relative dominance of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) under four vegetation types in a typical coastal wetland

    Fang X.Yang Z.Han J.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Denitrification (DNF) and dissimilatory nitrate (NO3?) reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are the two most important biological processes during NO3? reductions in soil, which participating in the N2O production balance in ecosystem. However, the relative contribution and driving factors of these two biological processes in coastal wetlands, and their relationship with different vegetation/seasonal changes have not been well studied. We investigated the DNF, DNRA and the bacterial community structure with different vegetation belts (mudflat (no plant growth, Mud.), Spartina alterniflora (Spa.), Phragmites australis (Phr.), and the intergrowth area of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora (Int.) in summer and winter at a coastal wetland in Chongming Dongtan, China in 2018. Results showed that the DNF rate was highest in the Phr. soil in summer, and in the Spa. soil in winter. In contrast, the DNRA rate was found highest in the Spa. soil than other belts in summer. Both the DNRA and DNF rates in the Spa. soil was higher in winter than those in summer. And the DNRA/DNF ratios ranged from 5 to 10 across different vegetation types and seasons. The DNRA, rather than DNF, was the dominating process in NO3? reduction in this coastal wetland. Interestingly, the DNRA/DNF ratios were positively correlated with soil NO3? concentrations. It was found that at phylum level Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the predominant bacteria. Clostridiales, Gammaproteobacteria and Ramlibacter were observed in summer but disappeared in winter; They were replaced by Bacillaceae, Lysinibacillus and Paenibacillus in winter. This study has important implications for facilitating N conservation in soils and alleviating N2O emissions in coastal wetlands through harvesting withered plants in winter, particularly for Spa. to reduce the input of organic C into soils and enhance DNRA rates substantially.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Differential contributions of electron donors to denitrification in the flooding-drying process of a paddy soil

    Yi L.Sheng R.Wei W.Zhu B....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Flooding-drying (FD) is an important process causing nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in paddy field, which is mainly driven by denitrification. However, information on the contributions of the electron donors to soil denitrification during FD is limited. In this study, the potential contributions of various electron donors to denitrification during FD in a paddy soil were estimated using a 9-d soil incubation experiment without rice plants cultivation in a chamber. The results showed that during continuous flooding (CF), the soil remained very low denitrifying activity, and CH4 was the major electron donor for the denitrification with contribution of 28.85–45.23%. In the FD treatment, the soil N2O concentration and flux in 0–5 d were significantly lower than that in 5–9 d. Therefore, the estimations were based on these two phases. The Fe2+ and Mn2+ contents rapidly decreased, while the NO3?-N content slowly increased during the first 5 d of drying. However, the outstanding feature during 5–9 d drying was that the soil CH4 concentration decreased, and the cumulative oxidation of CH4 increased. The stoichiometry of the electrons showed that the potential contributions of Fe2+, Mn2+, CH4, and other electron donors to the denitrification were 51.29%, 45.88%, 2.82%, and 0% in the first phase, and 12.15%, 1.35%, 6.17%, and 80.33% in the second phase, respectively. Thus, the autotrophic denitrification driven by Fe2+ and Mn2+ would be the main mechanisms for gaseous N-loss during the first phase of drying, whereas, the other electron donors, including organic matter, were the major contributors for denitrification in the second phase. These findings should be considered when implementing measures to mitigate N2O and CH4 emissions from paddy fields.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Fertilization promotes microbial growth and minimum tillage increases nutrient-acquiring enzyme activities in a semiarid agro-ecosystem

    De Mastro F.Brunetti G.Traversa A.Blagodatskaya E....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Microorganisms respiratory and enzymatic activities provide sensitive indicators of changes in soil properties, such as those caused by interactive effects of tillage and fertilization regimes or other agricultural practices. However, the rapid, adaptive microbial growth, respiratory and enzymatic responses to changes in soil environments induced by specific agricultural practices are not well understood. Thus, to explore these adaptations we compared effects of contrasting environments on functional microbial traits (growth and enzyme kinetic parameters) in a Mediterranean agro-ecosystem. These environments differed in long-term disturbance (no, minimum, or conventional tillage), nitrogen-richness (fertilization with 90 kg N ha?1 versus no fertilization), and resource scarcity (increasing with soil depth in 0–30, 30–60 and 60–90 cm layers). Reducing soil disturbance from conventional to minimum tillage promoted microbial growth through shorter Tlag and larger active biomass fraction and induced increases in N- and P-acquiring enzyme activities by increasing nutrients limitation. Fertilization stimulated increases in fast-growing microorganisms with low substrate-affinity enzyme systems, microbial biomass, enzymatic activities, and turnover rates of soil organics. In contrast, increasing scarcity of resources with soil depth strongly reduced microbial biomass and activity. A lack of correlation between soil and enzymatic stoichiometric ratios raises concern regarding the applicability of eco-enzymatic stoichiometric indexes in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. We conclude that decomposition and turnover of organic substrates under contrasting agricultural practices are mediated by microbial communities with distinct functional traits (active fraction, growth parameters) and enzyme properties (Vmax, Km), which need to be considered in smart land use regimes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Changes to the structure and function of microbial communities in Spartina alterniflora and Kandelia obovata sediments as a factor of stand age

    Song L.Wang Q.Zhu Y.Christakos G....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The effects of Kandelia obovata introduction and Spartina alterniflora invasion on the microorganisms are very important for coastal ecology and restoration. MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and Tax4Fun predictive functional profiles were used to investigate the diversity estimators, community structures and potential metabolic functions of benthic bacteria in surface sediments of coastal wetlands invaded by S. alterniflora and artificially planted with K. obovata at stand ages of 2-, 8-, 11-, 16- and 60-years on Ximen Island, Yueqing Bay, China. The results showed that the sediment bacterial richness was significantly decreased in 60-year K. obovata stands compared with younger K. obovata stands and S. alterniflora stands. The age of K. obovata and specie of exotic plants formed distinct bacterial communities and functional structures in sediments, respectively. With increasing plantation of K. obovata, the bacterial communities shifted from the class Anaerolineae, the genus Sulfurovum, and bacteria involved in sulfate reduction as abundant taxa to higher proportions of bacteria involved in degradation of plant polysaccharide and nitrate reduction. The shift in bacterial community structures was mainly driven by changes in sediment total organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonium concentrations, pH and temperature. The community functions also changed from nitrogen fixation to more nitrate reduction and denitrification processes. Compared with 60-year K. obovata, S. alterniflora was occupied by higher proportions of the phylum Bacteroidetes, the orders Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales and Desulfuromonadales, and total nitrogen, total phosphorus concentrations and sediment temperature were major environmental factors affecting the variation. Among the major sulfur cycling processes examined, higher potential of dissimilatory sulfate reduction was observed in S. alterniflora. Our results indicated that K. obovata introduction has a greater effect on the bacterial community diversity and structure than S. alterniflora invasion. This study could improve the understanding of microbial processes and potential functions of K. obovata introduction and S. alterniflora invasion and provide reference in the restoration and management of the coastal wetlands.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of nitrogen and water addition on N2O emissions in temperate grasslands, northern China

    Guo Y.Dong Y.Peng Q.Li Z....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Temperate grasslands are considered an important natural source of the trace greenhouse gas N2O, which has attracted much attention in recent years. Increased annual precipitation and N deposition have been observed in temperate grasslands in northern China owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Although the individual effects of increased precipitation and N deposition on N2O emissions have been extensively reported, their interactive effects remain unclear. An in situ experiment with two levels of water supply (ambient and +15% precipitation levels) and four levels of N application (0, 25, 50, and 100 kg N ha?1 yr?1) was conducted in a semi-arid temperate grassland from 2016 to 2018 to quantify the effects of additional precipitation and N on N2O emissions in temperate grasslands. The results showed that temperate grasslands are a small source of N2O with negative N2O fluxes during the growing seasons. Water addition amplified the variability in N2O fluxes by lowering the mean N2O fluxes and strengthening N2O emission pulses triggered by precipitation. The trade-off between increased N2O emission pulses and decreased mean fluxes resulted in decreased growing season cumulative N2O emissions. The stimulated N2O emissions by N addition were linearly related to N application rates. However, this linear correlation shifted to similar N2O emissions among the N application rates by water addition. In addition, N2O emissions were negatively correlated with soil moisture and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) but positively correlated with soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NH4+, and NO3?. Our results suggest that (1) water addition increases the sensitivity of N2O emissions to N addition and limits the loss of additional N as N2O. (2) In addition to directly increasing N2O emissions, N addition increases N2O emissions indirectly by increasing soil DOC, NH4+, and NO3? levels, whereas water addition decreases N2O emissions indirectly by increasing MBC and soil moisture. (3) The ability of soil properties to explain the variability in N2O fluxes was limited, whereas the ability of soil properties to explain the interannual variability in cumulative N2O emissions was highly reliable.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier