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Scientia horticulturae
International Society for Horticultural Science
Scientia horticulturae

International Society for Horticultural Science

0304-4238

Scientia horticulturae/Journal Scientia horticulturaeSCIISTP
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    Nuclear DNA contents and ploidy levels of North American Vaccinium species and interspecific hybrids

    Ballington J.R.Ashrafi H.Lynch N.Ranney T....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The Author(s)Breeding strategies for improving blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum and V. virgatum) cultivars often include introgressing regionally adapted species into the cultivated gene pools through interspecific hybridization. However, these approaches are complicated by variation in ploidy, triploid blocks and infertility, production of unreduced gametes, and aneuploidy. The objective of this study was to use flow cytometry, k-mer distribution analysis, and known pedigree information to evaluate genome sizes (2C nuclear and 1Cx monoploid), and ploidy of diverse accessions from Vaccinium sections and species. A total of 369 accessions, including a diversity panel (DP) of 251 inter- and intra-specific hybrid Vaccinium accessions, as well as 118 non-hybrid Vaccinium species across multiple sections, were sampled from the North Carolina State University blueberry breeding program and the National Clonal Germplasm Repository. The nuclear DNA content was analyzed via flow cytometry. The mean (range) DNA content of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid reference species were 1.20 pg (0.99 pg in V. crassifolium ‘Well's Delight’ to 1.41 pg in V. caesariense NC79–24), 2.37 pg (2.11 pg in V. corymbosum ‘Concord’ to 3.01 pg in V. corymbosum DE599), and 3.64 pg (3.24 in V. constablaei NC83–21–2 to 3.80 in V. virgatum ‘Premier’ and NC4790), respectively. Of the 369 unique accessions analyzed for ploidy, 259 were tetraploid, 46 were diploid, one was triploid, 51 were pentaploid or aneuploid with 2C values between tetraploid and hexaploid values, and 12 were hexaploid. Tetraploid hybrid pedigrees, which involved hexaploid crosses within three prior generations, had a 2C value range between 2.22 pg and 2.59 pg. Interspecific pentaploid and aneuploid progeny 2C DNA content ranged from 2.61 pg to 3.15 pg. We speculate some of these progeny to be near tetraploids with extra chromosomes from hexaploid progenitors. Further karyotyping of these individuals is necessary to ascertain aneuploidy anomalies. This research provides an expanded knowledge base of genome sizes, ploidy, and reproductive pathways for diverse species and hybrids to enhance future breeding, improvement, and the genomic study of blueberry.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Serial transcriptional changes of Flammulina filiformis (winter mushroom) mycelia infected by Pseudomonas migulae

    Xiao Y.Wang Q.Xu R.Guo M....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Flammulina filiformis, an industrially cultivated edible mushroom worldwide, suffers serious losses in yield and quality owing to bacterial diseases. Here, we reported the mycelial sluggish growth disease (MSGD), a new bacteriosis on F. filiformis. Pseudomonas migulae was identified as the pathogen by 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis and morphologic observation. Hydrogen peroxide silver disinfectant (HPSD) was shown to effectively inhibit P. migulae and alleviate the disease symptoms at 10.00 g/L concentration. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of F. filiformis in response to P. migulae infection was elucidated by transcriptome analysis. In the early infection stage, the infection signals are transducted into the mycelia, thus activating a series of stress defense responses, including peroxidase activity, antibiotic synthesis, and drug catabolism. In the middle and late infection stages, the apoptosis signal is transducted through the mitochondrial pathway, causing damage to DNA in the cell nucleus, resulting in DNA repair, gene silencing, and negative regulation of macromolecule synthesis. Finally, proteins and polysaccharides are strongly hydrolyzed to accelerate cell senescence, death, and mycelial growth retardation. These findings provide references for understanding the interaction mechanism between edible mushroom and pathogenic bacterium and for controlling mushroom bacterial diseases.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of postharvest deastringency and 1-methylcyclopropene treatments on membrane permeability, membrane-degrading enzymes and their encoding genes in persimmon (Diospyros kaki, cv Mopanshi) fruit

    Guo Y.Liang P.Tang Y.Zhang M....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Astringent persimmon fruit softens rapidly after harvest deastringency treatment. The purpose of this study was to understand the characteristics of membrane deterioration and its mechanism during rapid softening. The experiment included three treatments: (1) control, (2) CO2 treatment (≈100% CO2, 24 h), and (3) CO2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, 1.5 μL?L-1) treatment. CO2 treatment can effectively remove the astringency of persimmon fruit and cause a sharp drop in fruit firmness. The addition of 1-MCP was beneficial for firmness maintenance, but the process of astringency removal was delayed by one day. The fruit respiration rate and ethylene evolution rate were significantly increased by CO2 treatment, regardless of the presence or absence of 1-MCP, but the addition of 1-MCP could reduce the peak value and delay the occurrence of ethylene peaks by one day. The deastringency treatment resulted in a significant increase in membrane permeability and malondialdehyde content, and 1-MCP could significantly reduce membrane damage. CO2 treatment induced an enormous increase in LOX activity and the transcription of DkLOX3; however, 1-MCP significantly inhibited these increases. The PLD activity and DkPLDα1 expression level of the CO2-treated fruit were significantly promoted, and the addition of 1-MCP had less inhibition effect on the PLD activity and no significant inhibition on the DkPLDα1 expression. These results demonstrate that CO2 deastringency treatment could cause severe damage to the membrane integrity by promoting LOX and PLD activities and related gene expression. 1-MCP may ameliorate membrane damage mainly by inhibiting LOX activity and DkLOX3 gene expression and partly by suppressing PLDα1 expression.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Antibacterial and hypoglycemic activity of flavonoids in etiolated tissues from fresh-cut Chinese water-chestnuts (Eleocharis tuberosa)

    Yuan R.Li C.Pan Y.Zhang Z....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis tuberosa) is prone to etiolation after fresh-cut treatment. Though etiolation caused undesired yellow color, it comes with accumulation of bioactive flavonoids. In this work, flavonoids were extracted from etiolated fresh-cut Chinese water chestnut. Their species and content were investigated. The antibacterial and hypoglycemic activities of crude extract were also characterized in vitro. The results showed that four main flavonoids naringenin, eriodictyol, quercetin and myricetin were identified from fresh-cut Chinese water chestnut and the content of total flavonoids greatly increased with the acceleration of etiolation. The antibacterial test showed that the flavonoid extract had significant inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.5, 10, 2.5 and 5 mg/mL, respectively. The hypoglycemic kinetic analysis suggested that the flavonoid extracts exhibited competitive inhibition to both of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The increased total flavonoids in extracts brought higher antibacterial and hypoglycemic ability during etiolation. These results revealed that the etiolated fresh-cut Chinese water chestnut can be developed and utilized for antibacterial and hypoglycemia activity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The influence of organic, organo-mineral and mineral fertilizers on tree growth, yielding, fruit quality and leaf nutrient composition of apple cv. ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’

    Milosevic T.Milosevic N.Mladenovic J.
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.This work was carried out to obtain data about the vegetative growth, productivity, fruit external and internal quality and leaf nutrient composition of apple cv. ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ from different fertilization regimes, with reference to their role in tree and fruit growth and development, especially for their specific recommendations. Organic, organo-mineral and mineral fertilizers were applied to soil during three consecutive years. Results showed that organo-mineral fertilizer called Italpolina (ITP) and N fertilizer called calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) increased TPC, antioxidant activity, acidity, FW and D. Compound NPK induced the best values of SSC, TS and IS contents and TFC. Urea as a physiologically acidic N fertilizer mostly affected TS/TA and SSC/TA ratios. Interestingly, manure conditioned the best values of yield per tree and unit area and YE, while the greatest tree vigor was found in the control treatment (without fertilization). In paradox, the lowest tree growth was observed by CAN and compound NPK, i.e. fertilizers with high N contents. Compound NPK, organo-mineral ITP fertilizer and manure induced ideal balanced leaf nutritional values, followed by CAN and urea. Besides, it is highly important that experts and growers are encouraging the application and use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers to increase soil fertility and its quality. Thus, the applied fertilizers behaved differently in terms of the impact on the tested properties. One improved agronomic properties, while the other improved pomological traits, nutritional value of fruits and the amount of elements in the leaf. However, cattle manure, organo-mineral Italpolina and compound NPK fertilizer could be recommended generally for fertilizing the ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ apple on M.9 T337 in similar soil and climatic conditions. PCA can be a useful tool for segregation fertilizers that have the best influence on tree growth, productivity and apple fruit quality.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Estimation of selection criteria through multi-year assessment of variability parameters, association studies and genetic diversity of Solanum khasianum CB Clarke

    Begum T.Munda S.Pandey S.K.Lal M....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Solanum khasianum Clarke belonging to the Solanaceae family contains a steroidal alkaloid, solasodine which has commercial and medicinal importance. Solasodine acts as a starting material for the synthesis of steroid hormones, such as oral contraceptives and cortisone. In the present study, a total of 273 accessions were collected out of which 186 accessions rich in solasodine content (>0.8 %) were selected for the study. These selected lines were planted in bed size of 3.6 × 3.6 m in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with plant to plant spacing of 60 cm with three replications during kharif 2018, kharif 2019, and kharif 2020 for which pooled data were analyzed. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the studied characters revealing high variability among them. Highest GCV (Genotypic coefficient of variation), PCV (Phenotypic coefficient of variation) along with high heritability with high genetic advance was depicted in 100 fresh fruit weight and the number of fruits/plant indicating high variability due to additive genes action which makes it useful in the selection program. Low magnitude between GCV and PCV was observed in the trait plant spread indicating minimum environmental influence and high effect of environment was observed in 100 fresh fruit weight. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic correlation, the number of fruits/plant, plant height, plant spread, and fruit diameter was found to be significantly and positively correlated with100 fresh fruit weight. However, the solasodine content was negatively correlated with 100 fresh fruit weight and the number of fruits/plant. The path coefficient analysis suggested that the number of fruit per plant and plant spread were the direct contributing traits for the fruit yield. In contrast, days to maturity were the direct contributing factor via 100 fresh fruit weight for solasodine content. Diversity using Mahalanobis D2 analysis revealed 80.54% variability which was contributed by the number of fruit per plant, 100 fresh fruit weight, leaf width, leaf length, plant spread, fruit diameter, and days to maturity. The present variability and multivariate analysis among the high solasodine content lines of S. khasianum will help in the breeding, conservation, and varietal development program of this industrially important crop. This is the first report on the variability parameters, association, and diversity study among 186 germplasm of S. khasianum.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A novel putative 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase gene (BoaAOP-like) regulates aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis in Chinese kale

    Zheng H.Wang Y.Li X.Huang W....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Glucosinolates are important secondary metabolites in Brassica vegetables, and the side-chain modifications of aliphatic glucosinolates are regulated by 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (AOPs). However, how the side-chain modifications of aliphatic glucosinolates are regulated in Chinese kale remains unclear. Here, we show that the novel gene BoaAOP-like affects the biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates in Chinese kale. BoaAOP-like was localized in the cytoplasm of Chinese kale. The expression levels of BoaAOP-like increased with plant growth; among different organs, BoaAOP-like was the highest in the roots. BoaAOP-like was introduced into Chinese kale using Agrobacterium-mediated transient overexpression system, of which the expression levels were 2.20- to 49.56-fold higher in transiently overexpressed plants than in wild-type plants; the content of total aliphatic glucosinolates in transiently overexpressed plants was up to 70.26-fold higher than in wild-type plants. The content of each aliphatic glucosinolate was significantly accumulated in BoaAOP-like transiently overexpressed plants, with the gluconapin content increasing the greatest when compared to the wild-type plants. The expression levels of aliphatic glucosinolate-related genes, especially MYB28 and AOP2.1 were significantly up-regulated in transiently overexpressed plants. Overall, our results indicated that BoaAOP-like plays a critical role in regulating the biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolate in Chinese kale.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Identification of potential regulators of cell production and early fruit growth in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)

    Malladi A.Jing S.
    15页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Fruit size is a commercially valuable trait that is determined by the extent of fruit growth. In apple, (Malus × domestica Borkh.), early fruit growth is facilitated by intensive cell production, but mechanisms regulating these processes are not well understood. In this study, members of five gene families involved in growth regulation were identified and evaluated in apple: AUXIN-REGULATED GENE INVOLVED IN ORGAN SIZE (ARGOS); CELL NUMBER REGULATOR (CNR); GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR (GRF); GRF INTERACTING FACTOR (GIF); and KLUH. MdARGOS1 and MdARGOS2 transcript abundance was higher during early fruit growth but was also enhanced by up to 18-fold under conditions of reduced cell production during flower and fruit development, indicating that their gene products play complex roles in regulating growth mechanisms during early development. MdCNR20a and MdCNR20b transcript abundance decreased during early fruit growth and increased during the transition from cell production to cell expansion. MdCNR20a transcript abundance was negatively correlated with the relative cell production rate (RCPR; ρ = - 0.82; P = 0.002), was enhanced in response to shading, and reduced in response to lower fruit load, indicating that it's gene product negatively regulates cell production and early fruit growth. Transcript abundance of MdGRF11 and MdGRF16 was greater during cell production-mediated fruit growth, and higher in the cortex than in the pith. MdGIF3 transcript abundance was greater during early fruit development, higher in the cortex, enhanced under reduced fruit load conditions, and strongly correlated with RCPR (ρ = 0.93; P < 0.0001). Further, it was correlated with that of MdGRF11 and MdGRF16 (ρ = 0.87 and 0.89, respectively; P < 0.0001), indicating that the GRF11/16-GIF3 module is co-regulated and involved in spatio-temporal regulation of cell production and fruit growth. Transcript abundance of MdKLUH1 was low and not consistent with a role in regulating cell production and fruit growth. Together, this study demonstrates coordinated control of cell production during early fruit growth by multiple regulatory components, identifies candidates for functional characterization, and provides potential tools for enhancing growth of the apple fruit.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Short-term suboptimal low temperature has short- and long-term effects on melon seedlings

    Li M.Duan X.Liu T.Qi H....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Crop adaptation to environmental changes showed a short-term effect characterized by physiological and biochemical changes, and a long-term effect characterized by changes in dry matter accumulation. The effects of suboptimal low temperature (15 °C/10 °C, day/night, 5 days) on physiological characters, growth and development were investigated in 16 genotypes of melon seedlings. For short-term effect, suboptimal low temperature mainly induced free proline (up to 179.5%) and soluble sugar accumulated (up to 181.4%), impaired plasma membrane, and inhibited chlorophyll biosynthesis and PSII activity. For long-term effect, it mainly inhibited plant height and the first female flower opening (FFFO), but promoted stem diameter growth. Comprehensive analysis showed that nine indicators were suitable for assessing suboptimal low temperature effect on melon seedlings, including chlorophyll content (total, chl.a and chl.b), plant height, internode length, stem diameter, free proline, soluble sugar, and FFFO. Furthermore, sixteen genotypes were divided into four groups based on the nine parameters. Cluster I was characterized by high chlorophyll content and plant height (two genotypes); Cluster II was mainly characterized by intermediate value in 7 - 8 indexes (five genotypes); Cluster III was characterized by most indexes were about one third of the maximum value (seven genotypes); Cluster IV was characterized by lower value in all indexes (two genotypes). Our research can provide detailed data to clarify the response characteristics of different melon populations to suboptimal low temperature, and provide reference for cold acclimation of melon and other cucurbits in practice.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Multiple fungal diseases resistance induction in Cucumis melo through co-transformation of different pathogenesis related (PR) protein genes

    Raji M.R.Lotfi M.Alifar M.Baratian M....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Achieving multiple resistance to fungal diseases, major threat in cucurbits production, is challenging due to the quick rate of variation of fungi species and races, the lack in the knowledge of resistance genes or their complexity, and dragging undesired genesin traditional breeding. Here, we generate polygenic resistance to fusarium and powdery mildew by introducing a transgene cassette of three antifungal pathogenesis related (PR) protein genes (chitinase, glucanase and PR1) into melon (Cucumis melo L.) as a single locus. The presence of three PRs was confirmed by PCR in eight transgenic plantlets among 130 regenerants grown in selective medium. Southern blot hybridization confirmed integration of the transgene cassette in the genome of three lines. Enzyme activity assay demonstrated that chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase activity were higher in transgenic lines than in wild type plants. In-vitro and in-vivo bioassay tests showed that transgenic lines were also more resistant to fungal diseases. Finally, to evaluate the stability and heritability of the acquired resistance, selected transgenic lines were self-pollinated and T1 generation was further evaluated for disease resistance. After artificial inoculation by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM), more than 80% of wild types seedlings were infected. By contrast, on avarage 87% of T1 transgenic seedlings did not show disease signs. Moreover, powdery mildew infection was strongly delayed in transgenic plants.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier