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Russian Journal of Plant Physiology
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Russian Journal of Plant Physiology

Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

1021-4437

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology/Journal Russian Journal of Plant PhysiologySCIISTP
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    Cardiac Glycosides: Distribution, Properties and Specificity of Formation in Plant Cell and Organ Cultures In Vitro

    Nosov, A. M.Tomilova, S. V.Kitashov, A. V.
    17页
    查看更多>>摘要：Secondary metabolism (the formation of substances of specialized metabolism) is one of the distinctive specificities of the plant organism。 Data on complete sequences of plant genomes indicate that from 15 to 25% of all genes are involved in this process (the biosynthesis of enzymes， transporters and transfactors serving it)， while many aspects of secondary metabolism， including its physiological functions， are still unclear。 The use of plant cell and organ cultures is a promising approach to solving fundamental and applied problems in specialized metabolism。 The mechanisms of formation of secondary metabolites in plant systems in vitro with different levels of cell differentiation can differ significantly from those in an intact plant， which， when comparing these biological systems， can be effectively used to study the principles of regulation， organization and functioning of secondary metabolism。 To date， more than 100 000 compounds of specialized metabolism (alkaloids， isoprenoids， phenolic compounds and a number of "minor" groups of secondary metabolites) are known， which， as a rule， are biologically active substances。 This fact determines their practical significance and wide application in medicine: today， about a third of all medicinal substances are of plant origin。 An acute shortage of medicinal plant materials makes the use of plant cell and organ cultures a very promising source of biologically active substances。 Cardiac glycosides are one of the most important groups of secondary metabolites， which have been used in medicine for the treatment of cardiac diseases for more than two centuries。 Interest in them is now growing significantly due to the discovery of new properties， including antiviral and antitumor activity。 The review analyzes the main results of works devoted to the study of the formation of cardiac glycosides in plant cell and organ cultures producing these compounds。
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Pleiades Publishing Inc

    Physiological (Integral) Approach to the Use of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Plant Leaves

    Nesterenko, T. V.Tikhomirov, A. A.Shikhov, V. N.
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：Possible use of integral characteristics of slow stage of chlorophyll fluorescence induction (CFI) for monitoring of physiological state of plants in phytocenoses was studied in the leaves of wheat Triticum aestivum L。 and radish Raphanus sativus var。 radicula Pers。， cv。 Virovskii belyi， grown in artificial-light culture。 Investigation concerned the behavior of T-0。5 (half-time of fluorescence intensity decrease from its peak to a steady-state level)， R-fd (fluorescence decrease ratio also known as vitality index)， parameter (V) over bar (max) (maximum possible average rate of induction transient)， and (alpha) over bar (average efficiency of PSA in the induction period) during leaf ontogenesis。 Plant material was the discs cut from uniformly illuminated wheat leaves of different age from the top (sixth) storey of plants and the disks from the second (in the order of emergence) true leaves of radish at the age from 3 to 24 days。 The plants were grown in controlled-climate chambers in hydroponic culture on claydite at irradiance of 100 W/m(2) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)。 CFI curves were recorded using a single-beam unit。 Values of parameter T-0。5 slightly changed during leaves' ontogenesis up to the time of senescence (the age of 26 days)。 Relative changes in the values of CFI parameters (Delta rel。， %) at the age from 2 to 24 days were 28% for (alpha) over bar and 30% for T-0。5。 For (V) over bar (max) and R-fd， the values were 67 and 70%， respectively。 Upon more advanced ageing and comparison of parameters for 24- and 26-day-old leaves， more pronounced changes were observed for T-0。5 (by 37。6%) and (V) over bar (max )(by 36。0%) and less pronounced for (alpha) over bar (by 23。0%) and R-fd (by 13。0%)。 Thus， the pattern of parameter T-0。5 behavior observed in the course of wheat leaves' ontogenesis distinguished it from other fluorescence parameters of CFI slow stage (R-fd， (alpha) over bar， and (V) over bar (max)); this gives grounds for a potential use of T-0。5 as one of the simplest integral indicators of physiological state and pathophysiological (irreversible) changes occurring in plant leaves within a wide age interval and upon senescence。 Unambiguous interpretation of the data obtained by means of parameter T-0。5 under stress conditions for estimation of irreversibility of the observed changes in PSA requires more detailed investigations。
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Pleiades Publishing Inc

    Complex Phylogeny and Expression Patterns of the NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER Family Genes in Tomato

    Liu, X.Gao, Y.Yin, Y.Liu, J....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：The NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER family (NPF) proteins play important roles in transporting substrates， such as nitrate， peptides， amino acids， dicarboxylates， malate， glucosinolates， indole acetic acid， abscisic acid， and jasmonic acid。 However， there is limited information on the NPF genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L。)， in contrast to Arabidopsis。 Our study aimed to reveal general information about tomato NPFs and to analyze the transcriptional responses of some members using plant nitrogen status。 We identified 85 SlNPF genes， and a phylogenetic analysis organized them into nine major clades。 Thirty motifs were found based on NPF amino acid sequence alignments。 Chromosomal locations and gene duplication events of SlNPF family genes were also analyzed。 An uneven distribution of SlNPF genes was discovered among tomato chromosomes。 Twenty-five SlNPF genes resulted from whole-genome triplication (WGT)/segmental duplication in Solanaceae。 Our results showed that ancient whole-genome triplication and tandem duplication mainly contributed to the expansion of the SlNPF genes。 In the NPF family， 19 orthologous genes were identified between tomato and Arabidopsis， suggesting that at least 19 NPF genes were present in a common ancestor before Arabidopsis and tomato differentiated。 In addition， we analyzed the expression patterns of the SlNPF family genes in various tomato tissues。 We monitored 49 root-specific SlNPF genes that showed varied expression patterns under different N status。 Among them， SINPF9， -34， -58 and -60 were significantly induced by both low and high levels of nitrate。 Our findings provide a foundation for future research on this gene family。
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Pleiades Publishing Inc

    Photoperiod-Dependent Mechanisms of Flowering Initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana L. and Zea mays L.

    Shchennikova, A. V.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：The domestication of plants involves their adaptation to different climatic conditions， including changes in photoperiod and temperature。 Many genetic loci of domestication are orthologous in distant taxa。 The main molecular genetic mechanisms of flowering have been described in detail in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L。， which forms the basis for studying and building models of flowering of other plant species。 The domestication and breeding of maize Zea mays L。 has resulted in a wide variety of responses to day length in this species， while maintaining the basis of the genetic network that controls sensitivity to photoperiod。 The review considers the features of the response to the photoperiod of maize plants in comparison with the model species Arabidopsis， including phenological genes for maize breeding， which were the target of selection in the process of Zea mays adaptation to new ecological and geographical conditions。
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Pleiades Publishing Inc

    Change in the Activity of Genes of Transcription Factors TaNAC69, TaDREB1, and TabZIP60 in Bread Wheat Plants with Water Deficiency and Hypothermia

    Zaikina, E. A.Musin, Kh. G.Kuluev, A. R.Nikonov, V. I....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L。) is the most important food crop in the world。 Stress factors， primarily drought and hypothermia， have a negative impact on wheat productivity。 Transcription factors (TFs) are a promising target for increasing plant resistance to stress due to their ability to control the expression of a large number of defense genes。 The most significant regulators of stress resistance reactions are the following TF families: NAC， DREB， and bZIP。 We analyzed changes in the relative content of gene transcripts TaNAC69， TaDREB1， and TabZIP60 in seven varieties and two promising breeding lines of bread wheat under drought and hypothermia。 Changes in the expression levels of these genes correlated with such parameters of stress resistance as the relative content of water， proline， and malondialdehyde。 For the gene TaNAC69， an increase in the relative content of transcripts during drought in all studied cultivars was characteristic; hypothermia caused much smaller changes in the expression profile of this gene。 Under the action of hypothermia and drought， the highest level of gene transcripts of TaDREB1 was identified in the L43466 line; in the gene TabZIP60 during drought， the maximum values of transcriptional activity were also shown by line L43466。 Line L43466 showed the highest relative level of transcripts under the action of stress factors among all studied genes， which may indicate its greatest potential for further selection。
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Pleiades Publishing Inc

    Effect of Auxins and Cytokinins on Growth and Biosynthetic Characteristics of Suspension Cell Culture of Tribulus terrestris L.

    Klyushin, A. G.Tomilova, S. V.Kochkin, D. V.Galishev, B. A....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The work aimed on studying the effect of synthetic phytohormones on growth and biosynthetic parameters of a suspension culture of Tribulus terrestris L。， and the influence of cytokinins on these characteristics。 In addition to the previously obtained results about alternative action of two types of auxins， 2，4-D and alpha-NAA (the first of them activates cell growth in vitro but inhibits the formation of steroidal glycosides， while the second causes cytodifferentiation， leading to a slowdown and arrest of culture growth， but activates the formation of secondary compounds)， it was shown that the type of cytokinin and its concentration can modulate its action。 It was found that， after transferring a culture from a "growth" medium (containing 2，4-D) to a medium with alpha-NAA and a different composition of cytokinins (BAP or kinetin in various concentrations)， it retains the ability to actively grow for at least three growing cycles。 Then， with a suboptimal combination of phytohormones， the cell culture stops growing and dies。 However， with a certain composition of growth regulators in a nutrient medium (1 or 2 mg/L alpha-NAA + 1 mg/L kinetin)， after a long lag phase (12-18 days)， culture growth resumes and its long-term cultivation is subsequently possible。 Suspension on a medium with 2 mg/L alpha-NAA and 1 mg/L kinetin T。 terrestris were maintained for 70 growing cycles without deterioration of growth characteristics (the maximum level of accumulation of dry biomass M-max was 12-16 g/L， growth index I was 13-18， specific growth rate mu was 0。18-0。28 days(-1))。 In this case， the content of steroidal glycosides in cells did not fall below 0。2-0。3% of dry biomass。 Using the UPLC-ESI-MS method， the presence in the cell biomass of at least four steroidal glycosides of the furostanol type-derivatives of hydroxy-diosgenin and tigogenin/neotigogenin-was shown。 The results obtained confirm the general patterns of development of cell populations in vitro and are important for optimizing the growth and biosynthetic characteristics of plant cell cultures。
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Pleiades Publishing Inc

    Stress-Protective Effect of Furostanol Glycosides on Cultured Medicago sativa Cells in vitro under Hypothermia and Hyperosmotic Stress

    Volkova, L. A.Urmantseva, V. V.Burgutin, A. B.Nosov, A. M....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：The study of the mechanisms of adaptogenic action of furostanol glycosides (FG) on plant cells was carried out in vitro and a comparison was made of the effects of hypothermia and hyperosmotic stress on a suspension cell culture of Medicago sativa L。 It has been shown that the cell population of M。 sativa in vitro possesses functional specificities that determine different sensitivity to the action of these abiotic stressors， which was expressed in different levels of cell viability: high (85%) under hypothermia and low (25%) under hyperosmotic action。 Hypothermia stimulated the rate of generation of superoxide anion (O-2(center dot-))， and it was accompanied by a high constitutive activity of antioxidant enzymes (guaiacol-peroxidase， ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase)， the level of which reflects the compensatory potential of cells。 Preservation of a high level of cell viability under the action of hypothermia， despite a 40% increase in the rate of generation of 0;7， indicates that the formed reactive oxygen species did not cause damage to lipid structures and macro-molecules in cells。 Exogenous treatment with FG with this type of stress effect promoted an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes but did not have a noticeable effect on the initially high level of cell viability。 In conditions of hyperosmotic stress， preliminary exposure to FG led to a threefold increase in cell survival (from 25 to 73%) and a 30% increase in the activity of soluble peroxidase in comparison with its level under the influence of only a stressor。 Exposure to FG also caused an increase in activity antioxidant enzymes， a decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation and an increase in the activity of enzymes of the malate dehydrogenase (MDH) complex。 However， in contrast to hypothermia， the observed changes caused a significant increase in the viability of M。 sativa cells in vitro。 An increase in the formation of osmolytes in the reactions NAD/NAD center dot H-MDH was indicated by the increased concentration of osmotic (mannitol)， which causes the initial degree of cell plasmolysis， in comparison with the control。 The article discusses specificities of M。 sativa cell culture influencing the specificity of its stress-resistance， possible mechanisms of cell protection in vitro in hypothermia and hyperosmotic stress and the role of FG in these processes。
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Pleiades Publishing Inc

    Gasotransmitter Carbon Monoxide: Synthesis and Functions in Plants

    Kolupaev, Yu. E.
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：Carbon monoxide (CO) represents one of key gasotransmitter molecules involved in transduction of various signals necessary for regulation of many functions of living organisms。 The review considers peculiarities of CO synthesis in plants and briefly characterizes heme oxygenase as a chief enzyme catalyzing the formation of carbon monoxide。 Participation of CO in the processes of growth and development， in particular， seed germination， root formation， and senescence is discussed。 Special attention is paid to the role of carbon monoxide in the formation of adaptive reactions to stressors of various nature。 Mediation of CO-dependent biological effects by calcium ions， ROS， and nitric oxide is considered。 In addition， the involvement of carbon monoxide in the action of other signal molecules， including phytohormones， is analyzed。 The properties of the CO donors are briefly surveyed， and their possible value for biological experiments is assessed。
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Pleiades Publishing Inc

    Physiological Exploration of Intra-Specific Variability in Salinity Tolerance of Amaranth

    Luu, D. T.Mguis, K.Ben Ahmed, H.Meddich, A....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：Soil salinity is one of the most significant environmental problems that negatively affect crop growth and productivity due to the high concentration of sodium (Na+) ions in agricultural lands。 Amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L。) has been proposed as a robust alternative to traditional cereal crops in areas likely to be affected by increased salinity in the future。 This work investigates the physiological and biochemical responses of three genotypes of amaranth ('Red'， 'Green' and 'Pony' genotypes) to different gradual levels of salinity (100 and 200 mM)。 It was shown that a treatment with 100 mM NaCl improved significantly leaf and root dry biomass with maintenance of water contentparticularly 'Green' present the best dry biomass。 The net CO2 assimilation rate (P-N)， stomatal conductivity (g(s))， transpiration rate (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) decreased significantly with the intensity of saline stress。 By the same， intercellular concentration of CO2 decreased in 'Red' and 'Pony' genotypes while it increased in 'Green' genotype。 Therefore， salt tolerance in amaranth is strongly linked to ion homeostasis with an ability to accumulate Na+ in the stems to protect the leaves and to keep a high K+/Na+ ratio in the leaves。 A significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity; catalase (CAT)， ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) in leaves and roots and an accumulation of proline were noticed。 Amaranth may then be considered as a promising crop in arid and semi-arid regions affected by salinity。
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Pleiades Publishing Inc

    Comparative Study on Photosynthetic Capacity of Different Leaves on Short Pod-Branch of Rosa roxburghii Tratt. in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

    Hu, J.Zhang, C.Wei, L. J.Li, X. T....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：The odd-pinnately compound leaves of short pod-branch surrounding the fruit growth of Roxburgh rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt。) are the source organ of photosynthesis， and the photosynthetic capacity of leaves is an important factor determining the yield。 To analyze the relationship between the distribution of palisade cells in different leaf positions and photosynthesis in the flowering and fruiting stage， the microstructure， photosynthetic physiology， and gas exchange parameters of each leaf position were measured。 The leaves located in the middle of short pod-branches were rich in columnar cells and showed higher chlorophyll content and， thus， higher light absorption by the leaves than other leaf positions， which conducted to enhanced photosynthesis and outstanding photosynthetic capacity under sufficient light environment。 Yet， the first leaf was immature， and the differentiation of mesophyll cells was not completed， which resulted in a weakening of photosynthesis per unit leaf area under adiquate light environment。 The lower leaves of short pod-branches showed smaller leaf area and looser spongy mesophyll in an environment with light blocking， which resulted in insufficient photosynthetic capacity。 Our findings indicate that the photosynthetic conversion ability of the middle leaf of short pod branch is the most prominent。 Therefore， regulating leaf mesophyll cells distribution according to leaf position is essential for effective leaf photosynthesis at the flowering and fruit stage in Roxburgh rose。
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Pleiades Publishing Inc