查看更多>>摘要：The ability of two sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon) to discriminate between the three primary colors (red, green, and blue) under both light and dark conditions (Experiment1and Experiment 2) was surveyed using a T-maze technique. The light intensity in the center of a stimulus color card in experiment1was 200lux and that in experiment 2 was 0.1lux. One session consisted of 20 trials. The criterion of successful color discrimination was16 or more correct choices out or ^0 trials for 3 sessions in a row (P < 0.01 by Chi-square test). Experiment1:both sika deer fulfilled the criterion in the 3rd and 4th sessions in the discrimination test among the three colors. Experiment 2: The proportion of correct responses of two sika deer reached the criterion within the 8th session in red (the positive stimuli) vs. another color; green and blue (the negative stimuli) discrimination tests. In each of the green vs. blue, green vs. red, blue vs. red, and blue vs. green discrimination tests, the two sika deer reached the criterion by the 4th session. In conclusion, sika deer did possess the ability to discriminate between the three primary colors (red, green, and blue) under both light and dark conditions.
查看更多>>摘要：Tethering is expected to be stressful for restrained cattle because they are unable to express appropriate behaviour. This study was conducted to elucidate their motivation to move by observing the behavioural reactions of tethered cattle when released to a paddock. We examined16 Japanese black cattle of four groups. Animals that had been tethered in a pen the first10 days were released to an outdoor paddock every day: 9:30-14:30 (TR). Subsequently, by preventing their release for one day (PR1) or 6days (PR6), we observed responses to being tethered for three durations. After each tethering period had finished, animals were released to the paddock for 5 h. Then their behaviours were filmed for 60 min immediately following their release. From the video, their frequencies of jumping and running were observed. Furthermore, to evaluate cattle behaviour restriction by tethering, we compared the individuals' various behaviours when tethered to those when they were released. Jumping and running were observed more for PR6 than for TR (P < 0.05, Dunnett's test). Jumping, running, and mock sexual behaviours were not observed when tethered. Results suggest that cattle tethered for 6 days became increasingly motivated to move during restriction by tethering.
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