查看更多>>摘要：? 2022A simplified model for the prediction of carbon balance was developed to elucidate the seasonal trend of sink-source relationships in bearing and non-bearing pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) branches. Seasonal changes in growth rate of vegetative (leaf and shoot) and reproductive (infructescence) organs were monitored in branches of mature rainfed pistachio trees during the entire growing season (April–September). Simulations from the model were used to gain understanding of the implications of crop load on branch carbon (C) depletion and alternate bearing. Results showed that the pistachio branch was energetically able to sustain up to two infructescences (～28 fruits) having a slightly positive carbon budget (2.6 g of C) at the end of the season. A branch with 4 infructescences (～56 fruits) ended the season with a very negative carbon budget (-14.1 g of C) suggesting the implication of resource mobilization during heavy crop load. The simulations with the model allowed the identification of two energetically critical periods for pistachio, both characterized by a decreasing trend of the carbon budget. The first is at the beginning of the season, from leaf out until 35/40 days after full bloom (DAFB), when leaves are still not source of carbon, and the branch energetic need is largely satisfied by the remobilization of carbon from the reserves accumulated the previous year and stored through the winter. The second critical period is at the end of the season for bearing branches, at ～100 DAFB, when a strong reduction in leaf area due to early leaf senescence and drop coincides with high carbon request for kernel growth. Overall, results demonstrate that the branch carbon budget model is a valid tool to study bearing dynamics in tree species and can help to develop physiologically-based management strategies for achieving increased and more constant productions in pistachio orchard systems.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.This study aimed to elucidate the effect of cutting on the quality of melon fruit (cv. Xizhoumi-17) during storage as well as assess changes at metabolite level by an LC-MS-based comparative metabolomics profiling and multivariate analysis. A total of 93 differential metabolites were observed in whole and fresh-cut melon during storage. Among them, 10 differential metabolites were found exclusively in stored whole melon, and 17 nonrepetitive differential metabolites were found during storage of fresh-cut melon compared to stored whole melon. 4′-Methyl-(-)-epigallocatechin 3′-glucuronide (MEG) and pyranocyanin A of flavonoids accumulated in melon fruit during storage; in fresh-cut melon, increased flavonoid biosynthesis induced by the higher expression of CmPAL1-9, CmC4H1-4, and Cm4CH1/2/3 might explain accumulation of MEG and pyranocyanin A. Moreover, cell membrane composition in melon changed throughout storage, as indicated by the increased contents of phosphatidic acids (PAs), phospholipid inositols (PIs), phosphatidylglycerols (PGs), and monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) as well as the decreased contents of Lyso PG, Lyso PIs, Lyso PCs, Lyso PEs, and Lyso PAs. Cutting of melon promoted change in cell membrane composition, resulting from the increased expression of CmPLC1/2/3, CmPLD1/2/3, CmAGPAT, and CmGPAT1/2 in fresh-cut melon compared to whole melon. In addition, increased content of salicylic acid beta-D-glucoside (SAG) was observed in fresh-cut melon during storage compared to the whole melon, indicating that SAG helps the fresh-cut melon in resisting the cut-wounding stress. Therefore, metabolomics might provide a molecular basis for assessing the qualitative deterioration of whole and fresh-cut melon during storage.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees need to be thinned in order to guarantee yield of fruits of marketable size and a sufficient return to bloom in the following season. In this fruit crop, however, thinning is often complicated by several endogenous as well as exogenous factors, such as genotype, orchard structure, environmental conditions and agronomic management, and the current thinning methods (manual, mechanical or chemical), taken singularly, present more disadvantages than advantages. Therefore, the only possible option is currently represented by the adoption of a “thinning strategy”, consisting in subsequent interventions at different phenological stages, to finely tune the final fruit load along its physiological evolution. Such strategies must also consider the ongoing climate changes, which further complicates the thinning interventions also due to the lack of Decision Support Systems (DSSs), and the current trends of the global market. The present review takes a picture of the current situation of peach thinning, with a particular focus on the current development of new chemical thinners, and its future perspectives. Some general remarks are made considering the evolution of the global market and the obstacles found in peach research in some of the most traditional peach areas of the world.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.A wide range of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivars are produced around the world. Cultivars are often listed by the time of bloom, from early to mid and late season. To date, phenological stages have been recorded using alphanumerical codes, although data analysis is difficult with such codes. This study converted the alphanumerical codes to fully numerical codes using the Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale. A hazelnut BBCH scale was created for the cultivar 'Barcelona', which is considered a reference for phenological stages. The scale was constructed with at least two digits (0 to 9) for the main growth stages and three digits for female flowering and fruit development. The first number indicates the general growth stage, the second number indicates the growth stage at a specific time, and the third digit, when present, indicates the proportion at that stage on the tree. The hazelnut BBCH scale describes in 38 stages within 7 of the 10 available stages. The BBCH stages used are 5 (inflorescence emergence), 6 (flowering), 0 (bud development), 1 (leaf development), 7 (fruit development), 8 (fruit ripening), and 9 (senescence). The hazelnut is unusual in that it flowers in winter. Thus, the scale was extended from flower initiation (spring to summer of the year before harvest), male and female flowering (winter before harvest) and bud and leaf development (spring before harvest). During the spring before harvest, and summer before harvest, fruit developmental stages and fruit ripening are monitored and finally, senescence finalises the hazelnut life cycle in autumn after the harvest. Thus, the BBCH hazelnut cycle has a duration of at least 18 months and gives a good idea of hazelnut development. Finally, this new scale will add new information on the kernel development stages which were not evaluated in the former phenological scale. It will help producers to have a better idea of the fruit ripening and potential harvest date.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The Cicer genus, which has high agronomical importance, belongs to the Leguminosae family, and it comprises of 9 annual and 35 perennial species. Chloroplast (cp) DNA provides a detailed information for evolutionary and agronomic improvement studies. Due to high evolutionary conservation in its gene content and genomic organization, cpDNA is extremely useful for identification of taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships. In this study, we have constructed the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Cicer echinospermum, compared it with the cultivated type (Cicer arietinum), and re-examined the Cicers’ phylogenetic structure based on their cpDNAs among other legume species. We determined the chloroplast genome of Cicer echinospermum to be 126,713 bp in length with 83,129 bp of LSC, 13,288 bp of SSC and 30,296 bp of an IR region. This genome encodes 116 genes, 79 of which are protein coding, 33 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs. Furthermore, our bioinformatic analysis revealed that this chloroplast genome has experienced an IR-loss in the evolutionary process like other IRLC family members and had undergone ～21 kb inversion with respect to the Cicer arietinum. The result of the comparative analysis indicate that some regions showed certain nucleotide diversity, as in ycf1 and ycf2, which might be useful as potential markers for identification of Cicer genus. In the phylogenetic tree, C. arietinum and C. echinospermum clustered together among other legumes and confirmed the topology of Cicer species. These new genomic data are not only beneficial to elucidate phylogenetic relationships, but also provide information to develop and improve economically important crops through genetic engineering.
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