查看更多>>摘要：Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a new gas signal molecule involved in many physiological processes, including plant growth and development, senescence and oxidative stress. It has been shown that H2S reduces damage induced by biotic and abiotic stresses, regulates the ripening and postharvest storage of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits and vegetables, thus maintaining the nutritional and edible value of postharvest fruits and vegetables. In this regard, H2S has huge prospects for application in improving the nutrition index and the quality of fruits and vegetables by stimulating the expression of defense genes and inducing disease resistance. Accordingly, this approach can supplement the current storage strategy of fruits and vegetables to maintain the postharvest quality and enhance its additional output value. This review mainly summarizes the biochemistry of H2S, and the latest information on the role of H2S in the senescence, disease resistance and postharvest stages of fruits and vegetables, providing a theoretical basis for the application and popularization of H2S.
查看更多>>摘要：The fungicide penconazole is often applied to prevent fungal diseases and improve fruit quality and yield in apple production. However, the impact of penconazole on apple quality and safety remains largely unknown. Here, an efficient detection method of penconazole was developed based on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and the degradation behaviors of penconazole in Fuji apple fruit were also investigated under both bagging and non-bagging conditions. The results showed that the half-life time of penconazole in apple fruit was 21.8 and 17.5 days under bagging and non-bagging conditions, respectively, and bagging resulted in enrichment of penconazole at the 2nd day. However, there was no significant statistical difference in penconazole residue after 45 days, when the penconazole residue was <= 0.2 mg/L. Beside, there were significant correlations between penconazole residue and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and malondialdehyde during the degradation of penconazole. These results indicated that penconazole application could induce stress, and bagging affects the activity of antioxidant enzymes in apple fruit. Specifically, penconazole degradation exhibited significant positive correlations with both peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05), but a negative correlation with malondialdehyde (P < 0.01). The findings of the present study provide important implications for the application of fungicides in apple production so as to reduce the health risks to apple consumers and apple producers.
查看更多>>摘要：Postharvest internal browning (PIB) is a fruit disorder caused by low temperature storage that negatively impacts the logistics of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) export. Weather conditions during the growing period affects fruit biochemical composition and physiological properties at harvest, thereby influencing the severity of PIB in pineapple. In this work, a model was developed to predict the severity of PIB based on fruit attributes measured at harvest and the weather conditions during the growing period. Batches of fruit from 70 harvests were sampled on 11-13 occasions throughout the year from eight commercial orchards in seven agroecological regions. Fruit with no internal browning were classified as 'no PIB', fruit with <40% browning were classified as having 'mild PIB', and the rest were classified as showing 'severe PIB'. Stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) was performed to develop a model with optimally selected classifying variables. The overall classification accuracy of the SDA model for predicting PIB was 71.4%, i.e., 6 out of 13 for 'no PIB' pineapple batches, 23 out of 31 for 'mild PIB' and 21 out of 26 for 'severe PIB'. The discriminant model was validated using another 18 batches of pineapples and the classification accuracy was similar, i.e., 72.2%. Batches of pineapples with low ascorbic acid, high TSS, low calcium at harvest, and more rain in the 60 days preceding harvest, tended to develop more severe PIB symptoms. On the other hand, batches of pineapples with high growing degree days, high ascorbic acid, and high calcium at harvest, tended to be free of PIB. Complicated relationships between preharvest environmental fac-tors, fruit chemical composition, and PIB of pineapple fruit were revealed. This model will be beneficial for packinghouses to prioritize fruit selection for export markets.
查看更多>>摘要：The use of resistant melon cultivars is considered the most effective method to control gummy stem blight, caused by Didymella bryoniae. However, the selection of genotypes is influenced by environmental conditions and the inoculation method. This study aimed to assess how different screening conditions influences resistance classification and the occurrence of environmental effects on melon genotypes with monogenic dominant resistance locus to D. bryoniae. Four experiments with a randomized block design were used to evaluate the reaction of seven melon genotypes, namely the resistant accessions PI 140471, PI 420145, and PI 157082, and their respective crosses. These genotypes were inoculated by mycelial-agar disc or spores and submitted to two environmental conditions (greenhouse or controlled environment). The data from the experiments were initially submitted to an analysis of variance. Subsequently, a joint analysis was performed. The combination of controlled environment with the disc inoculation proved to be more aggressive to all genotypes whereas inoculation via spore was less harmful and allowed a better characterization of the resistance level. Regardless of the inoculation method, differences between genotypes were smaller under greenhouse. Selection of melon genotypes must be caried out considering the occurrence of genotype-environment interactions. Although the conditions provided in the greenhouse reflects the natural environment, the evaluation and identification of resistant genotypes to D. bryoniae should be undertaken in a controlled environment with inoculation by spores.
Das, AnjanSingh, SaurabhIslam, ZaherulMunshi, A. D....
18页
查看更多>>摘要：Crop plants encounter various biotic and abiotic stresses that hinder life throughout their growth and development. These factors certainly affect the productivity and quality of the final produce. In the post-genomics era, the accumulation of genomic resources has widened the crop breeding for complex traits. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important vegetable crop and has been a model plant species to work on genomics in depth as it is the first horticulture crop genome to be sequenced. During the various phases of growth and development, cucumber is exposed to various diseases, insect-pests and abiotic stresses. Resistance breeding in cucumber demands availability of molecular markers associated with trait of interest. The small genome size and existence of full genome sequence of cucumber has facilitated the utilization of genetic and genomics resources to facilitate molecular breeding. The high-density maps and easily accessible high throughput sequencing technologies has allowed quick identification of molecular markers or cloning of candidate genes/QTL for several biotic and abiotic stresses. This review article is attempted to compile the up-to-date available information on genomics enabled tools for haplotype mapping, genetic linkage mapping and functional gene identification for important biotic and abiotic stresses in cucumber.
查看更多>>摘要：Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metallic element for plants, animals and humans. The presence of toxic metals in food has been a concern of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of Cd in T. cacao beans and its by-products. The contents are found to be above the limits established by international authorities responsible for food safety. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Cd in different genotypes of T. cacao, in scion-rootstock combinations (CCN 51/BN 34, CCN 51/PS 13.19, CCN 51/PH 16, CCN 51/CCN 51, BN 34/BN 34, PS 13.19/PS 13.19 and PH 16/PH 16). The combinations were grown in soil with 0, 75 and 150 mg Cd kg(- 1) soil. The measurements for evaluation were leaf gas exchange, activity of enzymes involved in antioxidant metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Cd promoted physiological and biochemical changes, in the scion-rootstock interaction, in juvenile T. cacao plants. The combinations CCN 51/ BN 34 and CCN 51/PH 16 demonstrated tolerance to the toxicity of Cd in the soil, mainly evidenced by the higher accumulation of Cd in the root system, higher carbon assimilation, higher activity of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase, lower lipid peroxidation and higher water use efficiency in the presence of Cd. The combination CCN 51/BN 34 shows promising potential to be grown in soils contaminated by Cd.& nbsp;
Di Francesco, A.Aprea, E.Gasperi, F.Parenti, A....
8页
查看更多>>摘要：Fusarium avenaceum, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and Neofabraea vagabunda, represent postharvest diseases which cause significant apple losses. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effects of organic essential oils (EOs) (Thymus vulgaris, Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis) against apple patho-gens both in vitro and in vivo, as an integrated management tool. By GC-MS analysis a total of 101 compounds principally belonging to the groups of terpenes and terpenoids were detected in the extracted EOs. In vitro results showed T. vulgaris as the most active EO, both as agar infusion or biofumigant. Through agar infusion, starting from the lowest concentration (0.2 mL L-1), T. vulgaris reduced by 74.9%, 86.1%, 66.9%, and 45.7% F. avenaceum, B. cinerea, P. expansum, and N. vagabunda mycelial growth, respectively; as biofumigant, it completely inhibited the growth of all the tested mycelial pathogens. Application of EOs on apples through dipping treatment displayed some potential to inhibit the above-mentioned pathogens, especially by T. vulgaris and L. angustifolia. The efficacy of these organic EOs is probably strictly correlated to the chemical composition.
Hong, Jeong-EuiHossain, Mohammad RashedJung, Hee-JeongNou, Ill-Sup...
10页
查看更多>>摘要：Multiple R-gene is required to achieve strong resistance against clubroot, a disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea, 2n=18, CC). Most of the R-genes were identified in Chinese cabbage (B. rapa, 2n=20, AA), which could be transferred to cabbage via inter interspecific hybridization. We present a breeding scheme to transfer six major CR-loci namely, Crr1, Crr2, Crr3, CRa, CRb and CRc from Chinese cabbage line, LCR36 to cabbage line, Plimio. Approximately, 48% of the interspecific hybrid embryos were rescued, of which chromosomes of 48.15% colchiploid plants were successfully doubled. The hybridity of the colchiploid interspecific hybrids were confirmed by diagnostic sub-genome specific Conserved Ortholog Set (COS) markers, ploidy level, pollen fertility and meiotic chromosome number analyses. Backcross generations are characterized by very low seed set (0.57-1.33% success rate) in backcrossed generations (using Plimio as the recurrent parent). Marker assisted selection using the six CR-loci specific markers identified the resistant plants in F1 and backcross generations. MAS and bioassay test of BC2F2 plants revealed that plants having all six R-loci are resistant to clubroot. Development of subsequent backcross generations are in progress. More number of back-crosses and/or embryo rescue will be performed to ensure sufficient seed set. The success so far is the first report of successful introgression of multiple R-genes via interspecific hybridization in the initial backcrossed generations, indicating that an elite cabbage line having strong resistance to clubroot can be produced upon the completion of the breeding scheme.
查看更多>>摘要：SIN3 is a large protein providing a platform for the assembly of multiple proteins, and SIN3 acting as a repressor negatively regulates genes involved in diverse cellular functions. SIN3 has been widely studied in yeasts and animals, but its function remains largely uncharacterized in plants. In this study, we identified and characterized three SIN3 homologous genes, SlSIN3a, SlSIN3b and SlSIN3c in tomato. The transcripts of SlSIN3b and SlSIN3c were almost undetectable, while SlSIN3a was highly expressed in all examined tissues (root, hypocotyl, cotyledon, leaf and fruit). We generated knockout mutagenesis of SlSIN3a using CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The slsin3a mutant plants exhibited abaxialized leaves compared with the wild-type. RNA-seq analysis indicated that the expressions of key leaf polarity regulators (SlTCP3, and SlHZ13), auxin signaling gene (SlIAA1), as well as cell expansin gene (SlEXPB2) and cyclin genes, were significantly changed in slsin3a mutant plants as compared to wild-type. We propose that SlSIN3a may be involved in leaf polarity through regulating auxin signaling, TCP, HD -ZIP and LBD genes, therefore affecting a serious of expansin and cyclin genes. Taken together, the results reveal a new role of SIN3 in leaf polarity and provide a possible action mechanism of SlSIN3a in leaf development.
查看更多>>摘要：Odd-allotetraploid lilies, like LAAA, have abnormal meiosis, but there are few reports on the characteristics of their chromosomal behavior and functional pollen. This study analyzed an odd-allotetraploid lily, 'Honesty' (LAAA), for its microsporogenesis and functional aneuploid pollen grains using cytogenetic methods together with hybridization. Its microsporogenesis showed that, (1) the homo(eo)logous chromosomal synapsis is quite complex at the metaphase I, in which not only trivalents, but also bivalents, univalents and other various multivalents were found as well, and near all of them could disjoin and move evenly to the opposite poles at the anaphase I; (2) the variation of chromosome numbers of aneuploid pollen occurred mainly at anaphase II because the chromatids of univalents which were divided at anaphase I moved randomly to either of the two poles at anaphase II. Pollen germination and GISH analysis on their progenies, which were obtained from the hybridization between tetraploid Asiatic lily (AAAA) and LAAA, indicated that the functional pollen grains had the similar size of their diameters while their chromosome numbers varied from 15 to 35. The previous and present results show that Fritillaria-type embryo sacs are more favorable to aneuploid embryos than Polygonum-type embryo sacs.
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Elsevier