查看更多>>摘要：Parasitic Aphanomyces species are a global threat to agri-and aquaculture, causing multi-million USD damage every year. Via the global trade, Aphanomyces has spread across all continents with exception of South America and Antarctica, and has become a major prob-lem in pea, sugar beet, fish and crayfish production. The widespread A. euteiches and A. co-chlioides induce root rot diseases in leguminous species and sugar beet respectively. The fish pathogen A. invadans is the causative agent of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in various fish species whilst A. astaci infects crayfishes causing crayfish plague. Aphanomyces have developed an efficient transmission and infection mechanism which allows a rapid colonization and disruption of the host's infected tissues. This review presents an overview on the current research on Aphanomyces genus. We summarise the latest research efforts on four pathogenic Aphanomyces species, shedding light on the biology of these microor-ganisms, the pathogenicity factors of these parasites, the diseases which they cause, their distribution and finally the strategies to control the diseases. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society.
查看更多>>摘要：Diseases caused by oomycete pathogens are a global threat to forestry, agriculture and aqua culture. Because of their complex life cycles, characterised by dormant resting structures that enable their survival for years under hostile environmental conditions, reducing the spread of oomycetes is a challenging task. In this review, we present an overview of this challenge, starting from the need to understand the natural and anthropogenic dispersal pathways of these pathogens. Focusing on the European Union, we explore current legislation that forms a backbone for biosecurity protocols against the spread of oomycetes through trade and transport. We discuss the options for prevention, containment and long-term management of oomycetes in different production settings, emphasising the importance of prevention as the most cost-efficient strategy to reduce the spread of these pathogens. Finally, we highlight some of the new and emerging technologies and strategies as potential tools in the integrated pest management of animal and plant diseases caused by oomycetes. We emphasise the urgency of actions to halt the global spread of these pathogens. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society.
Ghimire, BikalSaraiva, MarciaAndersen, Christian B.Gogoi, Anupam...
16页
查看更多>>摘要：Oomycetes are spore-forming eukaryotic microbes responsible for infections in animal and plant species worldwide, posing a threat to natural ecosystems, biodiversity and food security. Genomics and transcriptomics approaches, together with host interaction studies, give promising results towards better understanding of the infection mechanisms in oomycetes and their general biology. Significant development and progress in oomycetes genomic studies have been achieved over the past decades but further understanding of molecular processes, gene regulations and infection mechanisms are still needed. The use of molecular tools such as CRISPR/Cas and RNAi helped elucidate some of the molecular processes involved in host invasion and infection both in plant and animal pathogenic oomycetes. These methods provide an opportunity for accurate and detailed functional analysis involving various fields of studies such as genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and interactomics. Functional gene characterisation is essential for filling the knowledge gaps in dynamic biological processes. However, every method has both advantages and limitations that should be considered before choosing the best method for investigating a particular research question. Here we review transformation systems, gene silencing and gene editing techniques in oomycetes, how they function, in which species and what are their main advantages and disadvantages. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society.
查看更多>>摘要：Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is considered to be one of the most severe diseases of potato and tomato worldwide. Whilst current synthetic fungicides are efficient at controlling this disease, they are an environmental and economic burden. In line with EU directives to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides and increase the use of sustainable alternative disease control strategies that can form part of integrated pest management systems, practical biological control solutions are urgently needed. Despite the fact that there has been a large body of scientific research into microorganisms with potential for the biological control of late blight disease, relatively few commercial biocontrol agents, licensed to control late blight, exist. Furthermore, the practical uptake of those in Europe is lower than might be expected, suggesting that such solutions are not yet feasible, or effective. Here we review the scientific literature, focusing on the most recent developments in the hunt for efficient and sustainable biological control of late blight disease. We discuss the progress in our mechanistic understanding of mycoparasiteeprey interactions, in the context of late blight and the challenges and limitations to the use of such knowledge in practical disease control within a European context. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society.
查看更多>>摘要：Ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN), a chronic skin condition, affects primarily mature wild salmonids returning from the sea to freshwater for their spawning. The involvement of water moulds such as Saprolegnia parasitica as a secondary pathogen in this disease is clear but the identification of a primary cause or of primary pathogen(s) remains elusive. In this opinion article, we re-visit UDN regarding epidemiology, pathology and aetiology and speculate the potential involvement of UV radiation in the initiation of UDN in salmonid fish returning from the sea.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
查看更多>>摘要：Pythium species are devasting pathogens causing major crop losses, e.g., damping-off in sugar beet caused by Pythium ultimum and root-rot of tomato caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. The use of natural antagonistic microorganisms is a promising environmentfriendly approach to control Pythium-caused plant diseases. There are several examples of biocontrol of diseases caused by Pythium species but the application of bioeffectors (biological control agents) is limited for various reasons, including the restricted amount of gene-modification based biotechnological progress. The regulations in many countries prevent genetically modified bioeffectors from being routinely deployed in field conditions. Our two connected aims in this review are (1) to compile and assess achievements in genetic modification of bioeffectors which have been tested for parasitism or antagonism towards a Pythium plant pathogen or biocontrol of a plant disease caused by a Pythium species, and (2) discuss how a better performing bioeffector could be engineered to improve biocontrol of Pythium-caused plant diseases. We focus on the role of seven key mechanisms: cellulases, carbon catabolite de-repression, glycosylation, reactive oxygen species, chitin re-modelling, proteases, and toxic secondary metabolites. Genetic modifications of bioeffectors include gene deletion and overexpression, as well as the replacement of promoter elements to tune the gene expression to the presence of the pathogen. Gene modifications are limited to fungal and bacterial bioeffectors due to the difficulty of gene modification in oomycete bioeffectors such as Pythium oligandrum. We assess how previous gene modifications could be combined and what other gene modification techniques could be introduced to make improved bioeffectors for Pythium-caused plant diseases. The broad host-range of Pythium spp. suggests engineering improved antagonistic traits of a bioeffector could be more effective than engineering plant-mediated traits i.e., engineer a bioeffector to antagonise a plant pathogen in common with multiple plant hosts rather than prime each unique plant host. 2022 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
dos Santos Varjao, Marcio ThomazFernandes Duarte, Alysson WagnerRosa, Luiz HenriqueAlexandre-Moreira, Magna Suzana...
23页
查看更多>>摘要：The genome mining of biosynthetic genes from fungi demonstrates the enormous pharmacological potential that is still little explored. These results have encouraged the scientific community to invest in fungi as a source of innovative alternatives for the treatment of neglected diseases, such as leishmaniasis. Therefore, this work aimed to identify, through a systematic search in the databases of PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo, the existing evidence in the literature regarding the efficacy of the leishmanicidal activity of fungal bioproducts that represent new starting points for the advancement of pharmacotherapy of leishmaniasis. During the search process, 59 articles met all the eligibility criteria and, therefore, were included in this review. The studies demonstrate that different prospecting, cultivation, biotechnological and synthetic modification strategies contribute to the discovery and development of newtherapeutic fungal compounds. 39 (66.1%) of the studies presented at least one isolated compound with leishmanicidal activity, while 20 (33.9%) evaluated only crude extracts or semipurified fractions. Terpenes, steroids and quinones were the most prevalent chemical classes among the isolated compounds. There are many studies about active compounds that have been isolated from Penicillium and Aspergillus genera. A large majority (89.8%) of the selected studies been conducted in vitro. Onlysixstudiesperformedin vivo assay. The species of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania donovaniwerethemostevaluated. The resultssupport thehypothesis of thepharmacological potential of fungal bioproducts in the treatment of leishmaniasis. (C) 2022 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
查看更多>>摘要：The LysM domain is a highly conserved carbohydrate-binding module that recognizes polysaccharides containing N-acetylglucosamine residues. LysM domains are found in a wide variety of extracellular proteins and receptors from viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. LysM proteins are also present in many species of mammalian fungal pathogens, although a limited number of studies have focused on the expression and determination of their putative roles in the infection process. This review summarizes the current knowledge and recent studies on LysM proteins in the main morphological groups of fungal pathogens that cause infections in humans and other mammals. Recent advances towards understanding the biological functions of LysM proteins in infections of mammalian hosts and their use as potential targets in antifungal strategies are also discussed. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/
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