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Scientia horticulturae
International Society for Horticultural Science
Scientia horticulturae

International Society for Horticultural Science

0304-4238

Scientia horticulturae/Journal Scientia horticulturaeSCIISTP
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    Brassinosteroids alleviate cadmium phytotoxicity by minimizing oxidative stress in grape seedlings: Toward regulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle

    Li B.-B.Fu Y.-S.Li X.-X.Yin H.-N....
    13页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Brassinosteroids are widely used to combat several environmental factors, including heavy metal stress in plants, however the effects on alleviating cadmium (Cd) phytotoxicity in grape seedlings are unknown. This study was designed to investigate the effect of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and gene expression in grape (vitis vinifera L.) plants under Cd stress. The grape seedlings were treated with half-strength Hoaglands nutrient solution, 1 mM Cd2+ (CdCl2) and Cd2+ combination with EBR (0.05 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L). Oxidative stress caused by higher biosynthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) damaged the morphological features and photosynthesis of grape seedlings under Cd toxicity. However, EBR treatment alleviated the Cd stress injury symptoms, increased the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and actual PS II photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), reduced the levels of superoxide anions (O2·?), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and MDA, increased the contents of antioxidants and osmolytes and enhanced the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and antioxidases involved in the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle. Furthermore, the expression levels of VvSOD, VvPOD, VvAPX, VvGR, VvDHAR and VvMDHAR genes were upregulated in EBR treated grape seedlings under Cd stress. Here, principal component analysis showed that amelioration of Cd-induced oxidative stress by EBR treatment in grapevine seedlings is mainly by regulating AsA-GSH cycle, and the Cd stress alleviation effect of EBR was more prominent at 0.05 mg/L than at 0.1 mg/L and 0.2 mg/L. Taken together, our results suggest that applying EBR can mitigate Cd toxicity in grape seedlings via ASA-GSH cycle and advocate a positive role for EBR in strengthening phytoremediation.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Optimization of protocol for efficient protoplast isolation and transient gene expression in carnation

    Naing A.H.Kang H.Lim K.B.Kim C.K....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The optimal protocols for protoplast isolation and transfection in carnation cv. Scarlet were developed by optimizing the factors involved in protoplast isolation and transfection processes. The best protoplast yield and viability were achieved using 0.5 M mannitol, enzyme concentrations of 1.0% cellulase and 0.1% macerozyme, and digestion time of 8 h. In contrast, the best transfection efficiency was obtained using protoplast density of 2.5 × 105, polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration of 20%, and transfection time of 15 min. The protocols could produce reasonable protoplast yield and transfection efficiency in other carnations. The transient expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in the nucleus of the transfected protoplasts of all carnations was confirmed using PCR analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report on transient gene expression in carnation protoplasts. This transient gene expression system could be valuable for genome editing of unwanted genes in carnations using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 technology.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Comprehensive analysis of NAC transcription factors and their expressions during taproot coloration in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

    Huang Y.Cui L.Chen W.Liu Z....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Taproot color is a key trait for assessing their commercial value of radish cultivars. Although the plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) transcription factors (TFs) have demonstrated roles in several plant development processes, their functions in radish taproot coloration remain largely unknown. In this study, 183 NAC members were identified from the long-read genome 'QZ-16' of radish. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the NAC members in radish, rice and Arabidopsis were clustered into 18 groups. Synteny analysis revealed that a total of 30 segmental duplication and 5 tandem duplication events occurred in RsNAC genes. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the lack of chloroplast led to taproot color change from green to totally white in radish. Furthermore, when comparing green radish 'QZ-16' and white radish '55', ten RsNAC differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA-seq, which were found to be related to taproot coloration in radish. These findings would lay a solid foundation for the investigation of the relationship between taproot coloration and RsNAC gene functions in radish.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    A method for simultaneously monitoring phloem and xylem reconnections in grafted watermelon seedlings

    Huang Y.Xu J.Wei X.Xiong M....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Grafting is an effective way to increase watermelon's tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the survival of grafted seedlings largely depends on successful graft formation. Therefore, understanding the graft formation process, particularly vascular reconnection, is of critical importance. This study found that lignin in watermelon stem showed strong auto-fluorescence under blue-light excitation. Consequently, blue-light excited fluorescent tracers (FTs) such as 5(6)-carboxy fluorescein diacetate (CFDA) were unsuitable for assaying vascular connectivity in watermelon. In contrast, UV-light excited esculin and red-light excited acid fuchsin proved to be efficient FTs for monitoring phloem and xylem connectivity, respectively, in self-grafted watermelon. Furthermore, combining esculin application to the scion cotyledon and acid fuchsin to the rootstock root enabled simultaneous monitoring of both phloem and xylem connectivity in individual self-grafted watermelon seedlings. Based on this assay, we found that phloem and xylem reconnections occurred simutaneously in self-grafted watermelon. Moreover, low temperature and removal of the rootstock cotyledons both delayed vascular reconnection in the self-grafted watermelon. In conclusion, this new method provided a convenient, accurate and rapid way to analyze vascular connectivity in watermelon.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Effects of trellis system and berry thinning intensity on vine performance and quality composition of two table grape cultivars under protected cultivation in northern China

    Yin Y.Li M.Jia N.Sun Y....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Strategies for improving table grape quality under protected conditions are worth discussing. Two grape cultivars Baoguang (BG) and Cuiguang (CG) were used to evaluate the effects of trellis systems (pergola trellis and closing Y shaped trellis which defined as SAYM) and berry thinning intensities (high thinning intensity, HT; medium thinning intensity, MT; light thinning intensity, LT) on vine performance and quality composition under protected cultivation. Vines trained on the pergola trellis system had a higher budbreak rate of 81.79%, but a lower proportion (70.16%) of bearing shoots. Vines trained on the SAYM trellis system had a larger leaf area index (LAI) of 145.38 m2 m?2, but lower transmission coefficient (TC, 0.27), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR,160.73 μmol m?2 s?1), mean leaf angle (MLA, 19.88°) and transpiration rate (Tr, 3.82 mmol m?2 s?1). Water content and pulling resistance (PR) were lower in berries on the SAYM trellis or within heavily thinned (HT) clusters. HT promoted the remarkable improvement in total soluble solids (TSS), ratio of TSS to titratable acidity (TA), pH, sugar constituents, external color density and skin total anthocyanins, and most of these indexes were also enhanced by SAYM trellis. TA maintained low (4.51 g kg?1) on the pergola trellis and decreased with thinning intensity enhanced. Despite that, the effects of trellis and thinning intensity on organic acid constituents varied in cultivars. Nutrition elements mostly tended to accumulate in HT berries. Trellis systems were active in altering the texture attributes of BG. In addition, medium thinning (MT) and light thinning (LT) exerted similar effects on most tested attributes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    SlCML55, a novel Solanum lycopersicum calmodulin-like gene, negatively regulates plant immunity to Phytophthora pathogens

    Zhang J.Zou A.Wen Y.Wei X....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Calmodulin-like (CML) proteins are important decoders for intracellular Ca2+ variation controlling diverse cellular functions by regulating the activity of various target proteins. The functions of many CMLs, especially their roles as negative regulators of plant immunity, have not been clarified. The Solanum lycopersicum gene SlCML55, a novel CML gene with a susceptibility-inducing function in Nicotiana benthamiana, was identified in a tomato cDNA library. Silencing of SlCML55 inhibits Phytophthora capsici infection, indicating that SlCML55 negatively regulates plant immunity in tomato. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed eGFP:SlCML55 to localize to the cytosol and nucleus. SlCML55 was highly expressed in roots compared to other tissues and downregulated during the early stage of P. capsici infection, especially at 3 hours post-infection. Expression of SlCML55 was regulated by Ca2+ and peaked at 6 h after external administration of CaCl2. Expression of SlCML55 was also largely downregulated under disease resistance-related hormone (SA, JA and ET) treatments. Furthermore, silencing SlCML55 promoted PR1 expression and viral defense, as stimulated via the SA immune pathway. Taken together, our findings indicate that SlCML55 acts as a negative regulator during pathogen infection in tomato in association with the SA signaling pathway.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Unravelling the responses of different apple varieties to water constraints by continuous field thermal monitoring

    Gomez-Candon D.Mathieu V.Martinez S.Labbe S....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.This research aimed at analyzing the response of apple tree varieties subjected to soil water deficit and atmospheric drought in a field phenotyping platform located in the Mediterranean area. The main assumption of the study was that seasonal and daily stomatal behavior can be monitored by continuous measurement of canopy surface temperature (Ts) as a proxy of stomatal closure. To achieve the study objectives, thermal monitoring of 6 pre-commercial apple varieties was simultaneously carried out throughout one season by nadir-oriented thermo-radiometers placed 1.50 m over the tree top canopy. Two water regimes were applied to each variety during a 4-week summer period: normal irrigation (WW) vs progressive water deficit (WS). The maximum difference in Ts between water regimes was recorded daily between 11:00 and 14:20 GMT, with an earlier closure of stomata in WS trees. During the day, a more negative stem water potential (Ψstem) and a higher diurnal Ts (+1° to +2 °C) were observed on WS trees, resulting in a significant limitation of fruit growth. Tree water stress was caused by both edaphic and atmospheric droughts, in the medium and short terms respectively, with inter-varietal and inter-regime differences highlighting distinct stomatal closure behaviors. Results suggest that some of the varieties studied are well adapted to stressful summer conditions, as long as irrigation needs are met, while other varieties show a particular sensitivity to the mid-day evaporative demand, which may limit their extension. Although these results are not comprehensive enough to predict the optimal performance of varieties under different stress scenarios, the proposed methodology allows to assess the dynamics of tree response to water constraints using non-invasive thermal sensors. It opens up new perspectives for the phenotyping of apple cultivars under abiotic stress, achievable through the quantified study of their transpiration flux in response to stress scenarios. These prospects will require further in planta measurements to dissect varietal differences.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The landscape of karyotype diversity in Marantaceae

    Clarindo W.R.dos Santos B.N.V.Silva J.C.
    7页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Marantaceae is a pantropically distributed family, which includes species with ornamental and food potential. Chromosome number change and its outcomes, such as nuclear 2C value variation, provide valuable information for cytotaxonomy as well as about evolution and speciation of the different taxa. Here, we aimed to determine the 2n chromosome number of nine species and measure the nuclear 2C value of 23 species representing eight genera of Marantaceae. The chromosome number of six species and the 2C nuclear value of 18 species were reported for the first time. In addition, we performed the morphometric characterization and 5S rDNA mapping in Monotagma plurispicatum, which exhibited the lowest 2n chromosome number (2n = 12). The species exhibited notable chromosome number differences, 2n = 12, 24, 26, 36, 44, 46, 48 or 50 chromosomes. For each species, we found a stable somatic chromosome number. The mean 2C nuclear value also varied between the species from 2C = 0.63 pg (Ischnosiphon leucophaeus) to 13.49 pg (Saranthe eichleri), representing an intergeneric variation reaching 2,041%. M. plurispicatum chromosome number, karyogram and 5S rDNA mapping (chromosome 3) evidenced that its diploidy with complement set x = 6, with two metacentric (1 and 5), three submetacentric (3, 4 and 6), and one acrocentric (2) chromosome. Considering our findings and previously published data, we reinforce that polyploidy play an important role in the interspecific variation of chromosome number and/or nuclear genome size in Marantaceae, and that these genomic changes influence diversification and speciation in this family.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Exogenous GABA prevents Marssonina apple blotch damage in 'Royal Gala' apple seedlings

    Liu B.Li Y.Zhang X.Liu C....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Marssonina apple blotch, caused by the pathogen Marssonina coronaria, is one of the most important pre-mature defoliation diseases that affected apple production. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid and as an endogenous metabolite and signal molecule plays a key role in the stress response in plants. Herein, we investigated the effects of GABA in improving apple resistance to Marssonina apple blotch. Soil drenching of 0.5 mM exogenous GABA was identified as the optimal concentration to reduce M. coronaria disease severity on two-months-old apple seedlings (Malus x domestica cv. ‘Royal Gala’) in a growth chamber. Further study demonstrated that the application of exogenous GABA significantly reduced the chlorophyll content degradation and photosynthetic rate than inoculated and non-GABA treated plants. After inoculation with M. coronaria, the GABA content in apple leaves increased significantly in infected plants. The soil drenching of GABA further elevated the salicylic acid (SA) content and activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase compared with the inoculated non-GABA treated plants. Furthermore, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and the total phenol content of GABA-treated plants were further increased compared with the inoculated non-GABA treated plants. As a component of natural plant metabolism, exogenous soil drenching of GABA maybe a promising strategy through enhancing plants own immunity to control Marssonina apple blotch prevalence.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Targeted metabolomic and transcript level analysis reveals the effects of exogenous strigolactone and methyl jasmonate on grape quality

    Ju Y.-L.Liu B.-C.Xu X.-L.Wu J.-R....
    9页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The aim of this work was to gain insight on the effects of exogenous strigolactone (SL) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on grape quality. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes were used as materials. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for targeted metabolomic analyzed. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used for the genes expressions measurement. As results, GR24 (SL analogue) and MeJA treatments, especially GR24+MeJA co-treatment, promoted the ripening and coloration of grapes and induced the accumulation of anthocyanins and the expression of anthocyanin-related genes including VvUFGT, VvCHS, VvC4H and VvF3’H. Both the GR24 or MeJA treatment alone or the GR24+MeJA co-treatment significantly increased the contents of total soluble sugar (TSS) and organic acids in grape berries, except for citric acid. GR24 and MeJA treatments, especially GR24+MeJA co-treatment, enhanced the accumulation of volatile compounds. Moreover, GR24+MeJA co-treatment significantly increased the contents of C6 volatiles, derived from fatty acids by inducing the expression of VvLOXA, VvLOXB, VvLOXC, VvLOXD, VvHPL1, and VvHPL2. Overall, SL and MeJA applications, especially GR24+MeJA co-treatment may be useful for the quality improvement of red wine grapes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier