查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The AuthorsHow is it that the New Zealand government's process for re-establishing Indigenous fishing rights has failed to deliver thriving Māori fisheries? This paper examines why, at Te Waihora, a coastal lake, and site of one of the nation's longest running and best-funded state-Māori co-governance agreements, Māori fishers have been unable to use their rights to support their fishery. As of 2018, the lake's culturally and ecologically significant eel population was no longer commercially viable, a decline fishers have attributed to rampant dairy industry expansion upstream. Drawing on environmental justice literatures, we deploy a multi-dimensional framework to identify factors shaping possibilities for justice in the wake of rights reconciliation, as experienced by Māori fishers, scientists, and leaders. We engage theories of political economic relations to interpret the implications of these experiences for environmental justice theory and politics. Ethnographic accounts demonstrate that the New Zealand government's process for re-establishing Māori rights falls short of achieving distributional, procedural, and recognition-based dimensions of environmental justice, and that these effects are interlinked. In particular: (i) downstream fishers are placed to bear disproportionate costs of runoff from upstream land use change; (ii) Māori fishers have little influence over governance decisions that affect land use; and (iii) government claims, including that Māori should, “move beyond grievance mode,” obscure logics for resistance. We suggest that the government's support for dairy industry expansion represents an attempt to mitigate crises of overaccumulation, characteristic of competitive markets. Unlike those who identify persistent injustice as a logic for turning away from the state, we argue that the recurring nature of these crises, and the role state organizations play in directing responses, indicates a rationale for continued engagement with state governing bodies to advance justice.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdWe empirically investigate the effect of climate-induced natural disasters on the quality of institutions in 92 countries using data from 1984 to 2016. An instrumental variable approach is used to account for the reverse causality from the number of people affected by natural disasters to the quality of institutions. We then employ the Hausman Taylor approach to account for the bias in estimating panels with endogenous variables. Estimation results reveal a negative impact of natural disasters on the quality of national institutions. Furthermore, disasters negatively affect the quality of institutions in low-income, non-developed countries, whereas the effect is non-significant for high-income and developed nations. At the regional level, institutions in East Asia, Pacific, and South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean tend to deteriorate after natural disasters. In contrast, natural disasters in the Middle East and North Africa are often followed by improved institutions. Of the 12 components of the institutional integrity index, metrics mostly affected by disasters include government stability, internal conflicts, law and order, ethnic fragmentation, and democratic accountability. Our results suggest that disaster risk reduction policies and international assistance programs to help climate change adaptation in various economies need a combined “top-down” and “bottom-up” approach. Additionally, institutional strengthening should be an integral component of disaster preparedness and adaptation efforts.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdHousing is a basic human need; however, in recent decades slums have become the face of urbanization in developing economies. Urbanization drives economic growth, playing an important role in providing adequate housing and reducing poverty. In this paper, we investigate the association between housing deprivation and the urban size at a regional level for South Asian countries in the year 2015. We use two main sources of data. The first is the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), which provide microdata that allows us to build housing deprivation indexes based on the material characteristics of households and housing assets. The second source is satellite imagery, used to define urban cores and measure the urban size of each region. Then, we use a two-step procedure to identify the relationship between the urban size and housing deprivation. Our results indicate that age and higher levels of education (of the head of household) are negatively associated with our housing deprivation indexes in South Asian households. Furthermore, a greater number of children in South Asian households is related to higher levels of housing deprivation. In the second step, we show that there is a significant negative association between material housing deprivation and the urban size at a regional level for our full sample and for the majority of countries taken individually. An important exception is India, where an inverted-U-shaped relationship between deprivation and urban size is found. This result is robust even when an IV approach is used.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdIt is increasingly recognised that efforts in sustainable development dealing with natural resources management must account not only for their ecological effectiveness, but also whether they achieve this in a socially beneficial and just manner. Studies on distributive social equity in sustainable natural resources management have often taken a limited view as to what is considered fair criteria and worthwhile metrics of distribution. Community-based forest management is a particularly insightful case for social equity, as achieving fair or just outcomes is an implied or explicit objective of such programmes, and they are increasingly promoted in national and international policies. This study further develops our understanding of the choices around distributional equity, including critically considering what outcomes could be measured and how a “fair” distribution could be defined. We consider the implications of adhering to different distributional norms, illustrating the potential differences through an empirical case study of community-based forest management in Indonesia. We expand the metrics under scrutiny to include non-monetary measures of subjective well-being, political engagement, community social capital, and core needs like material welfare and education, and examine the changes in levels and distribution of these variables. We compare the changes to what could theoretically be expected under egalitarian, pro-poor, or merit-based distributional norms. Our results demonstrate how meeting equity objectives depends on what definition of a fair and just distribution is employed. Some metrics, such as core well-being, show positive changes more consistently than others, like subjective well-being. Studies on social equity (and critiques of them) therefore need to be cautious of the potential to cherry-pick results. Using a range of carefully defined and justified metrics and distributional norms might illuminate not only how well programs achieve their objectives, but also how communities may differ in their perceptions and opinions on well-being and equity.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Internal and international migration are often thought of as separate processes, rarely analysed together in a coherent framework. This paper examines, based on data for 21 Sub-Saharan African countries, how previous internal migration can shape international migration intentions – i.e. desiring and planning to move abroad. We find that individuals who migrated to urban areas are on average the most likely to develop international migration intentions, followed by those who migrated to rural areas, those who live in urban areas and have not moved internally, and lastly come rural residents who have not moved internally. This highlights the role of migration to urban areas as a potential driver of international emigration. The findings support our conceptual framework, which hypothesizes internal migrants have lower international migration costs, both monetary and non-monetary, and accumulate resources and experience that help overcome constraints related to international migration. Internal migration is also found to have a stronger association with desire to migrate abroad than with planning, indicating that weakening the attachment to place of origin may be the dominant mechanism linking internal and international migration processes.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 Elsevier LtdAmid the expansion of the gold mining frontier in Latin America over the last three decades, competing property schemes and divergent visions over resource-rich territories have upscaled water and environmental conflicts. In the expansion of the gold mining frontier, mercury contamination from Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining has called the attention of governments, international agencies and scholars across disciplines, who have ranked Colombia as the world's highest per capita mercury polluter. Despite the efforts by diverse parties to reduce mercury emissions and reach long-standing comprehensive policies to tackle the harming consequences of pollution, there are still significant gaps in understanding the disputed environmental governance of gold mining geographies. By examining the case of La Toma in Colombia, this article highlights some lessons to be learned from transdisciplinary research on mining conflicts and mercury contamination over the last decade. We discuss pathways and schemes of state-led corporate dispossession, probe incomplete and selective governmental research and control of mercury contamination, and illustrate the on-going intracommunal challenges faced by traditional miners to ban mercury use in small-scale gold mining operations. We argue that mercury pollution is a political phenomenon that needs to be critically addressed from the entanglement of colonial trajectories of oppression and marginalization to ethnic communities, and the structural violence and environmental racism that capitalist extractivism wreaks in rural commodity frontiers.
查看更多>>摘要：? 2022 The Author(s)Between 2005 and 2018, 41 countries had at least one riot directly associated with popular demand for fuel. We make use of a new international dataset on fuel riots to explore the effects of fuel prices and price regimes on fuel riots. In line with prior expectations, we find that large domestic fuel price shocks - often linked to international price shocks - are a key driver of riots. In addition, we report a novel result: fuel riots are closely associated with domestic price regimes. Countries that maintain fixed price regimes - notably net energy exporters - tend to have large fuel subsidies. When such subsidies become unsustainable, domestic price adjustments are large, often leading to riots.
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