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Preventive Veterinary Medicine
Elsevier
Preventive Veterinary Medicine

Elsevier

0167-5877

Preventive Veterinary Medicine/Journal Preventive Veterinary MedicineSCIISTP
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    Moving to a double-blind review system

    Fosgate G.T.Doherr M.G.Kostoulas P.
    2页
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Is there an association between road building and bovine tuberculosis herd risk? A three time-point study in Ireland, 2011–2019

    Barroso P.Breslin P.Ryan E.McGrath G....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis which results in a significant economic cost to cattle industries and governments where it is endemic. In Ireland, the European badger is the main wildlife reservoir of infection. In this study, we investigated whether (motorway) road construction was associated with an increased risk of bTB in associated cattle herds. For this study, we considered three observation periods: pre-construction (2011–2014), construction (2015–2017) and post-construction (2018–2019). We selected 1543 herds situated, based on proximity, between >50 m and <5 km of the roadworks, and extracted information about their herd-size, herd-type, inward animal movements, bTB history, and distance to the roadworks. Generalized linear mixed models were performed, whose outcome were whether a herd experienced a bTB breakdown with ≥1 or ≥3 standard reactor/s, respectively. Herds located at a distance of >3 km from the roadworks were found to be at reduced risk of a bTB breakdown over the construction period compared with those situated within 1 km of the roadworks for ≥1 reactor/s (>3 km and construction vs. <1 km: OR: 0.595, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI): 0.354?0.999) or ≥3 reactors (>3 km and construction vs. <1 km: OR: 0.431, 95 % CI: 0.174–1.067). Other previously reported risk factors such as inward movements, herd-size and herd-type were also associated with bTB risk in the final models (≥1 reactor/s and ≥3 reactors). These findings appear to be consistent with bTB breakdowns being a consequence as opposed to coincident to road construction, given the temporal and spatial consistency of the evidence. The potential for badger social group disturbance leading to the spatial spread of infection to cattle herds, as previously described in the United Kingdom, could be a hypothetical mechanism to explain these findings. However, our findings are not consistent with previous Irish studies, including recent work from another road construction project, albeit running alongside and cross over an existing road rather than construction of a new road as in this case, or experiences from national targeted badger removal. Further research is warranted to verify this pattern occurs elsewhere, and the underlying biological mechanism. Until further data are available, we recommend that badgers are vaccinated, as a precautionary measure, in advance of the commencement of major roadworks.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Rewiring cattle trade movements helps to control bovine paratuberculosis at a regional scale

    Ezanno P.Arnoux S.Joly A.Vermesse R....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsParatuberculosis is a worldwide disease mainly introduced through trade. Due to the low sensitivity of diagnostic tests, it is difficult to protect herds from purchasing infected animals. Our objective was to assess if rewiring trade networks to promote risk-based movements could reduce the spread of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) between dairy cattle herds at a regional scale. Two levels of control strategies were assessed. At the between-herd scale, trade rewiring aimed to prevent animals from high-risk herds moving into low-risk herds. At the within-herd scale, complementary additional measures were considered based on the herd infection status, aiming to limit the within-herd spread by reducing calf exposure to adult faeces and culling more rapidly after positive test results. We used a stochastic individual-based and between-herd mechanistic epidemiological model adapted to the 12,857 dairy cattle herds located in Brittany, western France. We compared the regional spread of MAP using observed trade movements against a rewiring algorithm rendering trade movements risk-based. All females over two years old were tested. Based on the results, and taking into account the low test sensitivity, herds were annually assigned one of three statuses: A if the estimated true prevalence was below 7%, B if it ranged from 7 to 21 %, C otherwise. We also identified herds with a high probability of being MAP-free (AAA herds that had obtained an A status over three consecutive years) to assess the effect of decreasing their risk of purchasing infected animals on MAP regional spread. We showed that movement rewiring to prevent the sale of animals from high to low-prevalence herds reduces MAP regional spread. Targeting AAA herds made it possible to minimize the control effort to decrease MAP regional spread. However, animals purchased by AAA herds should have a moderate to high probability of being MAP-free, especially if the risk of purchasing animals from herds of unknown status cannot be managed. Improved hygiene and early culling of positive animals were relevant complementary on-farm control options to further decrease MAP spread. Future studies should identify how to define herd statuses to target optimal control measure combinations that could reduce the spread of MAP on a regional scale most effectively.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Cross-sectional study on risk factors associated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in pig farms in Junan county, China

    Dong Y.Zhang F.Wang Y.Liu P....
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 The AuthorsPorcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious, intestinal infectious disease in pigs, characterized by severe diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. PED is widely epidemic in China as well as in many eastern Asian and America countries, causing tremendous losses in pig industry. However, little was known about the disease frequency and the associated risk factors of PED in pig farms. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the herd prevalence and to identify the potential risk factors of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection of pig farms (≥100 pigs) in Junan county, China. A two-stage random sampling strategy was adopted, and a total of 751 fecal samples from suckling piglets of 82 farms were collected and tested by RT-PCR and sequencing for PEDV. Meanwhile, information on the putative risk factors of PEDV infection of those farms were collected in forms of questionnaires, followed by a descriptive analysis, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. The results showed that the herd-level true prevalence of PEDV infection of pig farms in Junan was 35.16 % (95 %CI: 22.91–53.89); there were two variables significantly associated with PEDV infection, which were ‘having more than 1000 slaughter pigs per annum' (OR = 5.42, 95 %CI: 1.19–24.72), and 'Weaning at 21?25 days' old' (OR = 4.50, 95 %CI:1.25?16.20). The research suggested that PED was highly endemic in pig farms in Junan county; larger herd size and weaning at an earlier age were potential risk factors associated with PEDV infection in pig farms in Junan. This study set an example in the research on herd-level prevalence of PEDV infection and risk factors associated with PEDV infection, and the results were of practical significance for the future planning of prevention and control of PED in Junan or other areas of China.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus within and herd prevalence on pasture-based dairy systems, in southern Chile dairy farms

    Alocilla O.A.Monti G.
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a ubiquitous endemic disease in most bovine populations that causes a negative economic impact on cattle production systems. However, true herd and individual prevalence in Chile have not been estimated based on statistical and epidemiological considerations and uncertainty regarding the infection's extension at animal and herd levels. In addition, the risk factors that can influence how the infection has spread among the cattle premises have not been assessed yet. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate true herd and animal prevalence of active BVDV infection in pasture-based dairy herds and to evaluate risk factors potentially associated with the status of herds and the within-herd prevalence, using a Bayesian approach. A cross-sectional study was performed over a random stratified (proportional to herd size) sample of one-hundred and fifty dairy herds selected in Chile's two leading dairy regions (Region de Los Ríos and Region de Los Lagos). We obtained 12.311 blood samples from lactating cows, but 4.998 randomly selected samples were processed due to budget constraints. For estimating BVDV Herd Prevalence (HP), a herd was considered infected if at least one positive animal to Ag-ELISA was found. In addition, a survey was completed on each farm, aiming to collect information to assess the influence of some variables over the state of the herds; both estimations were obtained using a Bayesian approach. True herd prevalence and true individual prevalence of BVDV active infection were estimated at 77 % and 3.5 % respectively, no significant differences were found between characteristics like herd size, location, vaccination, etc. Open herds and herds that mix herd categories are more likely to have higher BVDV prevalence.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Survey of Salmonella in commercial broiler farms in Shiraz, southern Iran

    Hosseinzadeh S.Manzari M.Khaledian S.Ansari-Lari M....
    6页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Salmonella is one of the major causes of food-borne diseases, worldwide. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence of Salmonella and to employ a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to confirm the presence of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in the broiler chicken farms in Shiraz, southern Iran. In addition, risk factors for the presence of Salmonella spp. at farm and flock levels were investigated. Fecal samples were collected from 22 broiler farms, including 35 broiler flocks. Conventional culture methods were used for Salmonella isolation, and the suspected isolates were confirmed by PCR with Salmonella specific primer (invA). Subsequently, PCR was performed to identify S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, using IE-1 and Flic-C primers, respectively. Information for farms and flocks was collected using a questionnaire. Twelve poultry flocks from eight farms were positive for Salmonella. The estimated prevalence of Salmonella was 36.4% at farm level and 34.3% at flock level. Based on the results of PCR, four farms were infected with S. Enteritidis, two farms with S. Typhimurium and one farm with both serovars, concurrently. Statistical analysis using generalized estimating equations showed that at flock level, odds of Salmonella presence increased when the number of chickens was more than 15000 (OR = 13.2, P = 0.023), and an increased odds of Salmonella was found for flocks in which antibiotics were used at sub-therapeutic or therapeutic doses during the rearing period (OR = 19.6, P = 0.003). At the farm level, there was a marginal association between Salmonella and using nipple drinker (OR = 0.08, P = 0.07) and keeping dogs on the farm (OR = 8.9, P = 0.06) by logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, Salmonella spp. including S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium are prevalent in the poultry flocks in the region. Considering the results and the fact that the flock size and its surrogate marker, stocking density are among the most consistently identified risk factors for Salmonella in the literature, production cycles with the appropriate number of chicks and proper stocking density are recommended. In addition, careful monitoring and prudent use of antibiotics in poultry farms could be practiced to control this human pathogen in preharvest poultry operations.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Whole-herd risk factors associated with wean-to-finish mortality under the conditions of a Midwestern USA swine production system

    Magalhaes E.S.Zimmerman J.J.Trevisan G.Holtkamp D.J....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2021 Elsevier B.V.Swine wean-to-finish (W2F) mortality is a multifactorial, dynamic process and a key performance indicator of commercial swine production. Although swine producers typically capture the relevant data, analysis of W2F mortality risk factors is often hindered by the fact that, even if data is available, they are typically in different formats, non-uniform, and dispersed among multiple unconnected databases. In this study, an automated framework was created to link multiple data streams to specific cohorts of market animals, including sow farm productivity parameters, sow farm and growing pig health factors, facilities, management factors, and closeout data from a Midwestern USA production system. The final dataset (master-table) contained breeding-to-market data for 1,316 cohorts of pigs marketed between July 2018 and June 2019. Following integration into a master-table, continuous explanatory variables were categorized into quartiles averages, and the W2F mortality was log-transformed, reporting geometric mean mortality of 8.69 % for the study population. Further, univariate analyses were performed to identify individual variables associated with W2F mortality (p < 0.10) for further inclusion in a multivariable model, where model selection was applied. The final multivariable model consisted of 13 risk factors and accounted for 68.2 % (R2) of the variability of the W2F mortality, demonstrating that sow farm health and performance are closely linked to downstream W2F mortality. Higher sow farm productivity was associated with lower subsequent W2F mortality and, conversely, lower sow farm productivity with higher W2F mortality e.g., groups weaned in the highest quartiles for pre-weaning mortality and abortion rate had 13.5 %, and 12.5 %, respectively, which was statistically lower than the lowest quartiles for the same variables (10.5 %, and 10.6 %). Moreover, better sow farm health status was also associated with lower subsequent W2F mortality. A significant difference was detected in W2F mortality between epidemic versus negative groups for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (15.4 % vs 8.7 %), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae epidemic versus negative groups (13.7 % vs 9.9 %). Overall, this study demonstrated the application of a whole-herd analysis by aggregating information of the pre-weaning phase with the post-weaning phase (breeding-to-market) to identify and measure the major risk factors of W2F mortality.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier