查看更多>>摘要：The global climate summit that wrapped up in Glasgow, Scotland on 13 November, 2021 is known as COP26, with COP standing for Conference of Parties. In diplomatic parlance, ‘the parties” refers to the 197 nations that agreed to a new environmental pact, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, at a meeting in 1992. That year the signatory nations ratified the treaty, which aims to combat “dangerous human interference with the climate system ” and stabilise levels of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. This was the twenty-sixth time countries have gathered under the convention. Hence COP26.
查看更多>>摘要：Three methods of land preparation in oil palm replanting are described, attempted and observations recorded for a period of 11 to 14 years. In method A carried out in 2006 replanting, the land was prepared by excavating only the stumps of Ganoderma infectedfallen and vacant palms through the construction of pits. Here, after 11 and 12 years of replanting resulted in 18 and 21 per cent of BSR infections respectively, while, after 14 years the infection increased to 28.5 per cent in the same replants.In method B, comprising of two fields replanted in 2009 and 2008 after clean clearing or 100 per cent removal of boles of living, dead and vacant palm points followed by two rounds of thorough disc ploughing and single rotovating of the soil, showed 5.8and 8.5per cent of Ganoderma infections after 11 and 12years, respectively. Although method C was a slow and expensive operation, 100 per cent excavation of living, dead and vacant palm boles followed by deep ploughing or tilting of the soil with the excavator bucket showed 2 per cent Ganoderma disease after 11 years of replanting. Among the three modes of land preparation, methods B and C showed a delay in infection of Ganoderma in replants compared to method A. The excavator bucket used in method C for deep tilting prompted the search for other tools like Howard ripper and fabricated steel ripper mounted on a bulldozer, of which the latter was found suitable and has been implemented commercially. However, the cost of such operation was 2.6 times (i.e. RM2 030 against RM769per hectare) higher than the preparation of land by method A in replanting. Another study was conducted to understand the relationship between the visually observed Ganoderma palms and normal appearing palms with Ganoderma infection at the sub-clinical level. This may be helpfulfor planters to predict the total Ganoderma infected palms present in the field prior to replanting. The relationship appeared to be a cubical expression between the visual and total Ganoderma population ina field prior to replanting.
查看更多>>摘要：This paper reviews information on the biological aspects and discusses briefly the weediness of wild bitter gourd (WBG) including its management, in oil palm plantations. WBG is considered a serious weed in oil palm plantations because: i) it can growinto blanket sheet in the inter-row areas in immature and mature plantings, ii) it can encroach onto immature palms which is difficult to control and increase risks of herbicide phytotoxicity during routine circle spraying, and Hi) it can grow as epiphytes on palm trunks requiring control (both as a weed and also sources ofseeds for further infestation). The control of WBG in oil palm plantations involves various measures which include preventive measures (planting legume covers, maintenance of naturalcovers, mulching) and applied measures (manual and mechanised weeding, chemical control). The planting of legume covers and the maintenance of a less competitive natural cover of selected indigenous species in oil palm plantations are sound methods of weed management including the exclusion ofnoxious weeds (like WBG). When WBG encroaches onto immature palms, manual weeding or decreeping is the only safe method of weed control. Post-emergent chemical control ofM.. charantia has been reported by many researchers and they make no recommendations for the efficacy or suitability of these herbicides against M. charantia in named crops. A WBG herbicide evaluation with six herbicide treatments gave effective control after three rounds of spraying. These are:(i) paraquat + metsulfuron-methyl at 2.8 L+ 75 gper hectare, (ii) glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl at 1.5 L+ 75 gper hectare, (Hi) glufosinate-ammonium at 3 L per hectare, (iv) fluroxypyr at 2 L per hectare, (v) dicamba at 1.5 L per hectare and (vi) triclopyr at 1.5 L per hectare. In any spraying programme to eradicate thick sheet growth of WBG in inter-row areas, three rounds of spraying were required to achieve complete eradication by killing off the original weed stand and killing off any regeneration/new seedlings from germination of seeds. However, the risks of crop phytotoxicity limits the choice of herbicide to only spraying ofparaquat + metsulfuron-methyl at 2.8 L+ 75 gper hectare andglufosinate-ammonium 3 L per hectare for the control of WBG and other weeds around the periphery ofthe immature palm during circle spraying. More important, careful spraying by trained operators to minimise lower frond contact is required. Paraquat is not available now and may be replaced with sodium chlorate (sodium chlorate + metsulfuron-methyl at 5.5 kg + 75 g per ha). Another approach can be the sequential spraying of the herbicide mixtures: two rounds of spraying glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl and the third spraying with only a single selective broadleaf herbicide (fluroxypyr, or dicamba, or triclopyr) to kill any WBG regeneration in order to allow the growing of soft grasses as natural covers.
查看更多>>摘要：As a result of the efforts of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya, and particularly through the regular publication of a journal devoted to the crop, there must be few (if any) members of the planting community who are not familiar with the problems of disease. The degree of understanding of these problems and the efficiency with which disease control recommendations are executed may show tremendous variation, but at least there is an awareness of an ever-present danger. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said for diseases of oil palms, and especially in relation to the lethal infection caused by species of Ganoderma.
查看更多>>摘要：In an earlier article on the incidence of Ganoderma infection of oil palms in Malaya (Planter, May 1965), high disease levels in postwar plantings were shown to be associated closely with the type of previous stand. Very little loss was recorded as arule in fields which were formerly rubber stands or which had been cleared - from jungle, but frequently following coconuts and sometimes after oil palms disease reached serious proportions. In such cases there was an apparent relationship between infection of the young palms and stumps left in the ground after felling, and buried coconut trunks were also implicated. In older plantings age alone seemed to influence the susceptibility of the palms to infection.
查看更多>>摘要：An understanding of the disease cycle of Ganoderma in oil palm infections, albeit incomplete, allows the formulation of treatment and control measures which are based on factual data rather than ad hoc measures which may or may not be successful. Throughout Malaya at present the normal practice seems to be to accept Ganoderma infections and to do nothing about it; infected trees are left to rot away in the field. This is contrary to normal phytosanitary procedure and it is perhaps unexpected when disease control in rubber receives so much attention throughout the country. Unfortunately, once the final diagnostic fructifications of the fungus appear on the palm there is little or nothing which can be done at present to save it. Since there are no known curative measures, treatments on which the accent is control by exclusion and prevention by further spread are most important.
查看更多>>摘要：In earlier articles on the incidence of Ganoderma on oil palms in Malaya it was shown that the close association of high disease levels in post-war plantings with particular types of preceding vegetation was due to the tissue left behind becoming sources of infection after colonisation by the fungus. Spread from these sources to the young palms was by root contact especially where coconut stumps or buried trunks were present. In areas of low disease incidence, a build-up of infection from the small number of cases could be avoided by prompt extraction of diseased palms which effectively removed sources of inoculum. In this last article proposals are put forward for disease control in future plantings.
查看更多>>摘要：Many workers from Bangladesh come to Malaysia, one of the biggest host countries for workers, and many of them work in plantations or in towns on construction. Some work on other jobs such as petrol stations, and the one I know works as a part-time gardener at my house.Mushari came as a young man who worked hard cutting the grass. He planted papaya and Annona. The trees would give me a steady supply of fruits each morning, and I could also pass them to friends in the peak season.
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