查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThe Amazon is rapidly approaching its tipping point, which could turn a once enchanted tropical rainforest into a dry, carbon-emitting savannah. This will have catastrophic impacts well beyond the South-American continent and its inhabitants. The region is facing a nowadays familiar challenge of combating climate change and promoting social justice. International climate governance is proving ineffective, as it fails to incorporate the long term wellbeing of local communities. Demands for justice have led to calls for more polycentric climate governance. This approach aims to provide a culture-specific and place-based approach to dealing with the possible consequences of climate change for social justice and sustainable livelihoods. This article examines the scope for introducing Intercultural Polycentric Climate Governance (IPCG) to the Amazon. We select two examples of subnational climate governance and indigenous peoples’ participation in the Amazon as our case studies: the State of Acre in Brazil and the regional department of Ucayali in Peru. Both are seen as pioneers of intercultural climate governance in their national contexts, and both have established indigenous working groups geared to promote the provision of intercultural fairness within their regional governance mechanisms. We conducted a qualitative content analysis, both of our interviews and relevant policy documents. Our study highlights three challenges for successful IPCG: 1) overcoming intercultural injustices; 2) increasing meaningful participation; and 3) filling governance gaps. Our findings reveal that there is still some way to go to meet these outcomes. Bridging polycentricity and interculturality, diverse systems of knowledge and their adherents need to be better appreciated and incorporated as part of the process of reassessing the purpose of IPCG. Only then, will we see the handling of the future of the enchanting Amazon in a holistic way: so much more than mere carbon storage.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The Author(s)The opportunities and challenges of ensuring participation and success of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) have been fairly studied. However, it is not often well-established which institutional mechanisms explain the failure in meeting participatory and project goals. To fill this gap, we develop a telecoupling-inspired diagnostic approach to assess the level of institutional distance and opportunity for collective decision-making in ICDPs by looking at project information flows, project asset flows, and rules and regulation flows between project actors. We construct three management archetypes based on the direction and directness of such flows: decoupled management, telecoupled management and collaborative management. The archetypes are applied to a case study of a World Bank-financed ICDP in Argentina, drawing on qualitative data collected from individual interviews with project actors. Our findings challenge the notion that a project becomes participatory if the project design provides guidelines for participatory implementation. We find that our diagnostic approach helps to concretize the call for inclusion of local project actors across the project cycle, which is needed to make projects collaborative, relevant, and socially just. Finally, we advocate future project assessments to build on this approach and map the practical institutional relationships between project actors to provide transparency on the de facto level of project collaboration. This article is relevant for both academics and practitioners designing and implementing conservation and development projects.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsThe article examines the role of institutions in mediating the interface between global challenges, transnational partnerships and the domestic politics of sustainable development. Empirically it focuses on the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) partnership, as a new type of governance that engages transnational and domestic actors in pursuing more sustainable management of land use, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in the Brazilian Amazon. Drawing on extensive documentary analysis and field work, the study analyzes ARPA's institutional and political effects in Brazil. The case study reveals the materialization of a range of capacity-strengthening and environmental impacts, alongside with institutional and distributional effects. ARPA has also built upon the infusion of significant domestic resources and relied on a conductive political environment and pre-existing initiatives. Domestic institutions have thus been arbiters of transnational influence, engaging with the partnership first and foremost to support state and sub-state institutions and ambitious conservation priorities. On the other hand, while local communities and civil society organizations managed, through advocacy pressure and consultations, to incorporate a greater attention to local livelihoods and participation, the socio-economic components of the program remained weaker, with more limited success in terms of poverty alleviation. The conclusion draws broader implications for? the role of transnational partnerships in linking the global governance of environmental systems, domestic institutions and development objectives.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThis paper examines the effect of weather shocks on violent crime using disaggregated data from Brazilian municipalities over the period 1991–2015. Employing a distributed lag model that takes into account temporal correlations of weather shocks and spatial correlation of crime rates, I document that adverse weather shocks in the form of droughts lead to a significant increase in violent crime in rural regions. This effect appears to persist beyond the growing season and over the medium run in contrast to the conventional view perceiving weather effects as transitory. To explain this persistence, I show that weather fluctuations are positively associated not only with agriculture yields, but also with the overall economic activity. Moreover, evidence shows the dominance of opportunity cost mechanism reflected in the fluctuations of the earnings especially for the agriculture and unskilled workers, giving credence that it is indeed the income that matters and not the general socio-economic conditions. Other factors such as local government budget capacity, (un)-employment, poverty, inequality, and psychological factors do not seem to explain violent crime rates.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdPapua New Guinea (PNG) is the most linguistically diverse nation on the planet, but also one of the world's least developed countries. What accounts for that heterogeneity? Can this explain weak development outcomes, or do other factors – such as geographical constraints or historical legacies – play the more significant role? For this paper, we assembled a unique database showing the extent of linguistic diversity in PNG's 85 rural districts in order to investigate its impact on human development (measured using child mortality and school attendance). We find some evidence of a relationship between linguistic diversity and development, but a careful reading of PNG's history suggests that it would be mistaken to interpret this as evidence of heterogeneity impeding development. Whereas some economists see linguistic diversity as having a linear relationship with the time-distance since human settlement, we argue that shifting crop cultivation technologies, warfare, disease and environmental convulsions – in tandem with time-depth – offer the better explanation. We also test and reject the fashionable hypothesis that ‘pre-colonial hierarchy’ has a strong and enduring influence over contemporary development outcomes.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThis paper examines the logic of human capital formation in authoritarian regimes based on theories of inequality and regime transition and the prospect of upward mobility model. Our central argument is that by investing in human capital, dictators can boost citizens’ perceived levels of social mobility. Consequently, dictators can preemptively ameliorate the pressure for redistribution from the poor and neutralize threats from the masses. In other words, dictators invest in human capital as a way of increasing citizens’ perceived social mobility and thus sustaining political stability in their authoritarian regimes. Our cross-national analysis covers more than 80 authoritarian regimes from 1970 to 2010 and shows that higher levels of education spending are associated with a lower probability of regime breakdown in autocracies. We further use a causal mediation analysis with the Asian Barometer Survey data and connect our causal link from human capital formation to perceived social mobility and then to authoritarian regime support.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022The importance of well-functioning land markets for structural transformation via labor movements to the non-agricultural sector, farm size growth, and the ability to use land as collateral for credit has long motivated Government efforts at reducing the transaction costs of registering and transferring land but evidence on the effect of such measures for large farms is scant. We explore the impact of land titling on productivity for a representative sample of 3,000 large farms in Zambia, one of the earliest African adopters of such policies to close this gap. Ward fixed effects and instrumental-variable (IV) regressions suggest that title has little or no effect on productivity, investment, or credit access and reduces rather than improves rental market participation. This points towards quality and cost of land services as an under-researched barrier to structural transformation. Improving transparency, document quality, and reducing cost via exclusive use of digital registries and streamlined workflows and fee reductions will be essential to address this. A land tax on state land may further help incentivize productive rather than speculative land use; allow cancelation of outdated legacy documents; and via revenue-sharing, involve local authorities in record maintenance and land management.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdThis study investigates the long-term effects of exposure to infectious disease on individuals’ risk preference and behaviors. Using nationally representative datasets in China, we adopt a difference-in-differences strategy to evaluate the long-term impacts of exposure to China's 1967 meningitis epidemic. We find that intense exposure to the meningitis epidemic during childhood led to increased risk aversion. In addition, we show that exposure to the meningitis epidemic decreased risky behaviors, including financial investment, credit card usage, entrepreneurship, and migration. Our study may have broad implications for economic–epidemic modeling and post-epidemic assistance programs.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022I use a novel monthly panel of provincially-collected central government revenues and conflict fatalities to estimate government revenues lost due to conflict in Afghanistan since 2005. Headline estimates are large, implying total revenue losses of $3bn since 2005 and that gains from peace would have been about 6 percent of GDP per year. That this is larger than estimates in cross-country studies reflects the uncommon intensity of the conflict in Afghanistan. The key challenge to identification is omitted variable bias, which I address by extending Powell's (2021) generalized synthetic control method to a dynamic setting. This allows estimation of impulse response functions robust to a broad class of omitted variables bias.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022A rapidly expanding literature causally links exposure to violence to changes in a variety of behavioral parameters. The estimated coefficients, however, vary greatly across studies in both magnitude and sign. Using original panel data and disaggregated measures of exposure to plausibly exogenous violence in northern Uganda, we investigate the effect of aggregating exposure to violence at the individual and geographical levels. We demonstrate that exposure to violence affects individual risk preferences in strikingly heterogeneous ways depending on the nature of the individual's exposure. Consequently, estimates based on aggregate measures – whether across types of violence within individuals or across individuals within a location – necessarily depend on the underlying distributions of exposure to violence. Simple sampling differences can thereby generate the sort of variability of estimated effects that has been reported in the literature to date.
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