查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Fruit tree crops adapt their phenology to seasonality by finely-tuned mechanisms that perceive environmental day-length and chilling to elaborate a diverse and plastic response, with impact on plant survival and fruit production. These plants use the molecular clock and a prolonged succession of epigenetic events, usually involving the participation of MADS-box genes, for respectively sensing changes in photoperiodicity and accumulated chilling time. Both mechanisms overlap and interact in key processes requiring a precise developmental timing, such as flowering and dormancy, and jointly constitute a molecular calendar, with the ability to report about the arrival of the warm season and winter completion. In this review, we address recent progress in the molecular calendar of fruit trees and the molecular models Arabidopsis and Populus, with a focus on epigenetic-related mechanisms, which provide the regulatory plasticity, reversibility and specificity required for seasonal phenological processes.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022One primary reason worldwide peach consumption has been in steady decline throughout the past few decades is due to poor fruit quality. Fruit quality is developed in the orchard by optimizing preharvest factors and orchard practices. Several studies have been conducted to understand how these factors influence peach internal quality, but often fail to control for confounding variables. One particular confounding variable that is influenced by preharvest factors and directly impacts fruit quality is maturation. Pomological experiments investigating the impact of preharvest factors on internal fruit quality must compare fruit of equal maturity. Maturity assessment through destructive and subjective methods is not feasible nor efficient. The use of visual radiation (Vis) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allowed the development of robust non-destructive tools for physiological maturity (index of absorbance difference, IAD) and internal fruit quality [dry matter content (DMC) and soluble solids concentration (SSC)] assessment simultaneously in a single scan. Recent studies investigated the impact of critical preharvest factors such as rootstock, canopy position, crop load and growing environment on peach fruit quality development and metabolism, while selecting for fruit of equal maturity. Studies on rootstock and canopy position revealed that the fruit's light environment was more influential in quality development and metabolic shifts than the genotype vigor or position alone. Fruit under sufficient carbon supply, which was determined by crop load, exhibited superior quality and phenotype when compared to carbon-starved fruit at harvest. Although, metabolite profile differences between distinct carbon supply conditions at harvest were minimal, when assessed at equal maturity. Early metabolic shifts under optimum carbon supply and optimum growing environment conditions may prime fruit quality at harvest. Catechin and sorbitol were associated with high-quality fruit, while amino acids and citric acid showcased relationships with inferior quality fruit.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Fruit size, as an important fruit quality trait, is strongly associated with the commercial value of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying the control of fruit size is essential for breeding new varieties with larger fruit to increase yield and economic value. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit size in sweet cherry. Here, we identified and functionally characterized a MIKC-type MADS-box transcription factor, PavAGL15, in sweet cherry, as a putative protein that binds the promoter of PavCYP78A9, a cytochrome P450, which controls sweet cherry fruit size. Yeast one-hybrid and transient dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that PavAGL15 directly bound to the PavCYP78A9 promoter in vitro and in vivo, resulting in repressing expression. PavAGL15 was expressed at high levels in flower buds, blossoms and young fruit as assessed by real-time PCR. The PavAGL15 protein localized to the nucleus. Silencing PavAGL15 using virus-induced gene silencing significantly increased the fruit size, which caused the high expression levels of PavCYP78A9, cell cycling and proliferation-related genes in sweet cherry fruits. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PavAGL15 is a negative regulator of sweet cherry fruit size that regulates PavCYP78A9 expression at the transcriptional level. Thus, we have gained new insights into the regulatory networks affecting fruit size during sweet cherry fruit growth and development.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The three amino acid loop extension (TALE) are essential transcription factors that regulate the differentiation of meristem in plant growth and development. Several studies on the TALE family in plants, including Arabidopsis, rice, and others, have been carried out. However, little is known about the TALE family in walnut. In this study, the genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the TALE gene family was studied comprehensively in walnut. Based on the specific structure of the TALE domain, a total of thirty walnut TALE genes were identified. According to different domains structure and phylogenetic relationships, the JrTALE gene family could be divided into two subfamilies, namely BELL and KNOX. Conserved protein motifs analysis showed that JrTALE contained similar motif structures in the same phylogenetic branch. The JrTALE gene family members had a weak overall codon bias, preferring to use synonymous codons ending in A/U. Expression pattern analysis of the JrTALE family genes showed that JrTALE17 and JrTALE18 were differentially expressed in female and male flower buds. We confirmed that JrTALE3, JrTALE5, JrTALE7, JrTALE10, JrTALE15 and JrTALE22 were differentially expressed between different stages of flower bud development by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). This study provides valuable information about the TALE family in the transitional development of walnut flower buds, laying the foundation for a better understanding of the TALE family in walnut.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.The effects of brassinolide (BL) on alleviating the occurrence of chilling injury (CI) of banana fruit were investigated. The present results showed that BL effectively decreased the CI index, enhanced the proline accumulation, reduced the malondialdehyde production, and accelerated starch degradation. Meanwhile, it also enhanced the activities of antioxidative enzymes and contents of the phenolic compounds, and decreased the reactive oxygen species accumulation. Higher integrity of plasma membrane was observed in the epidermal tissues and higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids were detected in the membrane, indicated that BL enhanced membrane lipid fluidity and maintained the cell membrane integrity of banana fruit. In conclusion, BL treatment is a potential method in enhancing chilling tolerance of banana fruit under low temperature storage or cold chain circulation.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Environmental regulation based on crops can ensure efficient and high-quality production. However, environmental factors, such as temperature, air humidity, and light intensity, promote and restrict production during the crop growth, while complex compensation effects and feedback paths exist among these factors. In order to accurately and efficiently control the greenhouse environment for the growth of cherry tomato seedlings, a design of composite quadratic orthogonal regressive rotation with three factors and five levels was adopted. Experimental variables included temperature, relative humidity (RH), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). We established the response models of growth indicators (seedling index, dry matter accumulation, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and chlorophyll content) to environmental multiple factors. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method were introduced to weight five indicators, and the game theory-based combined weighting method was subsequently used to obtain the final weight of each indicator. A comprehensive growth evaluation system for cherry tomato seedlings was established based on Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and the response model of comprehensive growth to environment multi-factor was established according to evaluation values. Also, the synergistic regulation of the environmental factors was analyzed. Results demonstrated that the optimum environment for the seedling index is consistent with that of dry matter accumulation, but different from those of other growth indicators. Furthermore, the greatest combined weight was determined for the seedling index (0.327), while chlorophyll content ranked bottom (0.118). Enhancing photosynthetically active radiation was not able to significantly promote the growth of tomato under low temperatures and humidity. Based on our results, for medium levels of photosynthetically active radiation, increasing relative humidity rather than temperature is suggested for the promotion of tomato growth during the seedling. In addition, the optimal environmental factor combination for comprehensive growth of cherry tomato seeding was a temperature of 27.6 °C, an RH of 76.1% and PAR of 396.3 μmol?m ? 2?s ? 1. Our results can be applied to the environmental management of greenhouse cherry tomato seedlings and can also improve energy efficiency of environmental control.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Industrial treated wastewater (TWW) could be an attractive alternative fto fresh water use in agriculture due to the shortage in water resource especially in the Mediterranean region. Furthermore, TWW could represent an efficient substitute for crop production thanks to its high load in nutrient. However, its high content of salts or mineral as well as organic pollutants can affect the crop safety, productivity and growth. A simple way to reduce the amount of chloride and salinity could be the dilution. In this study the irrigation of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa cv Camarosa) using diluted TWW at three dilution ratios; D60 (40% TWW) D40 and D20 was performed and compared with the well water (WW) used as control. The use of TWW for the irrigation of strawberry plants was done for the first time in the city of Sfax located in the southeast of Tunisia. D20 registered the lowest strawberry yield and highest heavy metal contents in fruits compared to the other dilutions. Also, this dilution showed a toxic effect of high accumulation of chlorine, salts and metals by the apparition of brown edges in the leaves. However, D60 recorded the lowest soil salinity, the high plant growth and strawberry yield compared to the WW irrigated plants and showed lowest metal contents in soil, plants and fruits compared to other dilutions. Our study suggests the use of 60% diluted TWW for the irrigation of strawberry in order to obtain fruits matching international safety and quality standards.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.This study aims to find characteristics that might explain the rapid softening disorder in papaya. At the time of harvest, it was observed that papaya with early softening disorder (ESD) and those without the disorder could not be distinguished exclusively on the basis of their skin color and pulp firmness. Fruit with ESD and without ESD were harvested at maturity stage 1 and evaluated for 10 d at 10 °C, according to the softening index (SI) methodology. The symptoms of early softening disorder were clearly observed between 2 d and 8 d of storage, with firmness 71% lower than the initial firmness, presenting atypical behavior for fruit stored under refrigeration. There was no difference between the fruit with and without ESD for soluble solids contents, but titratable acidity and ascorbic acid were significantly different between both stages of fruit that could be associated with the ripening patterns. Furthermore, there were no differences between fruit with ESD and those without ESD in respiratory rate and ethylene production under refrigerated storage, what suggested that the occurrence of disorder was not related to an increase in ethylene post-harvest period. This work provided evidence to discriminate fruit susceptible to suffer from ESD from those not susceptible to this disorder. The cell wall polysaccharide fractions indicated significant differences between fruit with ESD and without ESD at the moment of harvest suggesting modifications in the cellulose-hemicellulose domain. Moreover, the ethylene production did not follow cell wall modification, suggesting that changes in the cell wall structure could have happened during fruit growth. In this way, depending on the intensity of the cell wall modification, the fruit will exhibit the flesh early softening after harvest.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Sorbitol is the primary product of photosynthesis and sugar metabolism in plants. However, the mechanism by which sorbitol treatment affects potato tuber wound healing remains unclear. This study showed that sorbitol treatment reduced weight loss and disease index (inoculated with Fusarium sulphureum) of tubers during healing. Sorbitol also facilitated the accumulation of suberin polyphenolic (SPP) and lignin at the wounded sites. Sorbitol treatment activated the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumaryl-CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase (C4H), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and increased the levels of individual phenolic acids and lignin monomers. In addition, sorbitol treatment increased the H2O2 level and peroxidase (POD) activity. It was suggested that sorbitol treatment could activate phenylpropanoid metabolism, and promote SPP and lignin deposition at the wound sites of potato tubers.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Split-pit in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) is a physiological disorder occurring during fruit growth causing significant losses to growers, retailers and the canning industry worldwide. In the present study the split-pit susceptibility of 59 recently grown melting-peach and nectarine cultivars was investigated and occurrences were related with phenotypic traits such as ripening date, yield and fruit and stone traits, and climatic parameters such as growing degree hours and rainfall during different periods of fruit growth, in 4 growing seasons. Cultivars with lower propensity to split-pit was separated. The split-pit incidence was higher in nectarine compared with melting-peach, and also in yellow- compared with white-flesh cultivars. Early ripening was the most important parameter related with higher percentage of fruit with split-pit, followed by larger fruit and higher rainfall during 30d after blooming. The fruit and stone dimensions were not related with split-pits, neither was the sum of growing degree hours calculated during different periods after blooming. In conclusion, the present study provides information on the propensity to split-pit disorder of modern melting-peach and nectarine cultivars that may be important information for growers and breeders. A cultivation practice for reducing the split-pit incidence in sensitive cultivars is to aim for smaller fruit sizes, while the spring rainfall experienced could be used by growers as an indication for adjusting fruit load accordingly so that to diminish the expected damages.
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