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Preventive Veterinary Medicine
Elsevier
Preventive Veterinary Medicine

Elsevier

0167-5877

Preventive Veterinary Medicine/Journal Preventive Veterinary MedicineSCIISTP
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    Unravelling direct and indirect contact patterns between duck farms in France and their association with the 2016–2017 epidemic of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N8)

    Bauzile B.Sicard G.Paul M.C.Vergne T....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsLive animal movements generate direct contacts (via the exchange of live animals) and indirect contacts (via the transit of transport vehicles) between farms, which can contribute to the spread of pathogens. However, most analyses focus solely on direct contacts and can therefore underestimate the contribution of live animal movements in the spread of infectious diseases. Here, we used French live duck movement data (2016–2018) from one of the largest transport companies to compare direct and indirect contact patterns between duck farms and evaluate how these patterns were associated with the French 2016–2017 epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8. A total number of 614 farms were included in the study, and two directed networks were generated: the animal introduction network (exchange of live ducks) and the transit network (transit of transport vehicles). Following descriptive analyses, these two networks were scrutinized in relation to farm infection status during the epidemic. Results showed that farms were substantially more connected in the transit network than in the animal introduction network and that the transit of transport vehicles generated more opportunities for transmission than the exchange of live animals. We also showed that animal introduction and transit networks’ statistics decreased substantially during the epidemic (January–March 2017) compared to non-epidemic periods (January–March 2016 and January–March 2018). We estimated a probability of 33.3 % that a farm exposed to the infection through either of the two live duck movement networks (i.e. that was in direct or indirect contact with a farm that was reported as infected in the following seven days) becomes infected within seven days after the contact. However, we also demonstrated that the level of exposure of farms by these two contact patterns was low, leading only to a handful of transmission events through these routes. As a consequence, we showed that live animal movement patterns are efficient transmission routes for HPAI but have been efficiently reduced to limit the spread during the French 2020–2021 epidemic. These results underpin the relevance of studying indirect contacts resulting from the movement of animals to understand their transmission potential and the importance of accounting for both routes when designing disease control strategies.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Salmonella detection in commercially prepared livestock feed and the raw ingredients and equipment used to manufacture the feed: A systematic review and meta-analysis

    Parker E.M.Wittum T.E.Parker A.J.Short G....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The Author(s)Salmonella contamination of livestock feed is a serious veterinary and public health issue. In this study we used a systematic review to assess the prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolates detected in raw feed components, feed milling equipment and finished feed from 97 studies published from 1955 to 2020 across seven global regions. Eighty-five studies were included in a meta-analyses to estimate the combined prevalence of Salmonella detection and to compare the risk of contamination associated with different sample types. We found the overall combined prevalence estimate of Salmonella detection was 0.14 with a prevalence of 0.18 in raw feed components, 0.09 in finished feed and 0.08 in feed milling equipment. Animal based raw feed components were 3.9 times more likely to be contaminated with Salmonella than plant based raw feed components. Differences between studies accounted for 99 % of the variance in the prevalence estimate for all sample types and there was no effect of region on the prevalence estimates. The combined prevalence of Salmonella detection in raw feed components decreased from 0.25 in 1955 to 0.11 in 2019. The proportion of Salmonella isolates that were resistant to antimicrobials was largest for amikacin (0.20), tetracycline (0.18) streptomycin (0.17), cefotaxime (0.14) and sulfisoxazole (0.11). The prevalence of Salmonella contamination of animal feed varies widely between individual studies and is an ongoing challenge for the commercial feed industry. Control relies on the vigilant monitoring and control of Salmonella in each individual mill.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Calculating clinical mastitis frequency in dairy cows: Incidence risk at cow level, incidence rate at cow level, and incidence rate at quarter level

    Alanis V.M.Tomazi T.Santisteban C.Nydam D.V....
    5页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021The lack of standardization in reporting clinical mastitis incidence limits the ability to compare results across multiple studies without additional calculations. There is both a biological and statistical rationale for evaluating the at-risk period at the quarter level. This study aimed to: (1) to outline an applied method for calculating clinical mastitis (CM) incidence rate at the quarter level using currently available software; and (2) to present the results of three different measurements: incidence risk at cow level, incidence rate at cow level, and incidence rate at quarter level. In an open population prospective cohort of eight commercial dairy farms monitored from May 15, 2016, to May 31, 2017, all CM cases (n = 7513) were identified by trained on-farm personnel, who collected all milk samples from all quarters with visibly abnormal milk. Microbiological identification was determined by culture and MALDI-TOF. All lactating quarters were at risk for CM. A quarter was at risk for a new CM case if there was at least 14 d between a previously diagnosed case and the current case in the same quarter, or if a different pathogen was isolated in the same quarter within 14 d. A total of 17,513,429 quarters days at risk (QDAR) were estimated. A statistical software macro and Structured Query Language (SQL) were used to bring all data together. The monthly incidence rate at the cow level was 16.6 cases per 10,000 cow-days, the monthly incidence rate at the quarter level was 4.4 cases per 10,000 QDAR and the monthly incidence risk at the cow level was 4.8 cases per 100 cows. Although the evaluation of QDAR requires additional computation when compared to other methods, it might allow for a more precise evaluation of the data and a more accurate evaluation of mastitis incidence. Clearly defining the methods used to report mastitis incidence will improve our ability to discuss and learn about the differences and similarities across studies, regions, and countries.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Quantifying changes in the British cattle movement network

    Duncan A.J.Reeves A.Gunn G.J.Humphry R.W....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The modelling of disease spread is crucial to the farming industry and policy makers. In some of these industries, excellent data exist on animal movements, along with the networks that these movements create, and allow researchers to model spread of disease (both epidemic and endemic). The Cattle Tracing System is an online recording system for cattle births, deaths and between-herd movements in the United Kingdom and is an excellent resource for any researchers interested in networks or modelling infectious disease spread through the UK cattle system. Data exist that cover many years, and it can be useful to know how much change is occurring in a network, to help judge the merit of using historical data within a modelling context. This article uses the data to construct weighted directed monthly movement networks for two distinct periods of time, 2004–2006 and 2015–2017, to quantify by how much the underlying structure of the network has changed. Substantial changes in network structure may influence policy-makers directly or may influence models built upon the network data, and these in turn could impact policy-makers and their assessment of risk. We examined 13 network metrics, ranging from general descriptive metrics such as total number of nodes with movements and total movements, through to metrics to describe the network (e.g., Giant weakly and strongly connected components) and metrics calculated per node (betweenness, degree and strength). Mixed effect models show that there is a statistically significant effect of the period (2004–2006 vs 2015–2017) in the values of nine of the 13 network metrics. For example median total degree decreased by 19%. In addition to examining networks for two time periods, two updates of the data were examined to determine by how much the movement data stored for 2004–2006 had been cleansed between updates. Examination of these updates shows that there are small decreases in problem movements (such as animals leaving slaughterhouses) and therefore evidence of historical data being improved between updates. In combination with the significant effect of period on many of the network metrics, the modification of data between updates provides further evidence that the most recent available data should be used for network modelling. This will ensure that the most representative descriptions of the network are available to provide accurate modelling results to best inform policy makers.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluation of dog vaccination schemes against rabies in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

    Kazadi Kawaya E.Mfumu-Kazadi L.M.Marcotty T.Kirschvink N....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.The traditional rabies control strategy based on annual mass vaccination of dogs appears to be costly and cumbersome. Given the existence of different risk zones for rabies transmission, the present study aimed at proposing risk-based vaccination schemes by considering canine population dynamics as well as vaccine efficacy and duration of immunity (DOI). The capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (RDC), Kinshasa, was chosen as study site. The turnover rate of dogs was used to assess their population dynamics in two low-roaming (<25 % of dogs are roaming) and in two high-roaming zones (>75 % of dogs are roaming). The sero-conversion rate was assessed in response to primo-vaccination in three age groups: 24 puppies (≤3months), 37 juveniles (4–12 months) and 22 adult dogs. The DOI was evaluated serologically by revaccinating dogs previously vaccinated since 1–2 years (n = 31), 2–3 years (n = 12) or 3–7.5 years (n = 4). Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test was used to quantify antibodies. These data were used to implement vaccination outcome models.The turnover rate was twice as high in high-roaming zones (36 %) as that in lowroaming zones (17 %). Irrespective of roaming level, 75 % of dogs were less than 3 years old. The vaccine was equally effective in puppies (96 %), juvenile (97 %) and adult dogs (100 %, p = 0.24). The vaccine was effective in 93 % (11/12) of puppies without pre-vaccinal protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL). The anamnestic response was strong within 5–8 days upon the booster vaccination, in 96 % (45/47) of dogs reported vaccinated 1–7.5 years before. This suggests that the vaccine provided a long-term protection (≥3 years) which is likely to occur in 75 % of dogs in Kinshasa.Hypothesizing a vaccination stop, the vaccination outcome model allowed to estimate the time point after which vaccination coverage would drop below 40 % in function of dog population turnover rate. The systematic vaccination of puppies as well as annual vaccination of dogs aged between 3 and 15 months or annual vaccination of all unvaccinated dogs aged more than 3 months of age appeared as valuable alternative to systematic annual mass vaccination.In conclusion, this study developed a vaccination outcome model pointing out the impact of dog population dynamics and of effective duration of immunity. It appears as a promising tool for designing cost-effective rabies vaccination campaigns
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Brucellosis prevalence in yaks in China in 1980–2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis

    Zhao B.Gong Q.-L.Wang Q.Shi J.-F....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, the yak is an animal of particular economic interest, which provides protein and income for herders in daily life. Brucellosis is a bacterial disease that can infect humans and animals, including yaks. It can damage the yak reproductive system, causing miscarriage and orchitis. At the same time, brucellosis threatens the health of herders. We performed this meta-analysis using R software to explore the combined prevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in yak in China. Variability was assessed by the I2 statistic and Cochran Q statistic. We identified 52 publications of related research from four databases (Wanfang Data, VIP Chinese Journal Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and of PubMed). The pooled prevalence of yak brucellosis was 8.39 %. Prevalence was highest in Southwestern China (11.1 %). The point estimate of brucellosis in yak from 2012 to 2016 was the highest (11.47 %). The point estimate of age ≤ 12 months (1.44 %) was lower than that of age > 12 months (15.6 %). This study shows that yak brucellosis is serious, and its incidence is higher than before 2012. We recommend carrying out large-scale yak brucellosis investigations in Western China and conducting comprehensive testing planning. The detection of brucellosis in adult animals should be strengthened to reduce the economic loss caused by brucellosis to herders and to improve public health.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Response to the correspondence concerning “Spatiotemporal monitoring of Cysticercus pisiformis in European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Mediterranean ecosystems in southern Spain” by Remesar et al.

    Rouco C.Cano-Terriza D.Garcia-Bocanegra I.Remesar S....
    1页
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Cysticercus pisiformis in European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Spain

    Mungmunpuntipantip R.Wiwanitkit V.
    1页
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Genetic characterization of canine distemper virus from wild and domestic animal submissions to diagnostic facilities in Canada

    Giacinti J.A.Jardine C.M.Pearl D.L.Ojkic D....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Traditionally considered an agent affecting domestic dogs, canine distemper virus (CDV) is now well known for an ability to infect a broad range of hosts. In Ontario, domestic dogs are routinely vaccinated and clinical disease attributed to CDV infection in this population is infrequent. CDV has been regularly documented in Ontario wildlife spanning at least 4 decades however, the molecular identity of circulating CDV strains is currently unknown. Our objective was to investigate the molecular identities of and genetic relationships between CDV detected in wild and domestic animals from Canada, across multiple host species and over time. Samples were opportunistically collected from submissions to the Ontario-Nunavut node of the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative and the Animal Health Laboratory in Guelph, Ontario. RT-PCR was used to confirm CDV diagnosis, and the hemagglutinin gene was sequenced. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred, and the geographic distribution of clades was visualized using a geographic information system. Phenetic relationships between sequences were investigated with a median joining network analysis and through mixed multivariable linear regression. CDV sequences from ten wild and domestic species were characterized into seven lineages, that overlapped geographically and temporally. The predominant lineage circulating in Ontario wildlife, denoted Canada-1, has not been previously described to the authors knowledge. Our analysis indicates that the Canada-1 lineage is most genetically similar to America-1 sequences, however according to current methodology represents a distinct lineage. Multiple co-circulating CDV lineages were also identified, and raccoons appear to play an important role in the maintenance and transmission of these heterogeneous lineages in Ontario. This study also confirmed the presence of CDV from a lineage not found to be circulating in Ontario wildlife, in a domestic dog imported into Ontario from South America. Therefore, travel and the trade of animals may be an important avenue for the introduction of novel CDV lineages. It remains unclear whether and to what extent the genetic heterogeneity identified poses a risk to the efficacy of current vaccines. Increasing viral activity and continued antigenic drift resulting in partial protection or vaccine failure remains a concern.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Financial impact of sheeppox and goatpox and estimated profitability of vaccination for subsistence farmers in selected northern states of Nigeria

    Rawlins M.E.Limon G.Alarcon P.Beard P.M....
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsSheeppox and goatpox (SGP) are important transboundary diseases, endemic in Nigeria, causing severe clinical manifestations, impacting production, and resulting in economic losses. Vaccination is an effective control measure in endemic countries but is not currently implemented in Nigeria. This study aimed to estimate SGP financial impact and assess economic viability of SGP vaccination at the herd and regional level under different scenarios in Northern Nigeria. Integrated stochastic production and economic herd models were developed for transhumance and sedentary herds. Models were run for two disease scenarios (severely and slightly affected) and with and without vaccination, with data parameterisation from literature estimates, field survey and authors’ experience. Herd-level net financial impact of the disease and its vaccination was assessed using gross margin (GM) and partial budget analyses. These were then used to assess regional financial impact of disease and profitability of a 3-year vaccination programme using a cost-benefit analysis. The regional-analysis was performed under 0 %, 50 % and 100 % government subsidy scenarios; as a standalone programme or in combination with other existing vaccination programmes; and for risk-based and non-risk-based intervention. Median SGP losses per reproductive female were ￡27 (90 % CI: ￡31-￡22), and ￡5 (90 % CI: ￡7-￡3), in sedentary, and ￡30 (90 % CI: ￡41-21), and ￡7 (90 % CI: ￡10-￡3), in transhumance herds, for severely and slightly affected scenarios respectively. Selling animals at a reduced price, selling fewer young animals, and reduced value of affected animals remaining in the herd were the greatest contributors to farmer's SGP costs. SGP-affected herds realised a GM reduction of up to 121 % in sedentary and 138 % in transhumance. Median estimated regional SGP cost exceeded ￡24 million. Herd-level median benefits of vaccination per reproductive female were ￡23.76 (90 % CI: ￡19.28-￡28.61), and ￡4.01 (90 % CI: ￡2.36-￡6.31), in sedentary, and ￡26.85 (90 % CI: ￡17.99-￡37.02) and ￡7.45 (90 % CI: ￡3.47-￡15.14) in transhumance herds, in severely and slightly affected scenarios, respectively, and benefit: cost ratio (BCR) ranged from 5 to 7, at 50 % government subsidies. The regional SGP vaccination standalone programme (BCR: 7–27), regional SGP vaccination with existing vaccination programme (BCR: 7–228) and vaccinating high-risk areas (BCR: 19–439) were found to be economically viable for all subsidy levels explored. Vaccinating low-risk areas only realised benefits with 100 % of government subsidies. This study further increases understanding of SGP's impact within Northern Nigeria and demonstrates vaccination is an economically viable control strategy at the herd-level and also regionally, depending on the strategy and government subsidy levels considered.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier