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Scientia horticulturae
International Society for Horticultural Science
Scientia horticulturae

International Society for Horticultural Science

0304-4238

Scientia horticulturae/Journal Scientia horticulturaeSCIISTP
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    Flowering and pollen resilience to high temperature of apricot cultivars

    Cirillo A.Romano L.E.Izzo L.G.Iovane M....
    8页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Prunus armeniaca L. is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean area including Southern Italy where local cultivars are recognized for their excellent quality. Gradual warming and abrupt variations of seasonal temperatures are expected to significantly impact the Mediterranean area with potential implications on many crops including apricot. In this scenario, the identification of physiological processes involved in heat-stress responses and the selection of genotypes resilient/tolerant to high temperatures and heat waves are necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate possible differences in flowering phenology and the effect of different temperatures on pollen functionality of 13 apricot cultivars traditionally cultivated in the Campania region (Southern Italy). According to phenological data collected in the field, the studied cultivars were grouped in early, intermediate, and late flowering cultivars. Single flower anthesis was on average 4.9 days in early and intermediate flowering cultivars, whereas late flowering cultivars showed a shorter duration (4.0 days). Pollen of flowers at balloon stage showed a uniformly high viability among all cultivars. To investigate on possible effects of temperature during the effective pollination period (EPP), pollen from the different cultivars was pre-incubated at 5 °C, 15 °C, and 25 °C for 48-h and germinability was then assessed after further 24 h in-vitro germination at the same temperature treatments. The first two temperature values correspond respectively to the minimum and maximum average temperatures of the local area; whereas 25 °C simulated the heat waves recently recorded in the farm during apricot flowering periods. As regard pollen germinability, 15 °C revealed to be the most suitable temperature for apricot pollen to germinate within the EPP. Conversely, 5 °C and 25 °C significantly reduced pollen germination in most cultivars and particularly in intermediate flowering cultivars. Noticeably, a few cultivars showed no difference in pollen germination under the different temperature treatments, preserving high pollen germinability (>70%) even at high temperatures. Overall, our findings highlighted that pollen germination is extremely sensitive to temperature with significant variations among apricot genotypes. Results confirmed that reproductive traits such as pollen germinability represent an important parameter to consider for monitoring fruit production, in the processes of cultivar selection for new orchard plantations and in breeding projects. Moreover, traditional apricot cultivars as those of the Campania region confirmed to be a precious source of genetic diversity possessing a significant pollen resilience to temperature changes.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Overexpression of a tomato AP2/ERF transcription factor SlERF.B1 increases sensitivity to salt and drought stresses

    Wang Y.Xia D.Li W.Cao X....
    14页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Ethylene response factors (ERFs) are unique to plants and play crucial roles in their response to various biotic and abiotic stresses, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms accounting for the functions of many ERF genes in abiotic stress are not well characterized in tomato. Here, an ERF gene, SlERF.B1 was characterized, which belongs to the IX subfamily of ERFs. SlERF.B1 expression was induced by salt, mannitol, cold, heat and ACC treatments, but repressed by ABA, IAA and 1-MCP treatments. The SlERF.B1 protein was nuclear-localized in tobacco and had no transcription activity in yeast. SlERF.B1-overexpression transgenic tomato and Arabidopsis exhibited significantly high sensitivity to salt treatment compared to wild-type at the phenotypic and physiological levels. Similarly, SlERF.B1-overexpression tomato plants exhibited lower tolerance to mannitol and drought stresses. Transcriptional analysis showed that transcript levels of several stress-responsive genes in SlERF.B1-overexpression lines were significantly inhibited under salt and drought stresses. Additionally, SlERF.B1 could repress SlARF5 (Auxin response factor 5) and SlER24 (ethylene-responsive transcriptional coactivator/Multiprotein bridging factor 1) expressions by binding to dehydration-responsive element (DRE) in the promoters. Overall, the current results suggest that SlERF.B1 functions as a negative regulator of osmotic resistance.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The effect of irrigation water salinity on the morph-physiological and biochemical properties of spinach under deficit irrigation conditions

    Kal U.Yavuz D.Kilic E.Yavuz N....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The quality and quantity of the water used in agriculture are important factors to ensure sustainable agricultural production. It is crucial to determine the responses of plants under deficit irrigation conditions in the arid and semi-arid areas to varying salinity of irrigation water. The responses of spinach were investigated in terms of agronomic and physiological aspects to different water salinities and water stress levels. In this study, a total of 15 experimental treatments were carried out, including five different levels of water salinity (S1, 0.3 dS/m; S2, 1.5 dS/m; S3, 3.0 dS/m; S4, 4.5 dS/m and S5, 6.0 dS/m) and three different irrigation levels (I100; full irrigation, I75; 25% water deficit, and I50; 50% water deficit). The salinity of irrigation water had statistically significant effects on the fresh and dry weight, leaf area, membrane damage, color pigments, and carotenoid values in spinach. Similarly, irrigation water salinity has a significant effect on enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as proteins, proline, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents. Furthermore, the application of different irrigation levels in spinach; resulted in a significant difference in the fresh and dry weights, the number of leaves per plant, leaf area, leaf water content, and color pigments. Additionally, enzyme activities such as CAT, SOD, and MDA, as well as protein and proline content, were significantly affected by different irrigation levels. The highest yield response factor (ky) calculated in different irrigation water salinity applications was 1.79 in the S1 application, followed by 1.32 in the S2 (1.5 dS/m) application. It was found that ky values in spinach were less than 1.00 in irrigation with an EC of 3.0 dS/m and above; thus, making it tolerant to water shortages. In the case of irrigation with saline water such as 4.5 and 6.0 dS/m, the yield at I75 (25% water stress) irrigation level was found closely related to the treatments of full irrigation or even slightly higher. Therefore, in the water shortage regions with saline irrigation water, 25% water restriction on spinach has been proposed as an important strategy for the protection of water resources as well as control of soil salinity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Sweet basil can be grown hydroponically at low phosphorus and high sodium chloride concentration: Effect on plant and nutrient solution management

    Montesano F.F.Germano R.P.Leoni F.Melito S....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Agronomic inputs in agriculture easily exceed crop needs causing environment pollution. Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient largely used in agriculture as a mineral fertilizer that requires an accurate management because it is a finite and non-renewable resource. Growing plants hydroponically can optimize plant nutrition achieving high crop nutrient use efficiency. However, irrigation water of poor quality (saline) interferes with crop performance. In this study, the effects of different P and NaCl levels in the root zone were evaluated on basil plants grown in a deep liquid culture system in a growth chamber. Two experiments with different P (from 0.1 to 1.0 mol m?3) and NaCl (from 0 to 60 mol m?3) concentrations in the nutrient solution were carried out. Plant growth, leaf gas exchanges and fluorescence, uptake of minerals and water, and leaf quality (content of minerals and pigments, and antioxidant capacity) were analysed. The most relevant morphological plant response to the low P (i.e., roughly 0.1 x of a standard nutrient solution) concentration consisted in a greater root/shoot ratio. However, plants growing at low P concentration did not show any reduction in yield and quality. Sodium chloride did not significantly affect plants yield and quality up to a concentration of 30 mol m?3 confirming the tolerance of basil to moderate saline stress. Significant reduction in the total biomass, water uptake and photosynthesis instead occurred at NaCl 60 mol m?3. These results confirmed the hypotheses that basil can be grown hydroponically at low P and high NaCl concentration with proper management of the nutrient solution. The absence of significant interactions between P and NaCl suggests that these two factors can be managed independently with potential benefits for crop economic and environmental sustainability.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Melatonin induces improved protection against Botrytis cinerea in cherry tomato fruit by activating salicylic acid signaling pathway

    Li S.Bi Y.Huan C.Liu Y....
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022Melatonin modulated immune responses to various stresses in plants. However, the crosstalk between melatonin and the other signal molecules, especially with salicylic acid (SA), is largely unclear in fruit. The objective of this research was to investigate the mechanism of melatonin induced disease resistance in cherry tomato fruit. The results indicated that melatonin treatment significantly inhibited gray mold development, induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, enhanced SA accumulation accompanied by increasing its synthesis-related enzymes activity, up-regulated expression of defense genes, including SlWRKY70, SlNPR1, SlTGA5, SlPR1, SlPR2 and SlGLU, but decreased nitric oxide (NO) content during storage. Moreover, melatonin treatment increased endogenous melatonin content by up-regulating the expressions of SlTDC, SlSNAT and SlASMT in fruit during storage. However, the melatonin-enhanced disease resistance in fruit was completely abolished by a paclobutrazol (PAC) (SA biosynthesis inhibitor) treatment. Thus, the results suggested that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and SA signaling pathway would be collectively involved in melatonin induced-disease resistance in cherry tomato fruit during storage.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The polyamine “multiverse” and stress mitigation in crops: A case study with seed priming in quinoa

    Biondi S.Antognoni F.Marincich L.Lianza M....
    16页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The importance of polyamines (PAs) in plant growth and development was recognised several decades ago and, since then, their role in cell proliferation, embryogenesis, organogenesis, flowering, fruit development and ripening, etc. has been investigated to a great extent. In more recent years, most of the attention on PAs has been focussed on their functions in biotic and, especially, abiotic stress responses. Exogenous application, transgenic plants over- or under-expressing PA biosynthetic genes, and mutants have been used to unveil their essential contribution to plant tolerance to salinity, drought, chilling, and heavy metal stresses, among others. In parallel, knowledge on their mechanisms of action has increased greatly and it is today evident that PA functions depend upon their ability to (a) bind electrostatically or covalently to numerous compounds thereby modulating membrane, cell wall, nucleic acid, and protein structure and functions, (b) produce hydrogen peroxide via their catabolic pathways, (c) interact with the biosynthetic and signaling pathways of practically all known phytohormones, and (d) interact with nitric oxide. In this review, a state-of-the-art overview of PA functions in plants and their possible applications in mitigating stress in crop plants is provided. The potential of seed priming with PAs as an economically and environmentally valid approach for enhancing plant tolerance to adverse environmental conditions is discussed and some results from our study on quinoa and salt stress are presented.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Evaluation of cuttings ability of eighteen pomegranate cultivars from an ex-situ collection under influence of stem age and IBA treatment

    Adiba A.Outghouliast H.Hamdani A.Mekaoui A....
    10页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The present experiment was conducted to assess the ability of the cutting of 18 pomegranate cultivars, 10 of which are local types and the other 8 are exotic varieties. The experiment was carried out in the controlled greenhouse, using two types of cuttings, semi-hardwood and hardwood and 4 IBA treatments (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg L?1). The measurements concerned biometric parameters of the roots (rooting rate, number of roots produced per cutting, root length, root weight) and vegetative growth of the aerial part (apical shoot growth, total shoot length, number of primary and secondary shoots). The rooting rate was influenced by the cuttings type, IBA concentration, and genotype. The hardwood cuttings had a higher rooting percentage and shoots growth than semi-hardwood cuttings in most cultivars. The effects of IBA treatments on rooting and vegetative growth of the cuttings significantly differed according to the genotype. Maximum rooting, root number, and root length were observed by using an IBA concentration of 3000 mg L?1. The highest rooting rates were observed in ‘Zheri Precoce’ (90%), ‘Wonderful’ (90%) and ‘Chioukhi’ (80%), while the lowest rates were found in ‘Bzou’ (30%) and ‘Grenade Rouge’ (40%). Furthermore, there were large differences between cultivars in terms of vegetative traits. Among the studied cultivars, ‘Zheri Precoce’ and ‘Chioukhi’ showed the highest number of shoots and shoot length. It was concluded that the hardwood cuttings are more suitable for pomegranate propagation by cutting, with the use of high IBA concentrations. The pretreatment of cuttings by 3000 mg L?1 is sufficient for most cultivars, while higher concentrations seem necessary to increase the rooting rate of certain cultivars.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Soil properties, sweet potato growth and yield under biochar, poultry manure and their combination in two degraded Alfisols of humid tropics

    Oyewumi A.Agbede T.M.
    12页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier B.V.Information on the impact of biochar and poultry manure on soil characteristics and sweet potato productivity in the humid tropics is lacking. Hence, field experiments were conducted at two locations during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons to assess the effects of biochar (B), poultry manure (PM), and their mixture on soil physical and chemical properties, growth and tuber yield of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Each year, the experiment consisted of 4 × 3 factorial combinations of biochar (0, 10.0, 20.0 and 30.0 t ha?1) and poultry manure (0, 5.0 and 10.0 t ha?1). The findings revealed that using B and PM alone, as well as in combination, improved soil physical properties, increased soil chemical qualities, and sweet potato performance. Significant interactions of B and PM (B × PM) were observed on soil characteristics and sweet potato variables that were measured in both years, emphasizing B's potential in enhancing PM use efficiency. Pooled over two years, application of the highest dosage of B at 30.0 t ha?1 and PM at 10.0 t ha?1 (B30+PM10) significantly increased tuber yield of sweet potato by 108, 147, 196, 89, 124 and 220%, compared with sole B at 30.0 t ha?1 (B30+PM0), sole B at 20.0 t ha?1 (B20+PM0), sole B at 10.0 t ha?1 (B10+PM0), sole PM at 10.0 t ha?1 (B0+PM10), sole PM at 5.0 t ha?1 (B0+PM5) and the control (B0+PM0), respectively. The findings indicate that B and PM have the ability to improve soil quality and sweet potato productivity.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    Understanding the influence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and melatonin treatments on the sweet and acidic flavors and citric acid metabolism of ‘Olinda’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

    Chen M.Chen J.Ma Q.Yang X....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The regulatory mechanism by which 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and melatonin (MT) affect the sweet and acidic flavors of citrus fruit was investigated by comparing the fruit quality and gene expression related to citric acid metabolism of ‘Olinda’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). 2,4-D increased the fruit firmness, total soluble solids, soluble sugar content and solid-acid ratio and decreased the respiration rate, titratable acidity and citric acid content during storage, and a similar but weaker effect was found in the MT treatment before 70 days of storage. 2,4-D and MT maintained postharvest quality and improved the fruit sweetness and acidity flavor of ‘Olinda’ Valencia oranges. Genes encoding of PEPC1/2/4 and CS1 in the citric acid biosynthesis pathway and Aco2/3, IDH2/3, ACLa2/β, PEPCK1 and FBPase2 in the citric acid degradation pathway were upregulated by 2,4-D or MT. However, genes related to citric acid degradation, such as GS2, Aco1, IDH1, GAD4/5 and SSADH in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway and ACLa1 and FBPase1 in the acetyl-CoA pathway, were oppositely regulated by 2,4-D and MT. Principal component analysis showed that the decrease in citric acid content was significantly negatively correlated with the expression of genes related to the GABA and acetyl-CoA degradation pathways. Moreover, the ACLα1/β and FBPase1 genes in the acetyl-CoA pathway might be the key genes causing differences in the acidity of ‘Olinda’ oranges among the three groups.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier

    The effect of pruning on yield of cocoa trees is mediated by tree size and tree competition

    Evers J.B.Anten N.P.R.Zuidema P.A.Goudsmit E....
    11页
    查看更多>>摘要：? 2022In cocoa cultivation pruning is considered an essential yield-enhancing practice but its effects on cocoa tree growth and yield, and how these are mediated by tree size and competition are poorly understood. Here, we evaluate the impact of experimental pruning on: light interception, leaf flushing and the number of flowers and of developing, wilted and harvested pods. The pruning treatment removed an average 26.4% of cocoa tree aboveground biomass and was aimed to create an open cup-shaped crown. Stem basal area and sum of neighbor tree basal area were used as proxies for tree size and tree competition, respectively. All response variables were analysed at tree level as a function of pruning, tree size and tree competition using generalized linear mixed effect models. After one year, pruned trees recovered initial losses in whole-canopy light interception but maintained a more uniform distribution of light in the canopy. Pruning directly increased flushing activity, while the effect on the other variables was mediated by the interaction with tree size and competition. Pruning increased the positive effect of tree size and competition on flower number and similar effects were found for small pod number. The latter effect was counterbalanced by an increase of pod wilting in pruned trees under high competition, resulting in similar numbers of large and harvested pods on the stem in pruned and unpruned trees. For pods in the canopy, pruning did enhance the positive effect of tree size and strongly reduced the negative effect of competition on pod number. As canopy pods made up 60% of the total, similar pruning effects were found for the total number of harvested pods. The predicted net effect of pruning on the number of harvested pods varied greatly with tree size and competition, ranging from -58% for small trees under low competition, to +150% for large trees under high competition. This large variability stresses the importance of individual-level analysis to quantify pruning effects and calls for more attention to individual tree characteristics in training and practice of cocoa pruning. The pruning-induced reduction of negative competition effects suggests that pruning can contribute to realizing high-density cocoa stands.
      原文链接:
    • NSTL
    • Elsevier